拟焦沙模拟低含沙量异重流运动初步分析

低含沙量异重流带来大量细颗粒浑水,由于颗粒沉速极小,在山区、高原地区的引调水、水环境、水处理等方面带来难以估量的困难,引起了社会和设计部门重视。以金沙江支流牛栏江上德泽水库回水变动区上下游河段为原型,利用概化水槽试验研究拟焦沙模拟低含沙量异重流形成与运动,探究低含沙浑水异重流运行时头部流速及含沙量沿程变化特征。结果表明:头部流速及含沙量沿程逐渐减小;相同流量不同含沙量所形成的中层、底层异重流头部流速,含沙量越大,同一位置头部流速越大;相同流量和含沙量所形成的表层、中层、底层异重流头部流速,表层异重流头部流速最大,底层异重流次之,中层异重流最小。     

小浪底水库“腾库迎洪”期异重流形成分析

小浪底水库异重流的形成与运行规律是关系黄河调水调沙方案拟定的重要指标。基于现场调研、理论探讨与预测分析结合等手段,明晰了2018年"腾库迎洪"期小浪底水库来水来沙过程,根据水库调度与库区淤积形态等边界条件,观测了异重流的形成与运行,采用基于流速分布的水库异重流潜入点预测公式进行了计算分析。结果表明:2018年7月库区产生的剧烈冲刷,在潜入点处发生大量淤积,水深大幅减小,引起潜入点下移;潜入点位置随入库水沙增大、坝前水位降低及库区淤积的推进向坝前移动,计算与实测结果反映了该变化过程。     

小浪底水库“腾库迎洪”期异重流形成分析

小浪底水库异重流的形成与运行规律是关系黄河调水调沙方案拟定的重要指标。基于现场调研、理论探讨与预测分析结合等手段,明晰了2018年“腾库迎洪”期小浪底水库来水来沙过程,根据水库调度与库区淤积形态等边界条件,观测了异重流的形成与运行,采用基于流速分布的水库异重流潜入点预测公式进行了计算分析。结果表明:2018年7月库区产生的剧烈冲刷,在潜入点处发生大量淤积,水深大幅减小,引起潜入点下移;潜入点位置随入库水沙增大、坝前水位降低及库区淤积的推进向坝前移动,计算与实测结果反映了该变化过程。     

水库异重流一维水沙耦合模型

建立了基于库区不规则断面的一维非恒定异重流数学模型,并采用明流与异重流水沙输移模型交替运算的两步模式,即用潜入条件动态判别异重流计算的上游边界位置,将潜入点上游的明流浑水段与下游异重流段计算连接起来。水流运动、泥沙输移与河床变形过程完全耦合,采用TVD(Total Variation Diminishing)形式的MUSCL-Hancock格式进行数值求解。将该模型应用于恒定流量与释放定量悬沙两种条件下的异重流水槽实验模拟,比较了有无水面梯度项对模拟精度的影响,计算结果表明该模型能较为准确地预测异重流的厚度、含沙量分布及传播过程。     

泥沙异重流与环境物质交换经验式对比

采用异重流层平均水沙耦合数学模型,模拟开闸式和恒定入流式泥沙异重流水槽实验,对比分析异重流与环境之间物质交换经验式的适应性和不确定性。考虑4个水卷吸经验式:e_w59、e_w86、e_w87和e_w01,5个泥沙侵蚀经验式:E_s77、E_s86、E_s87、E_s93和E_s04。数值研究表明:水卷吸对于水槽异重流影响较小,应用综合考虑底床摩擦和剪切不稳定的e_w经验式时模拟结果较好;开闸式异重流对床面侵蚀能力有限。对于恒定入流式异重流,应用E_s87和E_s93侵蚀经验式计算所得淤积厚度与实测值吻合较好,可能是率定时综合考虑了异重流实验数据。     

斜坡上异重流的三维数值模拟

针对异重流的流动特征,建立了适用于具有各向异性浮力紊动特征的三维异重流运动的数学模型,并模拟了异重流在15°斜坡底面上的潜行过程。计算结果准确地模拟了异重流的运动特征和形态,其前锋的潜行速度与实验结果相当吻合。该模型采用非结构同位网格上的SIMPLEC算法能适应复杂边界和地形,可应用于自然界实际环境中异重流的演进计算。     

弹丸侵彻无钢筋混凝土的数值模拟

采用二维梁-颗粒模型BPM2D（beam-particle model in two dimensions）模拟了刚性弹丸侵彻无钢筋混凝土的过程。离散元法（DEM）和有限元法（FEM）等数值计算方法各有其优势,同时也都存在不足之处：离散元法适于处理由连续介质向非连续介质转化的破坏问题,但对于连续体计算结果精度不高;有限元法适于预测材料破坏的区域,但难以直接用于计算脆性材料破坏过程,因此将两种方法结合可以形成一种较好的混合模型。梁-颗粒模型BPM2D是基于离散元法,结合有限元法开发的二维数值计算模型,采用3种类型梁单元形成混凝土数值试样,每种类型梁单元的力学性质均按韦伯（Weibull）分布随机赋值,以模拟混凝土细观结构的非均匀性,同时梁单元的强度随应变率不同而变化。利用此模型分析了弹丸侵彻下混凝土的破坏过程,并给出侵彻过程弹丸减速度-时间历程曲线。比较计算结果与试验数据表明梁-颗粒模型可有效应用于计算和模拟脆性材料动态破坏问题。     

注水引发土体不均匀沉降影响下地裂缝试验研究

土体的不均匀沉降会产生地裂缝。通过有基底潜山的小型模型对不均匀沉降过程中的土体开裂进行动态研究,同时应用网络分布并行电法勘探系统反演土体开裂过程,并对试验和反演结果进行分析和比较。试验中观察到的地裂缝由不均匀沉降引起,不均匀沉降程度越大,裂缝发育程度也越大;裂缝的演化过程受模型边界、基底潜山以及土体性质影响。对电法仪采集到的数据进行反演,发现反演图像与观察到的土体表面裂缝、非裂缝区域相对应。     

活性污泥法处理中浓度味精废水的研究

采用活性污泥法处理人工味精废水。实验前污泥进行驯化培菌 ,在驯化所得污泥指标适宜情况下 ,再对废水处理。结果表明 ,在曝气时间 12h ,搅拌时间 15min ,温度 2 5℃ ,pH值为 7.0 ,污泥体积为 80 % ,污泥指数为 42 %的工艺条件下 ,此方法对生化处理浓度为 2 0 0 0～ 40 0 0mg·L- 1 的味精废水的主要污染指标CODCr和氨氮都具有较好的降解能力 ,能达到排放标准的要求     

基于FLUENT的二维滑坡涌浪数值模拟

本文从N-S方程出发,建立了二维滑坡涌浪控制方程,使用二维非定常分离隐式PISO算法求解方程。通过UDF(User-Defined Function)编程,采用动网格技术控制滑体的运动,结合RNGk-ε湍流模型并采用VOF方法跟踪非线性自由表面流场,基于流体计算软件FLUENT模拟滑体下滑所引起的水的速度、自由表面高度变化以及流动过程,并将数值计算结果与Monaghan和Kos的试验数据进行比较。算例表明:本模型能很好地模拟出滑体下滑过程中孤立波的产生和传播以及涡流的形成。在此基础上,本文还研究了滑体速度对水体自由表面变形的影响。     

New terrestrial heat flow map of Europe after regional paleoclimatic correction application

Heat flow variations with depth in Europe can be explained by a model of surface temperature changes >10°C. New heat flow map of Europe is based on updated database of uncorrected heat flow values to which paleoclimatic correction is applied across the continent. Correction is depth dependent due to a diffusive thermal transfer of the surface temperature forcing of which glacial–interglacial history has the largest impact. It is obvious that large part of the uncorrected heat flow values in the existing heat flow databases from wells as shallow as few hundreds of meters is underestimated. This explains some very low uncorrected heat flow values 20–30 mW/m² in the shields and shallow basin areas of the craton. Also, heat flow values in other areas including orogenic belts are likely underestimated. Based on the uncorrected and corrected heat flow maps using 5 km × 5 km grid, we have calculated average heat flow values (uncorrected heat flow: 56.0 mW/m²; SD 20.3 mW/m² vs. corrected heat flow: 63.2 mW/m²; SD 19.6 m/Wm²) and heat loss for the continental part. Total heat loss is 928 E09 W for the uncorrected values versus corrected 1050 E09 W.     

弯曲海底峡谷中浊流的三维流动及沉积的初步研究

海底浊流的运动及其沉积,是目前浊流研究的热点之一。根据经过验证的基于雷诺平均纳维尔-斯托克斯方程及浮力项修正 k-ε 湍流模型的三维数值计算模型模拟了海底弯曲圆弧形峡谷内的浊流的流动和沉积,结果表明:（1）浊流在运动过程中由于对环境水体的夹带厚度不断增加,浊流厚度一般会超过峡谷深度,溢出峡谷,使浊流产生密度和动量损失;（2）浊流到达弯道部分后,由于离心力的作用会产生剥离,溢出更多的浊流至漫滩区域。浊流剥离的最大处为弯道顶点外岸下游处,其过量密度可达入流的37.5%;（3）对于模拟的横剖面为圆弧型的峡谷内的浊流来说,弯道顶点处的二次流在底部形成一个顺时针的循环圈,靠近峡谷底部从外岸指向内岸;（4）在峡谷中间及弯道顶点内岸下游处形成沉积,在弯道顶点外岸下游处形成侵蚀。这些特征对根据浊流的沉积观察推测其形成环境及油气储层的调查等方面有一定的参考意义。     

A tentative 2D thermal model of central India across the Narmada-Son Lineament (NSL)

This work deals with 2D thermal modeling in order to delineate the crustal thermal structure of central India along two Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profiles, namely Khajuriakalan–Pulgaon and Ujjan–Mahan, traversing the Narmada-Son-Lineament (NSL) in an almost north–south direction. Knowledge of the crustal structure and P-wave velocity distribution up to the Moho, obtained from DSS studies, has been used for the development of the thermal model. Numerical results reveal that the Moho temperature in this region of central India varies between 500 and 580 °C. The estimated heat flow density value is found to vary between 46 and 49 mW/m². The Curie depth varies between 40 and 42 km and is in close agreement with the Curie depth (40±4 km) estimated from the analysis of MAGSAT data. Based on the present work and previous work, it is suggested that the major part of peninsular India consisting of the Wardha–Pranhita Godavari graben/basin, Bastar craton and the adjoining region of the Narmada Son Lineament between profiles I and III towards the north and northwest of the Bastar craton are characterized with a similar mantle heat flow density value equal to ∼23 mW/m². Variation in surface heat flow density values in these regions are caused by variation in the radioactive heat production and fluid circulation in the upper crustal layer.     

Diurnal variability of upper ocean temperature and heat budget in the southern Bay of Bengal during October–November, 1998 (BOBMEX-Pilot)

Time-series data on upper-ocean temperature, Vessel-Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (VM-ADCP) measured currents and surface meteorological parameters have been obtained for the first time in the southern Bay of Bengal at 7‡N, 10‡N, and 13‡N locations along 87‡E during October–November, 1998 under BOBMEX-Pilot programme. These data have been analysed to examine the diurnal variability of upper oceanic heat budget and to estimate the eddy diffusivity coefficient of heat in the upper layer. Diurnal variation of near-surface temperature is typical at northern location (13‡N) with a range of 0.5‡C while the diurnal range of temperature is enhanced to 0.8‡C at the central location (10‡N) due to intense solar radiation (1050 W/m²), clear skies and low wind speeds. At the southern location (7‡N), the diurnal variation of temperature is atypical with the minimum temperature occurring at 2000 hrs instead of at early morning hours. In general, the diurnal curve of temperature penetrated up to 15 to 20 m with decreasing diurnal range with depth. The VM-ADCP measured horizontal currents in the upper ocean were predominantly easterly/northeasterly at southern location, north/northerly at central location and northwesterly at northern location, thus describing a large-scale cyclonic gyre with the northward meridional flow along 87‡E. The magnitudes of heat loss at the surface due to air-sea heat exchanges and in the upper 50 m layer due to vertical diffusion of heat are highest at the southern location where intense convective activity followed by overcast skies and synoptic disturbance prevailed in the lower atmosphere. This and the estimated higher value (0.0235 m²/s) of eddy diffusivity coefficient of heat in the upper ocean (0–50 m depth) suggest that 1-D processes controlled the upper layer heat budget at the southern location. On the other hand, during the fair weather conditions, at the central and northern locations, the upper layer gained heat energy, while the sea surface lost (gained) heat energy at northern (central) location. This and lower values of eddy diffusivity coefficient of heat (0.0045 and 0.0150 m²/s) and the northward intensification of horizontal currents at these locations suggest the greater role of horizontal heat advection over the 1-D processes in the upper ocean heat budget at these two locations.     

Effects of transient uplift/erosion on the surface heat flow and heat generation relationship in presence of small scale asthenospheric convection

In this paper the effect of transient uplift/erosion on the relationship between surface heat flow and heat generation for truncated exponential model of radiogenic heat source distribution and basal asthenospheric convection is investigated. Asthenospheric convection is described by a parameterized model, in the form of a nonlinear heat flux boundary condition involving basal temperature and mantle internal temperature. This boundary condition has been linearized and the analytical solution of the problem is obtained by the eigenvalue-eigenfunction expansion method. The analytical solution is used to derive the nature of surface heat flow and heat generation relationship. The results show that the linear relationship is maintained during the uplift/erosion and the estimates of the slope of the linear relationship are different from the depth scale of the exponential model and increase with the rate of uplift/erosion. The estimates of the reduced heat flow also increase with the rate of uplift/erosion. These results would find applications in the interpretation of linear surface heat flow and heat generation relationship which is observed in different tectonic environment.     

Impact of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> injection rate on heat extraction at the HDR geothermal field of Zhacanggou,China

CO₂ is now considered as a novel heat transmission fluid to extract geothermal energy. It can achieve the goal of energy exploitation and CO₂ geological sequestration. Taking Zhacanggou as research area, a “Three-spot” well pattern (one injection with two production), “wellbore–reservoir” coupled model is built, and a constant injection rate is set up. A fully coupled wellbore–reservoir simulator—T2Well—is introduced to study the flow mechanism of CO₂ working as heat transmission fluid, the variance pattern of each physical field, the influence of CO₂ injection rate on heat extraction and the potential and sustainability of heat resource in Guide region. The density profile variance resulting from temperature differences of two wells can help the system achieve “self-circulation” by siphon phenomenon, which is more significant in higher injection rate cases. The density of CO₂ is under the effect of both pressure and temperature; moreover, it has a counter effect on temperature and pressure. The feedback makes the flow process in wellbore more complex. In low injection rate scenarios, the temperature has a dominating impact on the fluid density, while in high rate scenario, pressure plays a more important role. In most scenarios, it basically keeps stable during 30-year operation. The decline of production temperature is <5 °C. However, for some high injection rate cases (75 and 100 kg/s), due to the heat depletion in reservoir, there is a dramatic decline for production temperature and heat extraction rate. Therefore, a 50-kg/s CO₂ injection rate is more suitable for “Three-spot” well pattern in Guide region.     

A tentative 2D thermal model of central India across the Narmada-Son Lineament (NSL)

This work deals with 2D thermal modeling in order to delineate the crustal thermal structure of central India along two Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profiles, namely Khajuriakalan–Pulgaon and Ujjan–Mahan, traversing the Narmada-Son-Lineament (NSL) in an almost north–south direction. Knowledge of the crustal structure and P-wave velocity distribution up to the Moho, obtained from DSS studies, has been used for the development of the thermal model. Numerical results reveal that the Moho temperature in this region of central India varies between 500 and 580 °C. The estimated heat flow density value is found to vary between 46 and 49 mW/m². The Curie depth varies between 40 and 42 km and is in close agreement with the Curie depth (40±4 km) estimated from the analysis of MAGSAT data. Based on the present work and previous work, it is suggested that the major part of peninsular India consisting of the Wardha–Pranhita Godavari graben/basin, Bastar craton and the adjoining region of the Narmada Son Lineament between profiles I and III towards the north and northwest of the Bastar craton are characterized with a similar mantle heat flow density value equal to 23 mW/m². Variation in surface heat flow density values in these regions are caused by variation in the radioactive heat production and fluid circulation in the upper crustal layer.     

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of compressed air in high-pressure air injection wells

High-pressure air injection (HPAI) is a significant enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology of light oils especially in deep, thin, low-permeability reservoirs. The flow and heat transfer behaviors of compressed air in wellbore is essential to maximize performance of air in EOR. Due to strong compressibility of air and high injection pressure, wellbore temperature and pressure are greatly affected by friction and gas compression. However, the available models of wellbore flow and heat transfer are only accurate for thermal fluid, such as saturated steam and superheated steam, injected at relatively low pressure and high temperature. In this paper, a novel model is proposed to characterize wellbore pressure and temperature distribution for HPAI wells with consideration of dynamic behaviors of injected air. Flow and heat transfer in depth direction are coupled with air properties by iterative technique, and heat transfer in radial direction is treated as steady state in wellbore and transient state in formation. The mathematical model is solved by employing finite difference method and it is validated by field data. Then, integrated analyses of flowing pressure, heat transfer mechanism, and interaction between pressure and temperature are conducted. Results indicate that (1) as well depth increases, temperature difference between formation and air tends to become constant, and the radial heat transfer tends to reach an equilibrium state. The higher the flow rate is, the deeper the equilibrium depth is. (2) Air temperature is dominated by heat transmission from formation at low flow rates and dominated by frictional heat and gas compression effect at high flow rates. Fictional heat begins to affect air temperature at an injection rate beyond the critical value, while gas compression effect can increase air temperature in the whole calculated injection rate range. (3) Interaction between wellbore temperature and pressure is mainly achieved by altering air density. The effect of injection pressure on air temperature can be negligible, while the influence of injection temperature shows strong dependency on injection rate.     

Heat transport by groundwater flow during the Baikal rift evolution

A two-dimensional modelling study of sedimentation, fluid flow, and heat flow in the Baikal rift basin undergoing flank uplift and basin subsidence has been performed in order to understand the impact of these processes on the surface heat flow signal. Heat flow anomalies of different scales and magnitudes have been observed at the sediment surface of the lake Baikal basin, and the presence of a hydrothermal vent suggests that fluids play an important role in the regional distribution of heat flow. The BASIN-code applied for this study allows to simulate topographically and compaction-driven hydrodynamical fluid flow and coupled heat transfer.The flank uplift history provides the basis for a regional groundwater circulation towards the central basin area, with predicted Darcy velocities at present-day situation in the basement varying between 1 and 100 cm/year. Within the basin, the presence of aquifers and the pinch-out layering has a major control on the flow field, and compaction-driven flow velocities are strongly altered when combined with topography-driven flow. When velocities in the basement are larger than several centimeters per year, the regional fluid circulation is an effective mechanism of heat redistribution. Heat is brought from the flanks towards the basin area, with largest heat transported at a depth of 1–2 km at both sides. During the flank uplift, heat advection increases, with secondary variation related to the deposition of sedimentary layers. The heat flow is increased over the basin and reduced in the flanks, with a total heat output balance always positive. The extra heat output over the modelled transection is 2–10% of the initial heat output. The maximum computed heat fluxes are smaller than measured in the heat flow anomalies of the lake Baikal basin. Nevertheless, the model suggests that flow in the sedimentary basin combined with a topographically driven heat advection in the surrounding basement is a sufficient mechanism to account for the increased heat flow over the basin and the main features of the heat flow distribution.     

渤海盆地现今岩石圈热结构及新生代构造-热演化史

依据236口井共2 706组的静温数据以及25口井的系统测温数据,分析计算了渤海盆地地温梯度及大地热流;建立地壳分层结构模型,利用回剥法计算现今地幔热流、深部温度以及岩石圈厚度;在此基础上,利用地球动力学方法恢复本区热流演化史。结果表明：渤海盆地背景地温梯度为322 ℃/km,热流值为648 mW/m2;盆地现今热岩石圈厚度在61~69 km之间,地幔热流占地表热流的比例在60%左右,属于“热幔冷壳”型岩石圈热结构,盆地地壳底部或莫霍面温度变动在548~749 ℃之间;热流演化的特征与盆地的构造演化背景吻合,新生代以来盆地经历了3期岩石圈减薄并加热的过程,在东营组沉积末期热流达到最高(70~83 mW/m2）,这期间盆地内产出多期碱性玄武岩,表明盆地经历了波及地幔的裂谷过程,随后进入热沉降期,热流逐渐降低,盆地向坳陷型转变。