地源热泵土壤源换热器的施工技术

地源热泵（Ground Source Heat Pump，GSHP）作为最有发展潜力的热泵技术在各级政府的积极推窑下发壁迅速，但由于地源换热器施工安装成本高，技术的发展遇到了很大的阻力。探讨了土壤源换热器施工技术和土壤源换热器的热平衡问题，力图提高土源换热器施工技术，降低地源热泵成本，促进该技术的推广应用。     

Storm Surge Hazard in Canada

Storm surges occur frequently in Canada mainlydue to extra-tropical cyclones (ETC'S) also referred to as winter storms. The hurricanes from the Gulf of Mexico can affect eastern Canada including Lakes Ontario and Erie regions, after they get modified and acquire some extra-tropical characteristics. Storm surges have occurred both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, in the Gulf of St.Lawrence, St.Lawrence Estuary, Bay of Fundy, Hudson Bay, James Bay, Northwest Passage, Beaufort Sea, the Great Lakes and other large lakes such as Lake Winnipeg.Squall lines which are embedded in the largerscale synoptic systems like the ETC'S could also generate storm surges (referred to as edge waves) in Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario (edge waves are most prominent in Lake Michigan, but Canada has no territory touching this lake). The effect of climate change on storm surges in the Canadian water bodies could be two-fold. First, there may be some possible intensification of the weather systems and the associated wind fields resulting in bigger surges. Second, and probably even more relevant, is an east-west and north-south shift in the tracks of the weather systems, which could expose certain new areas to storm surge activity.A high priority for proper assessment of storm surge hazard is the production of maps showing inundation zones for storm surges that might occur in populated coastal areas. Such maps can be used to improve public awareness of tsunamis and for planning purposes (i.e., to reduce or avoid the risk).     

热泵在多年冻土地区工程中的应用

The inclement climate and permafrost have a strong influence on human activities and life in cold regions. It is important to adjust to these conditions in such a way as to minimize adverse environmental impacts. In order to maintain the ecological equilibrium, various technologies have been developed which involve the use of the natural cold for solving difficult engineering problems. Heat pumps hold much promise in this context. They can help protect the environment from the thermal effects of human activities and, unlike the conventional refrigeration devices; the produced heat can be utilized. They also provide a solution to another problem vitally important for the northern regions - saving of fuel and energy resources. In case of global warming with an increasing need for artificial refrigeration, the use of heat pumps will be the most economical solution, preventing catastrophic loss of structural stability virtually without additional costs.     

应用水热运移数值模拟优化地下水源热泵系统抽灌井布局

合理布局抽水井和回灌井是地下水源热泵系统长期有效运行的关键因素。以郑州市郑东新区为例,利用HST3D软件建立水热运移数值模型,优化设计地下水源热泵系统抽灌水井布局,预测地下水源热泵系统长期运行后对含水层的水热影响。结果表明:介质比热容及渗透率分别对含水层温度及水位影响显著,是较敏感的参数。方案3(3个回灌井垂直天然流向分布且位于抽水井下游)为最佳布井方式。抽灌量900,1 200,1 500及2 000m3/d所对应的合理布井间距分别为50,65,70及75m。相应布井方案的水源热泵系统运行20a,对含水层温度场的影响仅限于200m×200m的范围,抽水井温度变化小于1℃。     

Catalog of Enhanced Geothermal Systems based on Heat Sources

It is common sense that a deeper well implies higher temperature in the exploration of deep geothermal resources, especially with hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources, which are generally exploited in terms of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). However, temperature is always different even at the same depth in the upper crust due to different heat sources. This paper summarizes the heat sources and classifies them into two types and five sub-types: crust-origin (partial melting, non-magma-generated tectonic events and radiogenic heat production), and mantle-origin (magma and heat conducted from the mantle). A review of global EGS sites is presented related to the five sub-types of heat sources. According to our new catalog, 71% of EGS sites host mantle-origin heat sources. The temperature logging curves indicate that EGS sites which host mantle-origin magma heat sources have the highest temperature. Therefore, high heat flow (>100 mW/m2) regions with mantle-origin magma heat sources should be highlighted for the future exploration of EGS. The principle to identify the heat source is elucidated by applying geophysical and geochemical methods including noble gas isotope geochemistry and lithospheric thermal structure analysis. This analytical work will be helpful for the future exploration and assessment of HDR geothermal resources.     

Exploring the health context: A qualitative study of local heat and climate change adaptation in Japan

Extreme temperature events and global climatic changes may put human health at risk. Urban centers are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change. Japan is a densely populated and highly urbanized island frequently exposed to natural hazards and heat episodes. Japanese governments and practitioners design heat adaptation strategies to protect health and reduce risks. Are these strategies implemented at the local level? How do policymakers and researchers perceive heat and climate change adaptation measures? How are these strategies evaluated? In short: what is happening in Japan “on the ground”? This critical review briefly outlines heat adaptation solutions and challenges from three Japanese prefectures. It draws attention to implementation and evaluation barriers, and highlights creative approaches to adaptation, such as involving civil society volunteers.     

安阳枫林水郡小区水源热泵热源井的设计与施工

地下水源热泵系统应用中最突出的问题是回灌效率低、地下水资源浪费。分析认为造成回灌效率低的主要原因之一是热源井设计和施工工艺不合理。为此,在安阳枫林水郡小区热源井设计和施工中分别采用了增大桥式过滤管的数量、桥高、滤料粒径和填砾厚度等措施,回灌量明显增加,实现了1抽1回的目标。既解决了回灌效率低、资源浪费的问题,又大幅降低了工程投资和运行成本。     

大地热流--影响西部环境与生态演变的重要自然因素

世界各地生态环境的优劣与区域大地热流的高低有密切关系。一般认为“生态系统的来源于太阳福射”。但是,太阳辐射的昼夜反差很大,季节变化明显,区域生态系统必须随这种能源供应的显波动,其生物的多样性将受到限制,区域生态系统必然变得比较脆弱,对人类活动影响的随能力非常有限。大地热流比值较高的地区,大地热流成为驱动区域生态体系发育演化的重要能源。这种能源比较稳定,对生物发育的限制要少得多,其生物多样性比较丰富,区域生态系统比较稳健,对人类活动的影响有较大的随能力。研究大地热流对西部生态环境退化的影响和机理,将为西部地区的环境、生态建设及管理决策提供科学依据。     

Climate change and its effects on urban spaces in Chile: A summary of research carried out in the period 2000-2012

We have systematized the effects associated with climate change on urban spaces in Chile reported between 2000 and 2012. The method was based on a review of scientific articles in three databases (Scopus, Web of Knowledge and Scielo) using 32 keywords. Only 14 research papers were found related to climate change in urban spaces, most of which were case studies focused on the capital, Santiago. The main effects on urban spaces were found in four areas: (1) increase in temperature (heat islands, heat waves), (2) health problems in vulnerable populations (cardiac complications, heat stroke, and respiratory diseases), (3) increased demand for water, and (4) damage to the urban infrastructure with resulting risk to the population. In these circumstances the following measures are needed: (1) effective incorporation of the potential impacts of climate change into territorial planning instruments, (2) increased green areas to mitigate the impact of heat waves, (3) limiting of housing or public services in areas at risk, (4) encouraging the design of adaptation plans by involving the vulnerable population, and (5) implementing water conservation measures. We conclude that climate change is causing effects in urban areas that should be considered in the design and expansion of cities.     

Snow Avalanche Hazard in Canada – a Review

Snow avalanches affect recreation, transportation, resource industries and property. During the 1990s an average of 12.5 persons per year were killed in avalanches in Canada. The snow avalanche hazard has affected people and facilities in B.C, Alberta, Yukon, NWT, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland. Avalanche risk may be voluntary, for example skiing and snowmobiling, or involuntary, for example public transportation corridors. A worst-case avalanche scenario is most likely to occur in the Western Cordillera, resulting from a single large-scale weather pattern, where a cold period resulting in the development of a weak layer in the snowpack is followed by a series of major mid-winter storms. Emergency preparedness for avalanches is most advanced in western Canada. New education and information initiatives in Quebec and Newfoundland are aimed at improving preparedness there. Current research is focused on avalanche forecasting, weather forecasting for avalanche prediction, avalanche failure characteristics, forestry and avalanches and geomorphology and avalanches. An important area of future research is the impact of climate change on avalanches, particularly in northern Canada.     

Definition and temporal evolution of the heat and cold waves over the Spanish Central Plateau from 1961 to 2010

The temporal behavior of the annual frequency of heat and cold waves observed between 1961 and 2010 is established for the Spanish Central Plateau and for the two sub-areas in it. The series of daily maximum and minimum temperature anomalies for the working areas were calculated from the daily data concerning temperature anomalies. The thresholds of these series of anomalies, determined by the P₁₀ and P₉₀ percentiles values, were obtained. Heat waves occur when there are two or more consecutive days on which the maximum and minimum temperature anomalies are simultaneously greater than the values of the thresholds obtained for the P₉₀ percentile. The heat waves that affected the Spanish Central Plateau and the two sub-areas during the period of time considered were identified and their monthly and annual frequencies were obtained. Likewise, a cold wave is considered to have occurred when there are two or more consecutive days on which the maximum and minimum temperature anomalies are simultaneously lower than the thresholds established by the corresponding P₁₀ percentiles. The cold waves occurring in the study area were identified and their monthly and annual frequencies in the study period were established. According to the results, the months with highest number of heat waves between 1961 and 2010 were May (25 waves) and June (23 waves). Trend analysis of the series of annual frequencies indicates that there was an increasing trend towards the occurrence of heat waves, with a confidence level greater than 99%. The linear model established indicates that an increase had occurred in the frequency of heat waves in the Spanish plateau of the order of 0.6 waves every 10 years. Regarding cold waves, these were detected in each month of the year and their frequency ranged between eight and 16 events per year. The months with lowest number of cold waves were April (nine), July (eight) and August (nine), and the months with the highest number were March, May, June and October, with 16 cold waves. The years with the highest number of cold waves were 1969, 1971 and 1977, with seven cases. In the other years the annual rate was between one and six. Trend analysis of the series of annual frequencies indicated that there was a decreasing frequency of cold waves, at the confidence level of 99%. When a linear model was considered for the Spanish Central Plateau a decreasing frequency of the cold waves of the order of 0.54 waves in every 10 years was observed from 1961 to 2010.     

Empirical Relationships for Debris Flows

The assessment of the debris flow hazard potential has to rely on semi-quantitative methods. Due to the complexity of the debris-flow process, numerical simulation models of debris flows are still limited with regard to practical applications. Thus, an overview is given of empirical relationships that can be used to estimate the most important parameters of debris-flow behavior. In a possible procedure, an assessment of a maximum debris-flow volume may be followed by estimates of the peak discharge, the mean flow velocity, the total travel distance, and the runout distance on the fan. The applicability of several empirical equations is compared with available field and laboratory data, and scaling considerations are used to discuss the variability of the parameters over a large range of values. Some recommendations are made with regard to the application of the presented relationships by practicing engineers, apart from advocating field reconnaissance and searching for historic events wherever possible.     

小口径岩心钻探海上施工安全风险管控

小口径岩心钻探海上施工不同于陆地,要借助海上钻探平台作为实施场地进行施工。因其施工环境中风、浪等自然因素所占影响比例较大,其交通运输、施工过程、人员安全防护等都较陆地施工有很大区别。为保证海上岩心钻探施工安全,通过对比分析海上与陆地施工的危险源异同,经过危险源辨识、评价、控制等3个步骤,从技术与管理2个角度,就平台搭建及拆除、施工过程、海上交通、人身防护等方面对海上施工风险进行系统化管理,确保安全施工。     

Engineering geology in underground aggregate mining and space utilisation

As consumption of construction aggregates increased in the Toronto (Canada) area and as regular source areas faced constraints, attention was given to the possibility of underground mining of limestone aggregate. Following a study of transportation costs and the drilling of several, continuously cored drill holes through the Paleozoic strata, Ontario Hydro and three Ontario government ministries undertook a feasibility study of the mining of limestone aggregate in the Toronto area.

The geological study showed the suitability of the Ordovician Gull River Formation as a source rock for the aggregate and the structural conditions suitable for mining operations.

A mining operation to produce 3–5 million tonnes/year over 16–30 years was investigated. This involved a decline or a shaft (depending on location) down to a mechanized room and pillar operation (square or rectangular grid) at depths between 200–500 m. Pillar stresses were calculated at less than 40 Mpa — well below the 100 Mpa unconfined compressive strength of the limestone. Operations would be mostly in dry conditions because of the presence of high horizontal stresses.     

Closing the groundwater protection implementation gap

Complacency about drinking water security was the order of the day in the Province of Ontario, Canada, until the water supply of the community of Walkerton was contaminated in May 2000. Seven people died and 2300 became seriously ill when runoff from a nearby livestock farm contaminated an improperly constructed municipal well. The Walkerton tragedy, and similar incidents that have occurred in Ontario and elsewhere in North America and Europe during past decades, reflect serious implementation gaps in groundwater protection. In Ontario, many of these implementation gaps relate to shortfalls in local and provincial management capacity. Some local organizations are well served with skilled staff, leaders committed to groundwater protection, effective policies and plans, and sound databases. Unfortunately, many are not, particularly smaller communities in rural areas. Existing implementation gaps were exacerbated in the mid-1990s when the provincial government increased the responsibilities of local agencies while at the same time cutting funding and staffing levels in its own Ministry of the Environment. Recent local and provincial initiatives are beginning to close some implementation gaps. However, key challenges remain. This paper explores factors that shape local capacity for groundwater protection, and highlights ways in which capacity-related implementation gaps may be addressed. The focus is experiences in Ontario, Canada. However, lessons learned are broadly transferable. Chief among these are the importance of financial and technical support for delineation of source water protection zones; legal requirements for source water protection; senior government commitment and leadership; and enhanced local awareness of, and participation in, groundwater management.     

Numerical and field study of ship-induced waves along the St. Lawrence Waterway,Canada

Coastal and bank erosion along the St. Lawrence River Waterway in Quebec, Canada, represents a hazard to local communities living along the river banks, as well as to the local fauna habitat. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential impact of the waves generated by long containerships on riverbank erosion and recession at critical sites along the St. Lawrence River Waterway, which have already experienced significant damage. A field study was carried out to investigate the ship-generated hydrodynamics and the various driving mechanisms of the erosion process induced by ship waves. The field measurements provided an assessment of the influence of the length of large vessels by comparing the characteristics of the hydrodynamics fields induced by the passage of two containerships of different lengths. The potential for bank erosion and recession is assessed in terms of the wake erosive energy incident to the shoreline. The field data are compared against analytical results predicted by an empirical model, as well as against a ship-generated hydrodynamics model. Several numerical simulations for quantifying the ship’s drawdown and its effects are also presented.     

Heat wave risk assessment and mapping in urban areas: case study for a midsized Central European city,Novi Sad (Serbia)

Risk assessment and mapping methodologies for heat waves as frequently occurring hazards in central and southeastern Europe were applied in this study, and the impact of heat waves on the mortality of urban populations was determined as part of the assessment. The methodology for conducting the heat wave risk assessment is based on European Commission’s Guidelines for Risk Assessment and Mapping. The Novi Sad (Serbia) urban area was studied during summer 2015, which was one of the hottest summers in the last few decades. In situ air temperature measurements from urban stations and mortality of urban populations were used. Nocturnal urban heat island (UHI) intensity values between the various built-up zones and natural surrounding areas were used for the hazard level calculation. Temperature data from 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. were used because during the night, the UHI intensity reached its maximum values. The average daily number of deaths by LCZs was used to define the impact level of the vulnerability index. Calculations for both hazard levels were completed during two intensive heat waves (in July and August 2015) when it was expected that there may be a high level of risk. The results and maps show that the urban area is complex, and the heat wave risk on the population is not uniform. The most densely built-up areas (LCZs 2, 5 and 6) have very high or high risk values that are influenced by a higher rate of mortality. The obtained results and maps can be used by local authorities to prevent and mitigate climate-related hazards, for medical institutions as well as urban planners and for ancillary local, regional or national services. According to these results, the local authorities could define hot spots where they can place medical and rescue teams and install points with water supplies, etc.     

Assessment of extreme weather events on transport networks: case study of the 2007 wildfires in Peloponnesus

This paper deals with the 2007 wildfires that hit Peloponnesus, the southern peninsula of Greece, presenting an overview of the impacts in terms of infrastructural damages and human injuries and losses. Network performance and components’ criticality analyses are used to assess the effects of the fires in vehicular traffic and the overall transport network. The crisis and emergency management of the event are discussed in depth, highlighting potential gaps and possibilities for future improvement. The paper concludes with a presentation of the adaptation measures that succeeded the event in terms of recovery plans, national efforts on fire prevention programs and wildfire management.     

国外航空地球物理试验场建设启示

在国家863重大计划项目的支持下,开展了我国航空地球物理试验场建设和研究工作。为此,开展了对国外航空地球物理试验场建设情况的调研,详细总结了加拿大安大略湖Reid-Mahaffy航空电磁地球物理试验场选场条件、建设方案以及试验场应用等情况,为我国航空地球物理试验场建设提供了重要启示。     

北京地区地源热泵系统地质条件评估工作浅谈

本文介绍了北京地区地源热泵系统地质条件评估工作的相关背景,详细阐述了地质条件评估的本质是把客观真实的地质、热工技术认识与项目可研工作的要求结合起来,深刻分析了地质条件对地源热泵系统项目应用的适合性,风险性和可行性的影响,提出地源热泵系统技术具有典型的双刃剑特征,仍有许多技术问题值得深入思考和研究。