南海西部深水沉积中有孔虫碎壳率与氧同位素的关系

大气二氧化碳的浓度在很大程度上受海洋的控制,其中深海碳酸盐溶解作用是一个重要因素。由于深海沉积中碳酸盐百分含量的变化受钙质壳体生产力、碳酸盐溶解作用和陆源物质稀释作用三者的制约,南海晚第四纪深海沉积物的碳酸盐旋回在溶跃面上下有明显不同。其中深海碳酸盐溶解作用的变化及其机理,是迄今为止了解最差的一项,而浮游有孔虫的碎壳率为溶解作用的强度提供了客观而方便的定量标志。为此,我们选取南海越南岸外陆坡区的17954－3柱状样(14“46’N,lllo32’E,柱长1152cm),按10cm间距采样,分析统计了该孔晚第四纪的碎壳率变化。17954—3柱状样浮游有孔虫氧同位素曲线(图la)揭示的沉积层,共记     

鄂霍次克海南部OS03-1岩心MIS6期以来的沉积记录及其古环境意义

通过对取自鄂霍次克海南部的柱状岩心OS03-1的古海洋学研究,包括浮游有孔虫壳体AMS14C测年、底栖有孔虫壳体δ18O分析、蛋白石含量测定、有机碳含量测定、浮游有孔虫组合、冰筏碎屑含量变化、沉积物粒度分析等内容,建立鄂霍次克海OS03-1岩心年代地层学框架,分析该海区古表层海水温度、古生产力变化,并研究其古环境意义。结果表明,Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)百分含量变化曲线与Globigerina bulloides百分含量变化曲线呈很好的负相关性,与氧同位素曲线对比显示,两者均可作为该海区古温度替代性指标;浮游有孔虫绝对丰度、蛋白石含量、有机碳含量变化显示,研究区古生产力水平整体表现为间冰期较高、冰期较低;冰筏碎屑和沉积物粒度特征指示,鄂霍次克海南部间冰期陆源粗颗粒百分含量较冰期高。     

孟加拉湾晚第四纪的碳酸盐溶解旋回

孟加拉湾由于陆源物质大量输入产生稀释效应,使碳酸盐含量表现为冰期时减小、间冰期时增大的“大西洋型”旋回。通过对该区四支活塞岩芯的有孔虫溶解指数、浮游有孔虫沉积通量、CaCO₃ 沉积通量和 >16 0 μm粗组分沉积通量的分析发现,研究区碳酸盐溶解作用强烈,表现出冰期减弱而间冰期增强的总趋势,且溶解作用滞后于浮游有孔虫壳的氧同位素旋回,尤以氧同位素 4、5期的高溶解度情况与印度洋和太平洋氧同位素 5期晚期至 4期为CaCO₃溶解高峰一致。因此,孟加拉湾地区的CaCO₃ 旋回是大西洋型稀释作用与太平洋型溶解作用两者叠加的产物.     

南海深水碳酸盐沉积作用

本文根据南海中部121个深水表层沉积物(水深280-4420m)的碳酸盐生物组分特征,划分了四个碳酸生物组合区,讨论了深水碳酸盐的沉积作用特征.认为在南海存在着三个重要深度界面:即位于水深约2000m的碳酸盐饱和深度、约2900m的碳酸盐溶跃面深度和约3500m的碳酸盐补偿深度.这三个深度界面控制了南海深水碳酸盐的溶解和保存模式,它们的深度特征反映了边缘海海域高生产力的性质.文中最后还讨论了晚更新以来的沉积物碳酸盐溶解旋回.     

南海北部晚更新世以来的碳酸盐旋回

碳酸盐的相对含量是深海沉积物最直观的特征变量,也是最重要的古环境信息来源。南海晚更新世以来的碳酸盐旋回已进行了深入的研究,并已总结出溶跃面以上为"大西洋旋回",溶跃面以下为"太平洋旋回"。但经过大量的柱状样研究后发现,也有不少的"例外",溶跃面以上,并没有出现明显的"大西洋旋回"特征,尤其在南海东北部东沙群岛以东海域和琼东南海域。这些"例外"呈明显的区域性分布表明其不是个别现象。研究认为,主要是由于冰期-间冰期陆源物质的供给量的变化所致。南海北部海域,大致可以分为3个区,中区碳酸盐分布具有典型的"大西洋旋回",东区基本没有旋回性,西区总体有一定的旋回特征,但不够典型,且越接近海南岛,旋回特征越差。这主要是由于中区陆架宽、陆坡相对较缓,在冰期旋回中陆源物质供给量的变化明显。东区主要陆源物质可能来自台湾岛,而台西南岛架很窄,在冰期旋回中,陆源物质的供给量变化可能不大。西区,越靠近海南岛,海南岛的物源影响越大,而海南岛西南的岛架比华南的陆架也明显窄得多,而且华南与海南两个不同的物源,可能使琼东南的碳酸盐变得更复杂。     

南海西部表层沉积物碳酸盐分布特征及其溶解作用

碳酸盐是海洋沉积物的重要组成部分,在南海表层沉积物中含量最高可超过 70%,因此深入研究现代碳酸盐的分布特征具有十分重要的意义.对南海西部底质的大量取样分析表明,该区 CaCO3含量在上陆坡最高,其中在北部和中南部含量较高,中部和东南部含量较低,其分布特征主要受陆源物质供给量的控制,与陆架的宽度和陆坡的坡度密切相关.CaCO3最富集区出现在水深 400～600 m的上陆坡区,其中水深 500～600 m内的平均含量最高,达 44.37%,水深超过 1 300 m时含量开始明显下降,表明溶解作用增强.对 CaCO3含量与水深关系进行多项式拟合,结果表明,本区没有出现碳酸盐溶解作用突然增强的溶跃面;但在水深 3 500 m附近,拟合曲线出现转折点, CaCO3含量由随水深迅速下降变为相对稳定,因此该水深应为碳酸盐临界补偿深度.     

中更新世转型时期南海北部上层水体结构演化特征——ODP1146站浮游有孔虫稳定同位素记录

文章以南海北部ODP1146站沉积物岩芯为研究材料,利用浮游有孔虫次表层水种Pulleniatina obliquiloculata壳体的氧、碳稳定同位素,结合该站位浮游及底栖有孔虫氧碳同位素数据,分析中更新世以来南海北部上层水体结构的演化。1.2 Ma以来ODP1146站P.obliquiloculata壳体δ^18O的变化可分3个阶段:1)1.2~0.9 Ma,冰期-间冰期变化幅度较小、主导周期为41 ka斜率周期;2)0.9~0.6 Ma,冰期旋回变化幅度逐渐增强、100 ka偏心率周期开始强化;3)0.6 Ma以来,冰期旋回呈现稳定且幅度较大的100 ka周期变化。0.9 Ma以来南海北部上层海水δ^18O的冰期旋回变幅增强,可能反映东亚冬季风在0.9 Ma之后显著强化。其中,表层水体δ^18O只在冰期变幅增强,P.obliquiloculata所反映的次表层水体δ^18O的变化幅度在冰期和间冰期都显著增强。约0.9 Ma浮游和底栖有孔虫δ^18O的100 ka周期几乎同时显现;但在0.9~0.6 Ma时期P.obliquiloculata的δ^18O偏心率周期更为显著、斜率周期的强度也更高。因此,冰期旋回周期转型及幅度变化两方面的证据共同反映温跃层结构演化在南海北部中更新世转型(MPT)气候转变过程中的特殊性。1.2 Ma以来ODP1146站P.obliquiloculata的δ^13C在0.02 Ma、0.49 Ma和0.99 Ma左右呈明显的碳重值,同时表层种-次表层种之间的δ^13C差值减小到近于0,可以解读为碳重值事件期间南海北部生产力相对减弱。     

南海北部ODP 1144站中更新世气候转型期有孔虫稳定同位素古气候意义

中更新世气候转型期是第四纪古气候研究的一个特殊时期。利用大洋钻探ODP 184航次在南海北部钻取的1144站时间分辨率高达约290年的沉积物样品，开展中更新世气候转型期古气候变化的研究。在中更新世距今80~100万年前，浮游和底栖有孔虫壳体的稳定氧碳同位素变化揭示出，中更新世气候转型中心，即中更新世革命0.9 Ma左右，南海北部表层海水温度的降低和降水量的增加指示东亚冬、夏季风增强。以中更新世革命为界，水体垂向结构上温跃层和营养跃层的深度从之前的间冰期较浅转变为之后的间冰期较深，底层水与表层水的垂直温度梯度从冰期时较大转变为冰期时较小。轨道尺度上，冰消期时南海北部的表层水、次表层水和底层水的变化几乎是同时发生的，不存在超前或滞后的相位差。千年尺度上，有孔虫的氧碳同位素变化都呈现出非常明显的约0.8 ka和约1.4 ka的气候波动周期。氧同位素0.8 ka滤波显示出：在中更新世气候转型期，较强的信号主要出现在间冰期，有时也出现在冰期，与晚第四纪千年尺度气候波动主要出现在冰期不同，说明中更新世的气候转型不仅表现在轨道尺度的气候周期变化上，同时也体现在千年尺度气候波动的特征变化中。      

南海东沙海域末次冰期异常沉积事件与水合物分解

对南海东沙海域陆坡区973-3柱状样开展沉积学和年代学、有孔虫同位素和壳体B/Ca比值、碳酸钙和黄铁矿含量的分析, 发现该岩芯浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber和底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina的δ13C在末次冰期同时在多个层位发生负偏, 最大负偏达-2.03‰; 有孔虫δ13C负偏层位环境[CO₃2-]浓度相对偏低; 负偏层位同时出现大量黄铁矿, 最高含量达17%.在负偏层位以下沉积的碳酸盐溶解作用强烈, CaCO₃含量最低, 沉积物颜色偏深.究其成因与水合物分解关系较大.甲烷渗漏事件发生在末次冰期, 说明末次冰期的海平面下降是水合物分解的主要诱因.根据有孔虫δ13C负偏的次数和程度推断至少发生过4次甲烷渗漏, 渗漏的强度基本相当.      

南海北部天然气水合物远景区末次冰期以来底栖有孔虫稳定同位素特征及其影响因素

底栖有孔虫碳同位素负偏移是地质记录中天然气水合物释放的重要证据之一.对南海北部西沙海槽和东沙陆坡等天然气水合物远景区XH-27PC和DS-4PC柱状样分别进行顶空气甲烷含量分析、有机碳含量分析、粒度分析和有孔虫氧碳同位素分析.结合碳酸盐含量及AMS 14C测年,揭示研究区末次冰期以来底栖有孔虫的稳定同位素特征.结果显示:西沙海槽BSR区沉积物中甲烷含量较低;底栖有孔虫碳同位素负偏不明显,与顶空气甲烷含量呈弱正相关(R=0.32),与有机碳含量有强负相关(R=-0.82),说明低通量甲烷不足以引起底栖有孔虫碳同位素显著偏移,在无甲烷或甲烷轻微渗漏的环境中有机碳的厌氧氧化是影响底栖有孔虫碳同位素组成的主要因素.东沙陆坡BSR区沉积物中含有大量的甲烷气体;底栖有孔虫氧同位素记录在末次冰期异常偏重,可能与天然气水合物的分解释放有关;同时可识别出多期碳同位素快速负偏事件,其成因很可能是末次冰期海平面下降导致海底沉积物的温度、压力条件发生变化,从而引发水合物甲烷失稳分解,底栖有孔虫吸收富12C的甲烷源碳致使壳体碳同位素负偏移.     

Distribution,Seismic Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Carbonate Platforms on the Northwestern Margin of the South China Sea

Newly-acquired seismic data reveal widespread carbonate deposits covering a large part of the northwestern South China Sea margin.Three carbonate platforms are identified to have developed on the topographic highs inherited from tectonic deformation and volcanic accretion.Across the carbonate platforms,the Miocene strata are characterized by high-amplitude seismic reflections and distinct platform architecture that overlaps older strata.The Guangle and Xisha carbonate platforms grew on faulted blocks due to South China Sea continental rifting,while the Zhongjian carbonate platform developed on a structural high induced by early Miocene volcanism.During the late Miocene,partial drowning resulted in the inhibition of platform growth,eventual platform drowning and termination of most carbonate deposition.The drowning of the Guangle and Zhongjian carbonate platforms is shown by the supply of siliciclastic sediments during the late Miocene and seems to be closely linked to late Neogene volcanic activity,whilst the drowning of the Xisha carbonate platform is primarily related to relative eustatic changes.Our results imply that tectonic activity,volcanism and eustasy are the dominant controls on the evolution of carbonate platforms on the northwestern margin of the South China Sea.     

赣西北上寒武统西阳山组碳酸盐岩岩石学特征及沉积环境分析

主要通过对修水县港口地区野外 1:5万地质填图而实测到的三条剖面 (沙墩上、岩背、洞下 )的详细研究,阐明西阳山组的岩石学及地层分布特征,进而分析得出本区西阳山组为深水碳酸盐台地斜坡环境沉积。鉴别出三个主要沉积相:环台地再沉积碎屑裙相、碳酸盐浊流沉积相和半远洋泥质沉积相。并在此基础上,又对本区西阳山组沉积过程的动态变化以及灰岩透镜体、扁豆体的成因作了初步分析,认为灰岩透镜体的成因是多源的,往往是多种作用共同作用的结果。另外,还发现西阳山组碳酸盐地层沉积旋回具有自相似和多重分形的特征。     

异地碳酸盐岩块体与碳酸盐岩重力流沉积研究及展望

异地碳酸盐岩块体是指已固结或半固结的、经过一定距离搬运再沉积而产于正常沉积地层中规模 较大的碳酸盐岩块,它和碳酸盐岩重力流沉积均属于再沉积碳酸盐岩。文章分析了岩崩、岩屑崩坍、海底滑坡、 滑塌和碎屑流沉积的过程,讨论了异地碳酸盐岩块体的沉积机制;归纳了异地碳酸盐岩块体形成的主要地质背 景,认为异地碳酸盐岩块体可见于活动大陆边缘、被动大陆边缘、海山和前陆盆地等地质环境中;着重介绍了 异地碳酸盐岩块体和碳酸盐岩重力流沉积的研究进展,即线源式的碳酸盐岩裙沉积和点源式的碳酸盐岩海底扇 沉积;最后,阐释了滑来岩块、滑塌堆积和碎屑流沉积的区别与联系,总结了孤立碳酸盐岩块体的搬运沉积机 制,对比区分了碳酸盐岩裙沉积和碳酸盐岩海底扇的沉积特征,认为它们在斜坡环境、沉积物类型和沉积特征 等方面存在诸多不同。     

北京地区石灰岩开发超细重质碳酸钙的展望

石灰岩是北京地区优势矿种，然而开发利用程度低下，产品结构单一，没有高技术含量和高附加值产品，本文通过造纸，塑料业超细重钙应用装况分析，认为一发超细重质碳酸钙制品才是根本出路。     

碳酸盐岩中碳酸盐矿物稀土元素分析方法进展

碳酸盐岩中测定碳酸盐矿物的稀土元素主要有酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS方法.酸溶-ICP-MS方法用盐酸、硝酸溶解碳酸盐矿物,但也能溶解部分非碳酸盐矿物,而影响分析结果;用醋酸溶样可避免非碳酸盐矿物的干扰,但可能没有溶样完全,同样影响分析结果.LA-ICP-MS是应用激光对碳酸盐矿物进行原位剥蚀,将蒸发物导入ICP-MS进行分析,对不合粘土等的碳酸盐矿物最有效,由于激光束光斑较大,且碳酸盐岩中普遍含有微小的粘土矿物,可能也存在不确定性.总体而言,酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS获得的稀土元素页岩标准化配分模式及主要参数相似,均可用于沉积环境的示踪.     

碳酸盐矿物结合有机质--一种重要的成烃物质

碳酸盐矿物结合有机质在碳酸盐岩地层中普遍存在,其含量与沥青Ａ相当或高于沥青Ａ。矿物结合有机质可作为碳酸盐岩生油岩的一种重要生烃物质。它的特殊赋存形式能将有机质保存到较高的演化阶段释放出来,当模拟实验温度为４５０￣５００℃时,矿物结合有机质大量释放,可释放出７０％左右。在高压条件下,释放率相对较高,说明在深埋条件下,更有利于矿物结合有机质的释放。由于矿物结合有机质的贡献,碳酸盐岩生油岩的生油范围会扩     

Controls on platform‐scale patterns of surface sediments,shallow Holocene platforms,Bahamas

Isolated carbonate platforms occur throughout geological history, and commonly exhibit considerable spatial variability. To evaluate the controls on the nature of sediment accumulation across the expansive, shallow platform tops, this study systematically compares and contrasts patterns in surface sediments from several shallow (<10 m) Holocene Bahamian examples. Remote‐sensing data, field observations, petrographic characterization and quantitative grain‐size analyses reveal the spatial patterns of sediment accumulation on Crooked–Acklins Platform and the Berry Islands Bank. Integration of these data with synoptic observations of waves, tides and currents, along with regional geochemical data, provides a means to explore the factors that influence platform‐scale sedimentary patterns. These data illustrate that the platform interiors of both Crooked–Acklins Platform and Berry Islands Bank are blanketed with medium to coarse sand size sediment. Peloids are most common in the interior of Crooked–Acklins Platform, whereas the Berry Islands Bank includes more abundant composite grains. In both areas, very little mud is present, with surface sediments averaging <2% mud. Comparison of these results with published data from Little Bahama Bank, Great Bahama Bank and Caicos Platform suggest that, contrary to previous interpretations, the presence of open margins and/or brisk winds are not necessary for the occurrence of a platform top with little mud. Although the muddy sediment fraction of the interior can be suspended by elevated wave energy, wind‐generated current speeds in protected platform interiors are relatively low. Instead, in parts of the platform interiors, transport and winnowing of fines is enhanced greatly by tidal currents, which carry suspended sediments off the shallow platforms, even if shielded by islands. Beyond physical influences, however, regional geochemical compilations suggest that the Bahamian tides supply highly supersaturated waters rich in dissolved oxygen to these platform interiors. This exchange is interpreted to facilitate favourable conditions for calcium carbonate precipitation in the form of ooids, marine cements and hardened peloids across vast expanses of the platform interiors. Such fundamental controls on Holocene platform‐scale sediment dynamics are likely to have influenced carbonate systems through the geological record.     

岩溶泉补给地表溪流二氧化碳脱气作用研究

碳酸盐岩风化作用(即岩溶作用)能够吸收大气二氧化碳(CO_2),形成溶解无机碳(DIC,dissolved inorganic carbon),被认为是一种重要的陆地碳汇,其在全球碳收支平衡和未来陆地增汇中可能会有重要贡献。然而,目前对岩溶碳汇的稳定性还存在争议,一些学者认为岩溶地下水出露地表后会发生CO_2脱气,对岩溶碳汇通量估算带来不确定性。本文以广西桂林长流水表层岩溶泉补给的溪流(约2.7km长)为例,利用水化学和同位素质谱仪测试技术,研究了溪水水化学指标和溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))沿流程变化,探讨了溪流CO_2脱气过程、通量及其影响因素,以更好地了解岩溶碳汇的稳定性。结果表明:从泉口向下游,在陡坡地段(C1～C14段,长约270m,坡度约10°),溪水pH值、方解石饱和指数和δ~(13)C_(DIC)沿流程分别升高了0.9、0.9和1.8‰,而CO_2分压、电导率、Ca~(2+)浓度和DIC浓度分别下降了85%、34μS/cm、0.2mmol/L和0.7mmol/L,说明溪水发生了显著的CO_2脱气,并伴随碳酸钙沉淀。而在平缓地段(C18～C26段,长约2.1km,坡度1°),溪水各水化学指标和δ~(13)C_(DIC)变化较小,指示CO_2脱气作用较弱。这些发现表明溪流CO_2脱气受到了地形决定的水动力条件控制。另外,在下游渠段,受支流汇入影响,溪水pH值和方解石饱和指数有所降低,在一定程度上抑制了CO_2脱气。溪流CO_2脱气能够抵消部分岩溶作用固定的大气CO_2量,但是在长流水这一高地势、低流量且有碳酸钙沉积的环境下,其抵消的量也仅占29%。对于在低缓地区受流量很大的岩溶泉/地下河补给的河流,其CO_2脱气作用对岩溶碳汇的影响有限,加之受可能增强的水生光合生物固碳效应影响,岩溶碳汇应具有很高的稳定性。     

Climbing ripple structure and associated storm-lamination from a Proterozoic carbonate platform succession: Their environmental and petrogenetic significance

The Mesoproterozoic Pandikunta Limestone, a shallow water carbonate platform succession in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, south India, displays well developed climbing ripple lamination and storm deposited structures, such as HCS, wave ripple-lamination, combined-flow ripple-lamination and low angle trough cross-stratification. Different types of stratification developed in calcisiltite with minor amounts of very fine quartz sand and silt. The climbing ripple structures exhibit a complex pattern of superposition of different types (type A, B and S) within cosets pointing to a fluctuating rate of suspension depositionversus bedform migration, and an unsteady character of the flow. Close association of climbing ripple structures, HCS with anisotropic geometry, wavy lamination and combined-flow ripple-lamination suggest that the structures were formed by storm generated combined-flow in a mid-shelf area above the storm wave base. The combined-flow that deposited the climbing ripple structures had a strong unidirectional flow component of variable magnitude. The climbing ripple structure occurs as a constituent of graded stratified beds with an ordered vertical sequence of different types of lamination, reflecting flow deceleration and increased rate of suspension deposition. It is inferred that the beds were deposited from high-density waning flows in the relatively deeper part of the ancient shelf. The structures indicate that the Pandikunta platform was subjected to open marine circulation and intense storm activities. The storm deposited beds, intercalated with beds of lime-mudstone, consist primarily of fine sand and silt size carbonate particles that were hydrodynamically similar to quartz silt. Detrital carbonate particles are structureless and are of variable roundness. The particles were generated as primary carbonate clasts in coastal areas by mechanical disintegration of rapidly lithified beds, stromatolites or laminites, and the finest grade was transported to the offshore areas by storm-generated currents.     

Evaluation of oxygen isotopes in carbonate as an indicator of lake evolution in arid areas: The modern Qinghai Lake, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

The oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate in lakes has been used as a useful indicator in Palaeolimnological research, and has made some important contributions to our understanding of lacustrine systems. For modern lakes in arid or cold areas, however, there are few data available to test the effect of lake salinity and temperature on the oxygen isotopic composition of various carbonate sources such as ostracod, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate (< 60 μm). Here we examined the oxygen isotopic composition of ostracods, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonates, as well as that of coexisting water from Lake Qinghai and the smaller surrounding lakes and ponds on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Our investigation highlights three key effects. First, the oxygen isotopic composition of ostracods, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate in the lakes and ponds shows a clear response to lake water δ¹⁸O values, and these vary with water salinity. The relationship between lake water δ¹⁸O and salinity is not only dominated by the evaporation/freshwater input ratios, but is also controlled by the distance to the mouth of the major rivers supplying to the lake. Second, the ostracod, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate show similar isotopic change trends in the study area, and oxygen isotopic differences between ostracods and authigenic carbonate may be explained by the different water temperatures and very small ‘vital offsets’ of ostracods. Finally, the effect of water depth on temperature leads to increasing δ¹⁸O values in carbonates as water depth increases, both in benthic ostracods living on the lake bottom, as well as in bulk carbonate precipitated at the water surface.For arid, high-altitude Lake Qinghai, our results suggest that variations in the δ¹⁸O values of carbonate in Lake Qinghai are mainly controlled by the oxygen-isotope ratio of the lake water changing with water salinity. As a secondary effect, increasing water depth leads to cooler bottom and surface water, which may result in more positive δ¹⁸O values of ostracod and bulk carbonate.