鄂尔多斯盆地热演化程度异常分布区及形成时期探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地在中生代晚期存在一期构造热事件,本文在对大量的镜质体反射率、火成岩年龄、磷灰石裂变径迹等资料分析的基础上,对构造热事件发生的时间、存在的地区及形成机理进行了深入的研究。鄂尔多斯盆地中生代晚期地热异常区主要分布在盆地南部的吴旗—庆阳—富县一带,构造热事件主要发生在中生代晚期早白垩世约140～100Ma,构造热事件持续时间约在10～40Ma之间。鄂尔多斯盆地中生代晚期构造热事件发生的根本原因在于中生代晚期岩石圈深部的热活动增强,盆地南部岩石圈深部热活动性更强,早白垩世鄂尔多斯盆地处于一种弱拉张的构造环境,地幔发生底侵作用,岩石圈减薄,发生岩浆侵入和喷发。异常地温场形成可能与秦岭造山带燕山晚期强烈的构造活动导致鄂尔多斯盆地岩石圈深部活动有密切的关系。     

渤海湾盆地中—新生代岩石圈热结构与热-流变学演化

文章主要利用中—新生代热史、地壳分层结构以及流变学参数,模拟计算渤海湾盆地中—新生代岩石圈热结构和热-流变结构演化特征。结果表明,盆地由三叠纪—侏罗纪时期的"冷幔热壳"型岩石圈热结构转变为白垩纪至今的"热幔冷壳"型岩石圈热结构。从济阳坳陷岩石圈热-流变结构演化特征来看,中生代早期上地壳上部、中地壳上部及上地幔顶部表现为厚的脆性层;早白垩世初期中地壳上部及上地幔顶部的脆性层完全转变为韧性层;晚白垩世开始,中地壳上部出现薄层的脆性层;古近纪早期中地壳上部脆性层变薄变浅;现今则除了发育上地壳上部、中地壳上部脆性层外,上地幔顶部开始在浅部发育薄的脆性层。中—新生代岩石圈总强度演化表明在早白垩世晚期和古近纪早期经历了两期减弱,中生代早期岩石圈总强度远大于中侏罗世之后的岩石圈总强度。岩石圈热-流变结构和强度演化与华北克拉通破坏过程中岩石圈厚度的变化具有良好的对应关系,从侧面反映太平洋板块俯冲和回撤导致华北克拉通东部破坏的地球动力学过程。因此,岩石圈热-流变结构可以为盆地形成、大陆边缘和造山带等的动力学演化过程研究提供科学依据。     

中国东西部典型盆地中—新生代热体制对比

沉积盆地的热体制和热历史是盆地动力学和油气成藏研究的重要内容,中国东西部盆地受不同构造背景和动力学机制影响,热体制存在明显差异。文中从盆地的热历史、热岩石圈厚度和岩石圈热结构3个方面对渤海湾和塔里木这两个中国东西部典型盆地中—新生代的热体制进行了分析,表明东西部盆地在中—新生代时期的热体制存在较大差异。中—新生代时期渤海湾盆地经历了早白垩世—晚白垩世早期(K1—K12)和始新世—渐新世(E2—E3)两期热流高峰,而塔里木盆地热流值是逐渐降低的过程;渤海湾盆地的热岩石圈厚度在中—新生代经历了早白垩世晚期和古近纪中—晚期两次快速的减薄高峰,减薄高峰时期岩石圈厚度仅为43~55km;而塔里木盆地则经历了中生代缓慢增厚—古近纪以来快速增厚的过程。由地幔热流与地表热流比值确定的岩石圈热结构揭示出渤海湾盆地经历了三叠—侏罗纪的"冷幔热壳"型和白垩纪以后的"热幔冷壳"型;塔里木盆地则由"热幔冷壳"型在新近纪末期转变为"冷幔热壳"岩石圈热结构。深部岩石圈的热结构和热状态的这种差异与岩石圈热-流变结构和岩石圈变形特征密切相关,通过对沉积盆地中—新生代时期的热历史和岩石圈热结构演化的研究,可以揭示沉积盆地深部的热状态,为中—新生代以来的成盆动力学机制研究提供有科学意义的参考。     

华北克拉通东部早白垩世伸展盆地的发育过程及其对克拉通的破坏

在晚侏罗世华北克拉通东部破坏之初出现了区域性隆起,全区缺失上侏罗统沉积。在早白垩世早期,出现了区域性的伸展活动,断陷盆地形成,克拉通南、北缘伸展活动最强,北部燕山构造带以出现变质核杂岩为特征,南部出现宽裂谷型盆地。早白垩世中期华北克拉通东部普遍出现了火山活动与岩浆侵入。早白垩世晚期克拉通上以出现窄裂谷型盆地为特征,沿北北东走向的郯庐断裂带断陷活动最强。这些断陷盆地的演化过程揭示,经历地表抬升后,克拉通破坏之初的岩石圈热而弱,从而形成变质核杂岩或宽裂谷型盆地。这期间的破坏强度在空间上具有不均匀分布的特征,受控于早期岩石圈地幔的结构。经过早白垩世中期的大量岩浆活动之后,早白垩世晚期克拉通岩石圈温度降低、强度变大,从而利用早期大型断裂构造形成窄裂谷型盆地。这现象支持华北克拉通东部晚中生代的岩石圈减薄是以逐渐拆沉机制为主。     

华北克拉通东部早白垩世伸展盆地的发育过程及其对克拉通破坏的指示

在晚侏罗世华北克拉通东部破坏之初出现了区域性隆起,全区缺失上侏罗统沉积.在早白垩世早期.出现了区域性的伸展活动,断陷盆地形成,克拉通南、北缘伸展活动最强,北部燕山构造带以出现变质核杂岩为特征,南部出现宽裂谷型盆地.早白垩世中期华北克拉通东部普遍出现了火山活动与岩浆侵入.早白垩世晚期克拉通上以出现窄裂谷型盆地为特征.沿北北东走向的郯庐断裂带断陷活动最强.这些断陷盆地的演化过程揭示,经历地表抬升后,克拉通破坏之初的岩石圈热而弱,从而形成变质核杂岩或宽裂谷型盆地.这期间的破坏强度在空间上具有不均匀分布的特征.受控于早期岩石圈地幔的结构.经过早白垩世中期的大量岩浆活动之后,早白垩世晚期克拉通岩石圈温度降低、强度变大.从而利用早期大型断裂构造形成窄裂谷型盆地.这些现象支持华北克拉通东部晚中生代的岩石圈减薄是以逐渐拆沉机制为主.     

从华北克拉通中、西部结构的区域差异性探讨克拉通破坏

详细的深部结构信息是深入认识华北克拉通显生宙改造和破坏的重要依据。基于密集流动地震台阵和固定台网记录的远震P波和S波接收函数资料,获得了跨越华北克拉通东、中、西部的3条剖面的岩石圈和上地幔结构图像,揭示了克拉通不同区域深部结构特征的显著差异。与东部普遍减薄的岩石圈(60～100km)相比,中、西部表现出厚、薄岩石圈共存的强烈横向非均匀性,既在稳定的鄂尔多斯盆地之下保留着厚达200km的岩石圈,又在新生代银川—河套和陕西—山西裂陷区存在厚度<100km的薄岩石圈,差异最大的厚、薄岩石圈仅相距约200km。岩石圈厚度在东、中部边界附近的约100km横向范围内显示出20～40km的迅速增加。岩石圈厚度的快速变化与地表地形从东向西的突然改变以及南北重力梯度带的位置大致吻合,并对应于地壳结构、地幔转换带厚度和660km间断面结构的快速变化。这种从地表到上地幔底部深、浅结构的耦合变化特征表明,东西两侧区域在显生宙可能经历了不同的岩石圈构造演化和深部地幔动力学过程。克拉通东部薄的地壳、岩石圈和厚的地幔转换带以及复杂的660km间断面结构可能与中生代以来太平洋板块深俯冲及其相关过程对这一地区岩石圈的改造和破坏有关;而中、西部存在显著减薄的岩石圈这一观测结果,并结合岩石、地球化学资料表明,克拉通岩石圈改造和减薄不仅发生在东部,而且可能影响了包括中、西部在内的更广泛的区域。岩石圈薄于100km的中、西部裂陷区可能与先前存在于岩石圈中的局部构造薄弱带相联系。这些古老岩石圈薄弱带可能经历了后期构造事件的多次改造,并在新生代印度—欧亚陆陆碰撞过程中被进一步弱化、减薄,最终造成地表裂陷。另一方面,中、西部总体较厚的地壳、岩石圈以及正常偏薄的地幔转换带表明,同太平洋深俯冲对东部的作用相比,包括印度—欧亚大陆碰撞在内的多期热-构造事件对该地区的构造演化影响相对较弱,不足以大范围改造和破坏高强度的克拉通岩石圈地幔根,从而造成了该地区现今岩石圈结构的高度横向不均匀。     

渤海盆地现今岩石圈热结构及新生代构造-热演化史

依据236口井共2 706组的静温数据以及25口井的系统测温数据,分析计算了渤海盆地地温梯度及大地热流;建立地壳分层结构模型,利用回剥法计算现今地幔热流、深部温度以及岩石圈厚度;在此基础上,利用地球动力学方法恢复本区热流演化史。结果表明：渤海盆地背景地温梯度为322 ℃/km,热流值为648 mW/m2;盆地现今热岩石圈厚度在61~69 km之间,地幔热流占地表热流的比例在60%左右,属于“热幔冷壳”型岩石圈热结构,盆地地壳底部或莫霍面温度变动在548~749 ℃之间;热流演化的特征与盆地的构造演化背景吻合,新生代以来盆地经历了3期岩石圈减薄并加热的过程,在东营组沉积末期热流达到最高(70~83 mW/m2）,这期间盆地内产出多期碱性玄武岩,表明盆地经历了波及地幔的裂谷过程,随后进入热沉降期,热流逐渐降低,盆地向坳陷型转变。     

华北克拉通晚中生代壳-幔拆离作用: 岩石流变学约束

大陆岩石圈的流变学结构对于岩石圈深部过程(壳/幔过程)有着深刻的影响,直接表现在岩石圈壳-幔结构与浅部构造上.本文注意到华北克拉通晚中生代岩石圈减薄期间地壳的伸展、拆离与减薄在不同地区的宏观、微观构造及地壳岩石流变学等方面的差异表现与区域变化,以及现今和晚中生代时期岩石圈厚度的不均匀性.讨论了以水为主体的地质流体的存在对于岩石圈流变性的影响.综合克拉通东部与西部地壳/地幔厚度变化特点以及下地壳和上地幔含水性特点,阐述了晚中生代时期华北克拉通岩石圈内部壳幔耦合与解耦的规律,提出了华北岩石圈壳-幔拆离作用模型以解释华北克拉通晚中生代岩石圈减薄的基本现象与深部过程.提出区域性伸展作用是岩石圈减薄的主要动力学因素,东部地区在晚中生代伸展作用过程中壳-幔具有典型的解耦性,上部地壳、下部地壳和岩石圈地幔的变形具有显著差异性.而西部区壳幔总体具有耦合性,下地壳与岩石圈地幔共同构成流变学强度很高且难以变形的岩石圈根.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部紫金山岩体特征与形成的动力学环境——盆地热力-岩浆活动的深部作用典型实例剖析

在鄂尔多斯盆地动力学和热力作用讨论基础上,以紫金山岩体为代表,进行了鄂尔多斯盆地东部岩浆活动的深部地质背景、岩石学、地球化学、同位素年代学和构造演化等研究。认为盆地热力作用是盆地动力学研究的弱点和难点,盆地热力作用具明显非均一性,热力盆地特征复杂、类型多样,盆地热力构造可分为五类。针对盆地热力作用研究的薄弱性和其与深部圈层活动的复杂性及特殊性,提出了未来研究应注意的要点。中生代鄂尔多斯盆地为克拉通内改造叠合型盆地,盆地的形成演化和区域岩石圈深部具有明显多阶段或多世代沉降更替、演变迁移特点。紫金山岩体具有富碱、较富铁、贫镁、钙,SiO2不饱和,属碱性-过碱性系列;稀土元素含量高,无负铕异常;碱性岩微量元素构造环境判别属于大陆板内拉张区;岩浆活动有多期性;锶(87Sr/86Sr)、钕(143Nd/144Nd)同位素比值落入EMⅠ型地幔,岩浆物质来源较深;单颗粒锆石SHRIMP测年数据表明岩浆活动主期在125～132Ma间,为早白垩世。侏罗纪-白垩纪盆地东部及周缘存在着丰富的深部岩浆活动-热力作用,并发生了岩浆侵入或喷发活动。中生代深部背景是处于吕梁软流圈上涌区,在吕梁软流圈上涌柱软块区与西侧厚硬块区相间的上涌热浮物质聚集处,岩石圈破裂,造成盆地东部出现软流圈热浮物质底侵和岩石圈局部减薄,底侵物质再熔融上侵,形成了紫金山幔源岩浆侵入和火山喷发构成的碱性复式岩体,代表鄂尔多斯盆地与华北陆块在早白垩世经受过一期重要的热力构造事件,它是该盆地东部吕梁软流圈上涌、盆地东翼大面积抬升隆起、断隆带翘倾的表现,此与盆地构造动力体制转换期及岩浆活动-热事件对应。中生代是该盆地油气煤铀等多种能源矿产形成的重要时期。构造过程是:古生代属于大鄂尔多斯盆地,与华北地区一同升降;中生代早期(T-J)为连续沉积区,晚期(J3-K1)发生较强烈的构造转换,岩石圈减薄,地壳拉张伸展变形,伴随岩浆侵入和火山喷发,形成紫金山复式岩体;新生代为整体抬升剥蚀期。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中西部深部流体活动及其对奥陶系天然气形成的热作用

鄂尔多斯是一个非常稳定的克拉通盆地,深部流体一直被认为是禁区。通过构造学、火成岩岩石学、矿物学、同位素以及热史分析等方法,首次系统证实了鄂尔多斯盆地中西部发生过强烈的深部流体活动,并分析了其形成机制和对奥陶系天然气形成的热演化作用。在中生代晚期,祁连构造域的挤压作用导致盆地西缘发生强烈逆冲推覆、断裂活动及三次大规模的深部流体上涌。这些流体在构造应力作用下主要沿J/T、O/C不整合面运移至盆地中部。流体携带了大量深部热能,使奥陶系上部古地温升高约50℃,并将其中的碳酸盐岩生烃速度提高了至少32倍。最终,深部流体一方面导致奥陶系生烃量显著增加,另一方面也降低了天然气的散失,有助于其聚集成藏。深部流体使鄂尔多斯盆地中西部奥陶系天然气成因复杂化,另外它对深入探索铀和其它金属矿床的形成及盆地演化也具有重要意义。     

A new pattern of the tectonic units and metallogenic belts in Africa continent in terms of lithosphere

Based on the comprehensive study of geology and geophysics in African continent, three types of lithosphere (craton-type, orogenic-type and rift-type) can be identified. Considering lithosphere discontinuities as the boundary, two first-order tectonic units (mainly cratonic-type in the west and rift-type in the east) are proposed. Different types of lithosphere can be divided into secondary-order and third-order structural units, and the blocks within lithosphere can be further divided into fourth-order structural units. The geological history, the formation process and significance of different types of lithosphere in African continent are briefly discussed.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001302

We present relative sea level （RSL） curves in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment （GIA）predictions based on the melting scenarios of the Antarctic ice sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）given in previous works.Simultaneously,Holocene-age RSL observations obtained at the raised beaches along the coast of Antarctica are shown to be in agreement with the GIA predictions.The differences from previously published ice-loading models regarding the spatial distribution and total mass change of the melted ice are significant.These models were also derived from GIA modelling; the variations can be attributed to the lack of geological and geographical evidence regarding the history of crustal movement due to ice sheet evolution.Next,we summarise the previously published ice load models and demonstrate the RSL curves based on combinations of different ice and earth models.The RSL curves calculated by GIA models indicate that the model dependence of both the ice and earth models is significantly large at several sites where RSL observations were obtained.In particular,GIA predictions based on the thin lithospheric thickness show the spatial distributions that are dependent on the melted ice thickness at each sites.These characteristics result from the short-wavelength deformation of the Earth.However,our predictions strongly suggest that it is possible to find the average ice model despite the use of the different models of lithospheric thickness.By sea level and crustal movement observations,we can deduce the geometry of the post-LGM ice sheets in detail and remove the GIA contribution from the crustal deformation and gravity change observed by space geodetic techniques,such as GPS and GRACE,for the estimation of the Antarctic ice mass change associated with recent global warming.     

Anomalous crustal and lithospheric mantle structure of southern part of the Vindhyan Basin and its geodynamic implications

Tectonically active Vindhyan intracratonic basin situated in central India, forms one of the largest Proterozoic sedimentary basins of the world. Possibility of hydrocarbon occurrences in thick sediments of the southern part of this basin, has led to surge in geological and geophysical investigations by various agencies. An attempt to synthesize such multiparametric data in an integrated manner, has provided a new understanding to the prevailing crustal configuration, thermal regime and nature of its geodynamic evolution. Apparently, this region has been subjected to sustained uplift, erosion and magmatism followed by crustal extension, rifting and subsidence due to episodic thermal interaction of the crust with the hot underlying mantle. Almost 5–6 km thick sedimentation took place in the deep faulted Jabera Basin, either directly over the Bijawar/Mahakoshal group of mafic rocks or high velocity-high density exhumed middle part of the crust. Detailed gravity observations indicate further extension of the basin probably beyond NSL rift in the south. A high heat flow of about 78 mW/m² has also been estimated for this basin, which is characterized by extremely high Moho temperatures (exceeding 1000 °C) and mantle heat flow (56 mW/m²) besides a very thin lithospheric lid of only about 50 km. Many areas of this terrain are thickly underplated by infused magmas and from some segments, granitic–gneissic upper crust has either been completely eroded or now only a thin veneer of such rocks exists due to sustained exhumation of deep seated rocks. A 5–8 km thick retrogressed metasomatized zone, with significantly reduced velocities, has also been identified around mid to lower crustal transition.     

Numerical modeling of strike-slip creeping faults and implications for the Hayward fault, California

The seismic potential of creeping faults such as the Hayward fault (San Francisco Bay Area, CA) depends on the rate at which moment (slip deficit) accumulates on the fault plane. Thus, it is important to evaluate how the creep rate observed at the surface is related to the slip on the fault plane. The surface creep rate (SCR) depends on the geometry of locked and free portions of the fault and on the interaction between the fault zone and the surrounding lithosphere. Using a viscoelastic finite element model, we investigate how fault zone geometries and physical characteristics such as frictionless or locked patches affect the observed surface creep when the system is driven by far field plate motions. These results have been applied to creep observations of the Hayward fault. This analysis differs from most previous fault creeping models in that the fault in our model is loaded by a distributed viscous flow induced by far field velocity boundary conditions instead of imposed slip beneath the major faults of the region. The far field velocity boundary conditions simulate the relative motion of the stable Pacific plate respect to the Rigid Sierra Nevada block, leaving the rheology, fault geometry, and mechanics (locked or free to creep patches), to determinate the patterns of fault creep.Our model results show that the fault geometry (e.g. length and depth of creeping) and the local rheology influence the surface creep rate (SCR) and the slip on the fault plane. In particular, we show that the viscoelastic layer beneath the elastic seismogenic zone plays a fundamental role in loading the fault. Additionally, the coupling with the surrounding lithosphere results in a smooth transition from regions free to creep to locked patches.     

岩石圈地幔中的金刚石及其矿物包裹体的研究进展

金刚石及封存于其中的矿物包裹体对于研究金刚石的成因以及古老岩石圈地幔、超深地幔的性质和地幔过程具有重要的研究意义,是国内外地质学家们的研究热点。大多数金刚石来源于岩石圈地幔,根据包裹体相对于寄主金刚石形成的时间可分为先成包裹体、同生包裹体和后生包裹体,包裹体属于哪种类型直接关系到数据所代表的意义,根据包裹体源区的岩石类型,通常将包裹体分为P/U型和E型,介绍了2种类型包裹体包含的矿物种类,并对出现较多的橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石、石榴石、铬铁矿和硫化物包裹体的矿物学特征进行了详细描述,归纳了金刚石及其矿物包裹体的主要研究方向:包裹体矿物的化学成分、金刚石的碳同位素组成、金刚石形成的温度、压力及年龄,综述了克拉通岩石圈地幔金刚石及其矿物包裹体的成因,总结了我国金刚石中包裹体的研究成果,分析了国内研究工作与国际上的差距。     

Review on Lithospheric Diamonds and Their Mineral Inclusions

Diamonds and their mineral inclusions are valuable for studying the genesis of diamonds, the characteristics and processes of ancient lithospheric mantle and deeper mantle. This has been paid lots of attentions by geologists both at home and abroad. Most diamonds come from lithospheric mantle. According to their formation preceded, accompanied or followed crystallization of their host diamonds, mineral inclusions in diamonds are divided into three groups: protogenetic, syngenetic and epigenetic. To determine which group the mineral inclusions belong to is very important because it is vital for understanding the data’s meaning. According to the type of mantle source rocks, mineral inclusions in diamonds are usually divided into peridotitic (or ultramafic) suite and eclogitic suite. The mineral species of each suite are described and mineralogical characteristics of most common inclusions in diamonds, such as olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, garnet, chromite and sulfide are reviewed in detail. In this paper, the main research fields and findings of diamonds and their inclusions were described: ①getting knowledge of mineralogical and petrologic characteristics of diamond source areas, characteristics of mantle fluids and mantle dynamics processes by studying the major element and trace element compositions of mineral inclusions; ②discussing deep carbon cycle by studying carbon isotopic composition of diamonds; ③determining forming temperature and pressure of diamonds by using appropriate assemblages of mineral inclusions or single mineral inclusion as geothermobarometry, by using the abundance and aggregation of nitrogen impurities in diamonds and by measuring the residual stress that an inclusion remains under within a diamond ; ④estimating the crystallization ages of diamonds by using the aggregation of nitrogen impurities in diamonds and by determine the radiometric ages of syngenetic mineral inclusions in diamonds. Genetic model of craton lithospheric diamonds and their mineral inclusion were also introduced. In the end, the research progress on diamonds and their inclusions in China and the gap between domestic and international research are discussed.     

华北东部岩石圈减薄中的下地壳过程：岩浆底侵、置换与拆沉作用

最近研究表明，华北中生代岩石圈减薄不仅是岩石囤地幔减薄，而且下地壳也发生了一定程度的减薄和置换。本文强调下地壳过程，如岩浆底侵、置换和拆沉作用是理解岩石囤减薄机制的关键因素之一。火山岩及其捕虏体的信息似乎支持在华北东部南、北缘存在局部造山带型的下地壳与岩石囤的拆沉作用。但是华北东部整体上的减薄机制难以用造山带的拆沉模式来解释。华北东部克拉通内部的火山岩中的下地壳捕虏体有两类，一类是经历了麻粒岩相变质的底侵辉长岩和辉石岩以及榴辉岩相变质的石榴辉石岩，形成时代约在140～120Ma；另一类是经过了中生代变质叠加的前寒武纪麻粒岩。中生代华北东部曾发生过大规模的岩浆底侵作用，现今的下地壳很可能已大部分不是前寒武纪的下地壳，它们由中生代变质的辉长岩、镁铁质岩石以及经历了很强烈改造的前寒武纪下地壳麻粒岩组成。此外，在华北东部普遍存在着化学成分类似于“埃达克岩”的中生代高锶花岗岩类岩石，它们的形成与岩浆底侵作用和镁铁质下地壳的部分熔融有关，其熔融残留应是榴辉岩或石榴角闪岩。尽管如此，要通过下地壳部分熔融形成一个厚的密度很大的榴辉岩层，由它的重力不均衡来带动80～120公里厚的岩石圈地幔一起拆沉进入软流圈的机制很难发生在华北克拉通内部。岩浆底侵和置换作用是下地壳过程非常重要的形式，与岩石圈的减薄具有密切联系，其具体机制尚不完善。     

华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的主要学术争论

华北岩石圈减薄是近十年来国内外研究的热门课题,但关于岩石圈减薄的具体时间、减薄幅度、空间分布范围、机制及其构造控制因素,多有争论.本文对上述问题进行了全面的回顾与讨论,内容包括:(1)是克拉通破坏还是岩石圈减薄;(2)古生代以来华北克拉通岩石圈地幔时代与壳幔解耦;(3)岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏发生的时间;(4)岩石圈减薄的垂向幅度;(5)克拉通破坏在中国东部的空间分布;(6)克拉通破坏机制;(7)克拉通破坏的地球动力学原因;(8)华北克拉通破坏在世界上的特殊性等.文后,汇编了近10余年来华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的重要文献.     

Lithospheric flexure, uplift and expected horizontal strain rate in the Pannonian Carpathian region

The Apuseni Mountains are located between the Pannonian Basin and the Transylvanian Basin along a direction of SE convergence with the Carpathian belt. A flexural model based on the cylindrical bending of a semi-infinite, isostatically supported, thin elastic plate is here examined with the Apuseni playing the role of flexural bulge, and under the assumption that the plate is deforming under the action of a vertical shear force and a bending moment applied at the end of the plate, beneath the Carpathians. The model yields estimates of the plate thickness ranging between 13 and 14.5 km, depending on the assumed density contrast between crust/sediments and mantle providing buoyancy. The vertical shear force which is necessary to bend the plate is in the range between 60 and 300 × 10¹¹ N m^− 1, depending on the assumed density contrast. This force is shown to be modelled by a gravitational ‘slab pull’ force, using model parameters derived from seismic tomography. If the height of the flexural bulge, after correction for erosion, is allowed to increase, the model yields an estimate of the horizontal strain rate at the top of the bulge. For example, 5 mm/yr vertical change of the flexural bulge of a 14 km thick plate results in a horizontal deformation rate of approximately 7 nanostrain/yr at the top of the bulge, a value which is at the threshold of sensitivity of continuous GPS measurements. Different vertical rates will change the horizontal strain rate almost proportionally.