降雨入渗下非饱和坡残积土湿润锋运移试验研究

我国东南沿海地区丘陵山地发育，降雨入渗到土体中的水分是导致滑坡灾害频发的关键因素。以福建省泉州市德化县地质灾害点为主要研究对象，考察典型地质灾害点具有代表性的坡积土与花岗岩残积土的渗透特性。利用自行研制的土体入渗装置，分别在降雨强度为15、30、60 mm/h条件下，考虑降雨历时一致（180 min）与过程降雨量一致（90 mm）两种工况开展一维土柱入渗试验，得到相应的各个土柱含水率、湿润锋、入渗率随时间变化的响应规律。试验结果表明：（1）土体渗透系数越大、雨强越大，土体湿润蔓延距离越深、速度越快。（2）降雨入渗过程中，土体含水率由浅及深逐次对降雨进行响应。不同雨强对含水率的影响主要体现在第一次响应时间以及饱和速度上，雨强越大，响应时间越快，饱和速度也越快。（3）提出可表征在不同雨强作用下，德化县马坪滑坡与崩土岭滑坡的湿润锋入渗公式。该研究成果对台风暴雨型滑坡的孕灾机制分析以及精细化监测预警具有重要的理论及实际意义。     

基于诱发机理的降雨型滑坡预警研究——以花岗岩风化壳二元结构斜坡为例

降雨型滑坡是我国主要的滑坡灾害类型,具有区域群集发生的特点,滑坡预警研究是防灾减灾的重要途径。传统的区域降雨型滑坡预报模型多采用统计结果建立降雨参数模型,对降雨诱发机理和斜坡失稳的力学机制考虑不足,预报可靠性和精度有限。本文以花岗岩风化壳地区某典型二元结构斜坡为原型,以实际勘查数据为基础,提取该斜坡结构特征,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,分析研究降雨入渗过程和斜坡失稳机制,建立典型斜坡的预警判据。1花岗岩风化壳地区典型二元结构斜坡为类土质斜坡,覆盖土层较厚,剖面上可分为两层,上层为坡积黏性土,土质松散,透水性强,下层为残积黏性土,土质相对致密,透水性较差。2采用不同降雨工况模拟分析降雨入渗过程。以50mm·d-1雨强为例,降雨持时30h以内时,降雨入渗主要集中在上层的坡积黏性土,斜坡前缘优先饱和,滑带开始出现积水现象;降雨持时40～50h时,斜坡表面降水持续入渗,在坡体后缘拉裂缝处,雨水沿着裂缝快速入渗坡体形成静水压力,增加坡体重量,增大下滑力,坡脚渗透路径短,最先饱和破坏,造成斜坡失稳。3监测斜坡不同部位（坡脚、中部、后缘）的孔隙水压力情况,随降雨入渗,斜坡土体孔隙水压力持续增大,由负趋近于零到大于零,斜坡土体由非饱和状态向饱和状态过渡,坡脚最先饱和,中部持续入渗,后缘土体饱和后,裂缝扩大致使大量雨水进入,使本已大量积水的滑带变形错动,斜坡失稳。4模拟分析得到斜坡失稳的不同降雨条件:中雨雨强（10mm·d-1）,历时约13d;大雨雨强（25mm·d-1）,历时约5d;暴雨雨强（50mm·d-1）,历时约2.2d;特大暴雨雨强（100mm·d-1）,历时约1.1d。在暴雨雨强时,降雨对该类斜坡的滞后作用约为5h。最后,建立了该类斜坡的临界降雨判据（I-D曲线）。     

强降雨作用下强风化泥岩降雨入渗特性试验研究

土体降雨入渗特性是实施坡面泥石流和土体滑坡发育过程研究的重要因素。研制了人工降雨土柱入渗试验装置,实施了10、20、30、40、50、60 mm/h共6种降雨强度下强风化泥岩的入渗试验,最长降雨历时105 min。试验结果表明：可将土体入渗过程可分为无压入渗、有压入渗和饱和入渗3阶段,其中土体的入渗率在无压入渗阶段和饱和入渗阶段均随降雨历时增长近似为常数,在有压入渗阶段则快速降低;通过定义降雨作用下土体入渗锋,包括初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋,分析了入渗锋所处位置随降雨强度的变化关系,初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋之间的幅值随降雨强度的增大而变宽;提出了可表征重庆地区侏罗系强风化泥岩入渗过程的土体降雨入渗公式。研究成果对于构建重庆地区降雨诱发型滑坡及坡面泥石流的预测预报模型有积极意义。     

三峡库区降雨型滑坡入渗特征及变形机制——基于一维和二维模型试验研究

强降雨诱发古滑坡的浅层变形是三峡库区最为严重的地质灾害,因此,探索暴雨作用下滑坡土体的入渗规律及其浅层变形机制具有重要的研究意义。以三峡库区的降雨型滑坡为研究对象,统计了降雨型滑坡土体的渗透特性分布特征,考虑强降雨作用,分别开展一维土柱入渗试验和二维滑坡模型试验,研究了不同降雨强度条件下滑坡土体的入渗特征以及对应的滑坡浅层变形机制。降雨入渗试验结果表明：降雨入渗土体的速度取决于降雨强度与土体渗透系数的相对大小,当降雨强度小于或等于土体渗透系数时,入渗能力随降雨强度增大而增大。当降雨强度大于土体渗透系数时,入渗能力反而随之减小。模型试验结果表明：强降雨入渗时,会造成地表土体暂态饱和,表层土体以下非饱和区内的气体被暂态封闭并受到表层孔隙水压力作用而压缩,导致孔隙气压力随降雨入渗迅速增大。对于三峡库区的降雨型滑坡,短时的暴雨会产生瞬态饱和区。封闭气体,这也是影响强降雨入渗能力的主要原因;同时封闭气体传递水压使得浅层土体的孔隙水压力骤增,这也是许多滑坡发生浅层变形和破坏的主要原因。     

降雨入渗诱发黄土滑塌的模式及临界值初探

国内外对诱发滑坡的降雨阈值的研究多采用统计方法对历史滑坡和降雨量数据进行相关分析,而在分析过程中很少按降雨入渗诱发模式的不同进行分类.实际上,降雨临界值与被触发的滑坡类型紧密相关,不同模式的降雨可以触发不同类型和规模的滑坡,而不同类型的滑坡也“需要”不同的降雨临界值.本文以陕北黄土高原广泛发育的-种典型地质灾害-黄土滑塌作为研究对象,从定性分析降雨入渗的机理入手,探讨了不同入渗模式下雨水对滑塌的诱发作用,初步建立了缓慢下渗诱发型、下渗阻滞诱发型、下渗贯通诱发型三种降雨诱发黄土滑塌的模式.运用统计学的方法,对陕西北部地区25个县(市、区)1960年～2008年发生的有准确日期记录的227个黄土滑塌和降雨数据进行分类,建立了不同降雨入渗诱发类型下的黄土滑塌降雨临界值或预警值.     

台风暴雨型土质滑坡演化过程研究

台风暴雨型滑坡是我国东南丘陵山地主要的滑坡类型,揭示其失稳演化规律对东南丘陵山地台风暴雨型土质滑坡监测预警具有重要的理论及实际意义。本文以福建泉州德化石山滑坡为研究对象,结合现场地质勘察资料,建立滑坡物理与数值模型对其变形演化过程进行模拟,探究边坡失稳涉及的渗流和变形位移等规律。研究结果表明:(1)初期雨水以垂直入渗坡体为主,且入渗速率较大;后期入渗速率随坡体饱和度增加而减小。有前期小降雨的情况下,坡脚位置更易出现积水饱和现象;(2)雨水入渗是导致坡体稳定性下降的主要原因:在暴雨工况中E3(模拟全程降雨为暴雨雨强100 mm·d-1)中,稳定系数保持下降,从1.197降至1.125;在双峰暴雨工况E4(前期30 mm·d-1小雨强降雨,后期100 mm·d-1暴雨雨强降雨)中,小雨强降雨过程中稳定系数基本保持不变,从1.197降至1.188,当暴雨一开始,稳定系数骤降至1.060;(3)台风暴雨型滑坡位移演化过程具有阶段性特征:压缩沉降微变形阶段,该阶段位移曲线变化平缓,基本不发生位移;匀速变形阶段,该阶段位移匀速增长,位移速率不变;加速变形阶段,加速变形直至失稳阶段,破坏迅速,具有突发性,曲线呈非线性;(4)当前期发生小雨强降雨(降雨强度≤30 mm·d-1),后期突发大暴雨雨强降雨(降雨强度≥100 mm·d-1)情况下滑坡的发生具有突变性,在试验中暴雨初期位移骤增20 mm,而后快速发展到90 mm左右。     

金沙江下游金坪子Ⅱ区低速滑坡活动机理初探

金坪子滑坡是金沙江下游乌东德水电站下游方向距离大坝最近的一处巨型深厚崩坡积碎屑土古滑坡,以Ⅱ区活动部分为研究对象,在大量勘察试验成果以及长达11a的精确监测基础上,分析滑坡岩土体的物理力学性质以及滑坡的长期动态特征,特别是滑坡与降雨和地下水的动态响应关系,并基于Green-Ampt降雨入渗模型研究了降雨直接入渗补给地下水的可能性,利用极限平衡法探讨了理想刚塑性条件下该滑坡所受力的平衡关系,进而分析滑坡的活动机理。研究结果表明,滑坡的长期持续活动是滑带土黏性流变特征的表现,地表和深部位移均表现为牵引活动模式,地表自2005~2016年的平均位移速率为0.19~0.87mm ·d-1,深部以基底滑动为主,不同部位具有不同程度的内部变形。降雨是影响滑坡动态的最主要因素,在理想情况下,降雨很难直接入渗补给滑区地下水,地下水动态变化缓慢,与滑坡活动有一定正相关关系,但作用并不显著。与一些动态特征直接受地下水位影响的浅层低速滑坡不同,金坪子Ⅱ区的活动机理更可能是降雨在滑坡上部一定深度范围内形成暂态饱和区,滑体容重和渗透作用的变化影响了滑坡的动态。     

降雨及库水位联合作用下秭归八字门滑坡稳定性预测

针对三峡库区库水位调控方案和极端降雨情况,对秭归县八字门滑坡稳定性分析设置了10种计算工况,采用SEEP/W软件模拟该滑坡在降雨入渗及库水位联合作用下的暂态渗流场,并利用SLOPE/W软件,将暂态孔隙水压力分布用于该滑坡的极限平衡分析中,确定不同工况下（不同降雨强度）的滑坡稳定性系数,据此采用降雨量对该滑坡进行失稳预测。研究认为：150 mm/d以上的降雨量对该滑坡影响较大,降雨入渗具有滞后性;在相同的降雨量情况下,1 d的降雨强度比5 d的连续降雨对滑坡体的稳定性影响更明显;在水位从175 m降至145 m的过程中,临界雨量为100 mm/d时,滑坡就可能失稳;水位从145 m升至175 m的过程中和175 mm稳定水位时,当临界雨量为200 mm/d时,滑坡才可能失稳,即水位骤降过程中滑坡失稳概率大。不同工况下的滑坡土体含水率分析结果表明,降雨影响的主要是上部土体,下部土体含水率受控于地下水位,即降雨更容易引起浅层滑坡与局部滑坡     

降雨对滑坡的稳定性影响及排水措施建议

以西南地区某滑坡为例,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,研究降雨入渗对含软弱夹层滑坡的稳定性影响。结合实际施工工序,模拟原始滑坡、有支护结构无降雨作用、有支护结构有降雨作用的滑坡变形特征,对比在不同雨水入渗强度下滑坡的稳定系数,综合评价降雨入渗的瞬态渗流作用对含软弱夹层滑坡稳定性的影响规律,并提出排水措施优化设计。     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型研究

传统的入渗模型未考虑坡角和降雨强度对滑坡入渗过程的影响,为了更好地描述黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗过程,在Green- Ampt入渗模型的基础上推导了考虑坡体倾角和小降雨强度影响的降雨入渗模型。为了获取改进的入渗模型参数,在黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体上进行了双环渗透试验与降雨、土的含水率和基质吸力现场监测。结果表明,黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体饱和渗透系数为4.81×10-5 m/s;降雨时体积含水率增加,降雨停止后体积含水率降低,深部表现出一定的滞后特性;基质吸力变化趋势与体积含水率相反,降雨使其减小,降雨停止后逐渐增大。通过双环渗透试验与现场监测,获取了黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型参数值。将入渗模型计算值与现场监测数据进行对比,该模型计算值与现场监测数据吻合,说明该降雨入渗模型可用于黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗分析。     

滑坡对降雨响应的多指标监测及综合预警探析:以赣南罗坳滑坡为例

降雨量和位移是当前降雨型滑坡监测预警最常用的指标。然而,降雨量和位移监测结果只能反映降雨作用下滑坡的变形情况,不能揭示滑坡内在物理力学性状对降雨的响应。因此,除降雨量和位移监测之外,建立包括体积含水率、基质吸力等反映滑坡动态演化过程的关键指标监测体系必将成为今后更真实地把握滑坡内在演化趋势、更准确地建立滑坡综合预警判据的最有效手段。笔者对赣南地区典型降雨型滑坡进行了多指标监测及综合预警示范研究。结果表明:(1)在降雨条件下滑坡土体内部体积含水率、基质吸力和温度等多指标均产生有规律的动态响应;(2)随着降雨的持续,滑体体积含水率与基质吸力的变化均具有显著的滞后现象;(3)体积含水率和基质吸力变化速率与滑体位移具有显著的正相关性;(4)滑体温度分布变化规律受大气温度和体积含水率的共同影响。以实测数据的滑坡稳定性分析为基准,在考虑实际降雨入渗深度与滑坡稳定性的关联度上,建立了包括日降雨量、体积含水率增加速率、基质吸力减小速率以及位移速度多元指标预警方法体系,提出了基于关键指标综合预警体系及确定方法,旨在为降雨滑坡准确预警提供新模式。     

Rainfall-induced landslides by deficit field matric suction in unsaturated soil slopes

Landslides are mainly triggered by decrease in the matric suction with deepening the wetting band by rainfall infiltrations. This paper reports rainfall-induced landslides in partially saturated soil slopes through a field study. A comprehensive analysis on Umyeonsan (Mt.) landslides in 2011 was highlighted. The incident involves the collapse of unsaturated soil slopes under extreme-rainfall event. Fundamental studies on the mechanism and the cause of landslides were carried out. A number of technical findings are of interest, including the failure mechanism of a depth of soil and effect of groundwater flow, the downward movement of wetting band and the increase of groundwater level. Based on this, an integrated analysis methodology for a rainfall-induced landslide is proposed in this paper that incorporates the field matric suction for obtaining hydraulic parameters of unsaturated soil. The field matric suction is shown to govern the rate of change in the water infiltration for the landslide analysis with respect to an antecedent rainfall. Special attention was given to a one-dimensional infiltration model to determine the wetting band depth in the absence of the field matric suction. The results indicate that landslide activities were primarily dependent on rainfall infiltration, soil properties, slope geometries, vegetation, and groundwater table positions. The proposed methodology has clearly demonstrated both shallow and deep-seated landslides and shows good agreement with the results of landslide investigations.     

滑坡防治前后滑带土基质吸力特征研究

降雨使坡内地下水位上升,坡体的基质吸力和暂态孔隙水压力会随着降雨过程和时间呈现不同的变化趋势。采用抗滑桩、挡墙等工程防治后,针对滑坡体滑带土的性质变化以及抗滑结构的设置是否会影响到滑坡体的自然排水通道,导致坡体地下水位的抬升,从而影响滑坡防治效果等问题进行了研究。以鹰厦线K290滑坡为主线,通过开展滑坡饱和-非饱和渗流模型试验与数值分析,探讨了降雨入渗及地下水位变化下滑坡体及滑带土体积含水率与基质吸力的变化规律,以及其对滑坡防治前后坡体渗流场的影响。在此基础上,探讨了滑带土基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。研究表明：防治前后滑坡体及滑带土基质吸力受降雨强度等条件影响明显,不同深度处滑带土基质吸力变化呈现不同的变化规律,在土质滑坡的防治中应考虑抗滑桩的布置对滑带土性质的影响。     

Numerical modeling of rainstorm-induced shallow landslides in saturated and unsaturated soils

For the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, the physically based model coupling the infinite slope stability analysis with the hydrological modeling in nearly saturated soil has commonly been used due to its simplicity. However, in that model the rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil could not be reliably simulated because a linear diffusion-type Richards’ equation rather than the complete Richards’ equation was used. In addition, the effect of matric suction on the shear strength of soil was not actually considered. Therefore, except the shallow landslide in saturated soil due to groundwater table rise, the shallow landslide induced by the loss in unsaturated shear strength due to the dissipation of matric suction could not be reliably assessed. In this study, a physically based model capable of assessing shallow landslides in variably saturated soils is developed by adopting the complete Richards’ equation with the effect of slope angle in the rainfall infiltration modeling and using the extended Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to describe the unsaturated shear strength in the soil failure modeling. The influence of rainfall intensity and duration on shallow landslide is investigated using the developed model. The result shows that the rainfall intensity and duration seem to have similar influence on shallow landslides respectively triggered by the increase of positive pore water pressure in saturated soil and induced by the dissipation of matric suction in unsaturated soil. The rainfall duration threshold decreases with the increase in rainfall intensity, but remains constant for large rainfall intensity.     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡非饱和水力参数研究

非饱和水力参数在计算滑坡降雨入渗过程与稳定性时是至关重要的材料参数。在三峡库区黄土坡滑坡上进行双环渗透试验,获取黄土坡滑坡表土层的饱和渗透系数。对黄土坡滑坡表土层的含水率和基质吸力进行实时监测,采集了黄土坡滑坡表土层中含水率和基质吸力随时间的变化数据,采用van Genuchten土-水特征曲线模型拟合了4个实时监测剖面的土-水特征曲线及其拟合参数。将饱和渗透系数与土-水特征曲线拟合参数代入van Genuchten渗透系数函数模型,求出了黄土坡滑坡表土层在非饱和条件下的渗透系数函数,为黄土坡滑坡在降雨作用下的稳定性计算提供了可靠的水力参数     

Soil water balance model for precipitation-induced shallow landslides

Precipitation infiltration is one of the most significant triggering factors for slope failure occurrence in many places around the world. Knowledge of the mechanisms leading to precipitation-induced slope failures is of great importance to the management of landslide hazard. In this study, a soil water balance model is developed to estimate soil water flux during the process of infiltration from rainfall data, with consideration of storm periods and non-storm periods. Two important assumptions in this study are given: (1) instantaneous uniform distribution of the degree of saturation and (2) a linear relationship between evapotranspiration and the related degree of saturation. For storm periods, the Brooks and Corey model estimates both the soil water retention curve and soil water parameters. The infiltration partition is employed by an infinite-series solution of Philip in conjunction with the time compression approximation. For none-storm periods, evapotranspiration can be derived for the moisture depletion of soil water. This study presents a procedure for calculating the safety factor for an unsaturated slope suffering from precipitation infiltration. The process of infiltration into a slope due to rainfall and its effect on soil slope behavior are examined using modified Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion in conjunction with a soil water balance model. The results indicate that the matric suction, which is closely related to slope stability, is affected by the degree of saturation controlled by rainfall events.     

基于Green-Ampt模型的多层结构边坡降雨入渗改进计算方法及稳定性影响研究

降雨作用下,边坡土体的饱和度及含水率升高,基质吸力减小。随着降雨历时的增长,雨水入渗深度对坡体的稳定性产生影响。然而传统多层结构边坡的入渗计算方法并未考虑随入渗深度不断变化的基质吸力与层间积水点的形成,且忽略饱和层内沿坡体层面流动的部分雨水对入渗过程的影响,亦未考虑潜在滑动面位置随降雨历时的变化。将入渗过程分解为若干个子过程,并基于Green-Ampt（G-A）入渗模型对传统多层结构边坡的入渗计算方法进行改进,以对每个子过程进行求解,最后将其合并为整体入渗过程的解。在此基础上对层间积水点的形成时刻进行计算,进而分析雨水入渗深度与时间的关系,并研究降雨强度与雨水入渗深度对边坡不同位置处（湿润锋、饱和层）稳定系数和滑动面位置的影响。研究表明:（1）基于G-A模型的改进计算方法所得结果比传统多层结构边坡入渗计算方法所得结果更接近于数值模拟结果。（2）对于多层结构土质边坡,其安全系数随着雨水入渗深度的增加不断降低,并且在层间积水点形成时产生突变现象。（3）随着降雨历时和降雨强度的增大,边坡中潜在滑动面位置会产生变化,前期潜在滑动面位置出现在湿润锋处,后期则出现在饱和层交界面处。该方法提高了多层结构边坡传统降雨入渗计算方法的精度,更加全面的对多层结构边坡的稳定性进行评价,其工程应用范围亦得到进一步扩大     

Monitored and simulated variations in matric suction during rainfall in a residual soil slope

This research combines field, laboratory and numerical investigations to estimate the development of a wetting front within a 1.2 m residual soil mantle on a steep forested slope during rainfall events. The field-monitored variations in matric suction due to rain-water infiltration during various events revealed that the maximum infiltration rate was much higher when the wetting front resided in the upper 20 cm of soil compared to the case when the wetting front advanced to depths > 20 cm. Laboratory investigations on soil hydraulic properties (i.e., soil water characteristic curve, and hydraulic conductivity) were useful to establish the parameters of a multilayer finite-element model for one-dimensional vertical infiltration. These parameters were subsequently calibrated by matching the predicted and field measured transient pore water pressure responses during actual rainstorms with irregular rainfall patterns. The calibrated simulation model was used to assess the migration of the wetting front under uniform rainfall with different intensities. Based on the numerical results, a hyperbolic equation was developed to predict the duration of uniform rainfall required for the propagation of wetting front to a certain depth for a given rainfall intensity. The proposed equation was subsequently tested against field-monitored advancements of the wetting front during real rainstorms with variable rainfall intensity.     

Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability

Rainfall has been considered the cause of the majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal rainfalls. The mechanism of the failures was mainly due to the lost of matric suction of soils by rainwater. This paper presents the results of a laboratory model study on the effect of slope angle and surface cover on water infiltration into soil and soil matric suction. A field infiltration test is carried out for comparison. A parametric study is also done to examine the effect of permeability ratio, development of perched water table and rainfall intensity on the factor of safety against instability of a soil slope. Results of the model study show that different surface covers on slopes have an effect on the water infiltration. Generally the covered surface (grass or geosynthetic net) has a lower infiltration rate compared with the bare (no cover) surface. On the effect of slope angle, it was observed that water infiltration decrease with increase in the slope steepness. With regards to the movement of the wetting front, it appears that water infiltration is more at the toe compared with the top of the model slope. Based on the parametric study, it is found factor of safety of the slope against instability drops for slope with higher ratio of permeability for the permeable and impermeable stratum. As the perched water table is formed, the factor of safety decreased. The rainfall intensity also has a marked effect on the slope factor of safety. The higher the intensity of the rainfall, the higher is the infiltration rate into the soil, hence the lower is the factor of safety against slope instability.