人造氟金云母的多型

多型性问题,是属于晶体构造学的问題,对于多型性的研究,目前在国内外已引起有关学者极大重视。我国人造氟金云单晶生长方面的研究,在国际上处于领先地位,但对氟金云母多型性尚缺研究。人造氟金云母,其化学式为[AlSi_3O_(10)]Fz是一种2:1型层状硅酸盐矿物。层状结构的硅酸盐矿物容易产生多型。     

粉末压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定锂云母中的高含量氟

锂云母中的氟含量很高(1. 36%～8. 71%),在焙烧锂云母矿物时锂的浸出率随着含氟量的增加而逐步下降,随着锂云母脱氟率的提高,锂的浸出率也相应提高,准确测定锂云母中的氟、控制氟含量可为确定焙烧过程的工艺条件、设备参数及成本提供依据。目前氟的测定主要采用离子选择电极法,但过程复杂、分析时间长且空白值高。本文采用粉末直接压片制样X射线荧光光谱法测定锂云母中的氟,氟的检出限为46±4μg/g。将锂矿石标准物质和人工配制校准物质制成工作曲线,经验系数校正基体效应和谱线干扰,方法精密度(RSD,n=10)为1. 03%。采用本法分析由标准样品合成的样品,测定值与理论值吻合良好;用实际样品验证,测定结果与离子选择电极法的测定值相符。本法适用于分析锂云母中0. 68%～9. 14%的氟。     

沁水煤田15号煤中氟的赋存状态及其沉积环境分析

氟是煤中有害元素之一,燃煤型氟排放造成的污染已经对人类的健康安全构成威胁。研究煤中氟赋存状态及其沉积环境,对掌握高氟煤分布规律及控制燃煤造成的氟排放具有重要意义。通过对沁水煤田内6座煤矿15号煤样品的分析发现:煤中氟含量与灰分显著相关,与黄铁矿硫、有机硫无相关关系,表明煤中氟主要以无机物形式赋存,且与含硫矿物无关;与钾、镁、硅、铝等元素含量具有显著的相关关系,表明氟有可能的主要赋存形式为金云母、氟金云母等矿物,以及以吸附存在于高岭石、勃姆石、伊蒙混层等黏土矿物中;与钙、磷元素含量无显著相关性,表明氟不以氟磷灰石、含氟羟基磷灰石等矿物大量赋存。此外,通过对沁水煤田15号煤的沉积环境分析发现,弱还原环境、较低盐度、偏酸性、较强的水动力条件有利于该区域煤中氟的富集。     

金云母-蛭石间层矿物的酸浸取物与酸蚀机理研究

对采自新疆尉犁蛭石矿的金云母蛭石间层矿物样品进行了酸处理实验研究。在样品化学成分和XRD分析的基础上,研究了样品酸处理后酸浸取物的化学组成、含量及结构变化特征;分析讨论了金云母蛭石间层矿物在酸处理过程中不同阳离子浸出率的变化规律和酸蚀机理。结果表明,层间可交换性阳离子的氧化物CaO和Na2O的酸浸取率最高,层间不可交换性阳离子的氧化物K2O次之,八面体中阳离子的氧化物MgO、Fe2O3和Al2O3具有较高的酸浸取率,而四面体阳离子的氧化物Si O2的酸浸取率最低;金云母蛭石间层矿物中蛭石晶层含量高的样品酸浸取率高,金云母蛭石间层矿物的耐酸蚀性能不如金云母。     

后仙峪硼矿区金云母蚀变岩与硼矿化之关系初探

辽宁后仙峪硼矿区 ,含矿层蚀变广泛而强烈 ,且具明显的分带性。其中金云母岩多分布在含矿层外带 ,通过对 1 8件金云母岩样品中B2 O3含量分析 ,表明正常蚀变岩中的金云母岩与硼矿有一定的关系 ,而由闪长玢岩脉体侵入影响下形成的金云母岩则与矿化无关。以此规律指导找矿 ,已取得了良好的效果     

扩散-离子色谱法测定植物样中的氟

采用扩散法提取植物样中的氟,用离子色谱法检测氟的含量。经试验,样品加标回收率在94.7%～104.7%之间,样品质量分数为7.10μg/g时,RSD为1.41%。此法操作简单,准确度高,精密度好,是一种测量植物样中氟含量的有效方法。     

福建溪源头伟晶岩及围岩中的云母特征

作者对福建溪源头稀有金属花岗伟晶岩及其围岩中的40余个云母样品进行了成分、物性、结构及热性质的综合研究。溪源头伟晶岩之不同组合带中产出的云母均为2M_1型含铷白云母,云母中含铷、铯而贫锂、贫氟。云母斜长变粒岩中的白云母为含铁白云母。其中钛、镁含量偏高。石英云母片岩中之3T铝黑鳞云母的八面体阳离子占位介于二八面体和三八面体之间。该云母以富稀碱元素及挥发分为其特征。溪源头云母的成分及种属反映了形成它的地质环境特点,与围岩性质及成矿类型有关,可作为稀有金属伟晶岩矿床的标型矿物,可以用作找矿标志。     

白云鄂博矿床氟金云母的矿物学研究

内蒙白云鄂博REE-Nb-Fe矿床广泛分布的“金云母”,以F含量〉〉H2O^＋含量为其鲜明特色。按∑（O＋F）=12计算的金云母化学式表明,其附加阴离子中,绝大多数F〉OH。根据国际矿物协会（IMA）新矿物及矿物命名委员会（CNMMN）的规定,F〉OH（离子摩尔数）的金云母,应称氟金云母,属云母族的独立矿物种。检索IMA CNMMN公布的已知矿物种名录,均无氟金云母条目。为此,按新矿物要求,对该矿物作了详尽而系统的矿物学研究;同时还对金云母组的矿物作了分类。     

西秦岭完肯金矿床载金硫化物矿物学和地球化学特征

西秦岭造山带在晚三叠世期间由华北板块和华南板块碰撞拼合而成。其地质演化历史复杂，岩浆活动频繁，矿产资源丰富，区内累计探明黄金储量大于1 200 t。然而，金矿床成因还存在卡林型、造山型、岩浆热液型和与侵入体相关等多种观点。完肯金矿床金资源量约3.5 t,位于西秦岭造山带西南段，赋存于下三叠统隆务河组浅变质沉积岩中，矿体主要受近EW和NW-SE向断裂控制，主要发育浸染状和细脉网脉状矿化，是区域内典型金矿床，也是理想的研究对象。本文通过开展岩石学、矿相学和载金硫化物地球化学研究，拟查明金的赋存状态，并探讨其矿床成因。研究表明完肯金矿床成矿作用可以分为3个阶段：成矿早阶段为黄铁矿(Py1)-石英-绢云母-绿泥石阶段；成矿主阶段为黄铁矿(Py2)-毒砂-石英-绢云母-绿泥石阶段；成矿晚阶段为石英-方解石-闪锌矿-方铅矿-辉锑矿阶段。电子探针分析数据(已检出的样品)显示黄铁矿金的含量(质量分数)为0.11%～0.24%,毒砂和闪锌矿金的含量分别为0.11%～0.28%和0.16%～0.37%。黄铁矿、毒砂样品中的金含量大多低于检测限，闪锌矿样品中金含量相对较高，70%的测点金含量高于0.15%,...     

重塑土室内制样技术对比研究

通过对兰州黄土和北麓河粘土以不同制样方法进行重塑土样的制备, 对比了不同制样技术所得土样各层的干密度及含水量分布情况, 确定了制作均匀样品的较为适宜的制样方法. 结果表明: 两头压实法所制得的样品其干密度和含水量的分布较为均匀, 分布较有规律, 能得到初始损伤较小的试样, 比分层击实法及泥浆法更容易控制试样的均匀性. 对两头压实法而言, 压制时间不同, 对于试样整体的均匀性也有影响. 对于粘粒含量较高的土, 用两头压实法较短时间即可获得较均匀的试样.     

Influence of stacking faults on the spiral growth of polytype structures in mica

A systematic theoretical deduction of polytype structures of mica that can result by the spiral growth mechanism operating in faulted 1M, 2M ₁ and 3T basic matrices is reported. As a prerequisite, all possible intrinsic and extrinsic stacking fault configurations in each of the basic matrices have been worked out and their stacking fault energy (SFE) estimated. The deduction of polytype structures on the basis of the “faulted-matrix model” takes into account (i) the introduction of each of the low energy fault configurations in the exposed ledge of the screw dislocations, (ii) the change in the layer-position of the fault within the exposed ledge and (iii) the variation of the strength of the generating screw dislocation. At each stage, the spirally-grown polytypes are deduced for each basic structure. The most probable structures are predicted on the basis of the lowest SFE for the same strength of the screw dislocation and are then compared with the polytype structures reported in the literature. It was found that the faulted matrix model accounts successfully for the origin of all the polytype structures in mica. Furthermore, it may provide a basis for limiting the number of trial structures for determining the structures of long period polytypes.     

Distribution and occurrence of some naturally‐occurring polytypes of molybdenite in Australia and Papua New Guinea

156 samples of naturally‐occurring molybdenite from 87 localities in Australia have been examined to determine the distribution of the hexagonal (2H₁) and rhombohedral (3R) polytypes. 90% of the specimens examined are 2H₁ polytypes, the remainder being 3R and mixtures of 2H₁ and 3R polytypes. The 3R and mixed polytypes are more abundant in porphyry copper deposits or as disseminations, in veins, and in garnet‐quartz pipes in granite. 2H₁ polytypes are the sole modification observed in pegmatites, quart‐pegmatite pipes, simple quartz veins, and skarns.

The highest average concentrations of rhenium are in molybdenite from porphyry copper deposits, quartz porphyry pipes, skarn deposits, garnet‐quartz pipes, and pegmatites. Low concentrations occur in molybdenite which is disseminated or in quartz veins in granite and in quartz or pegmatitic pipes. Molybdenites in which the 2H₁ polytype is dominant have a lower average rhenium content than those with dominant 3R polytype.     

Characterization of NH4-phlogopite (NH4) (Mg3) [AlSi3O10] (OH)2 and ND4-phlogopite (ND4) (Mg3) [AlSi3O10] (OD)2 using IR spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement of XRD spectra

 A synthesis technique is described which results in >99% pure NH₄-phlogopite (NH₄) (Mg₃) [AlSi₃O₁₀] (OH)₂ and its deuterium analogue ND₄-phlogopite (ND₄) (Mg₃) [AlSi₃O₁₀] (OD)₂. Both phases are characterised using both IR spectroscopy at 298 and 77 K as well as Rietveld refinement of their X-ray powder diffraction pattern. Both NH₄ ⁺ and ND₄ ⁺ are found to occupy the interlayer site in the phlogopite structure. Absorption bands in the IR caused by either NH₄ ⁺ or ND₄ ⁺ can be explained to a good approximation using T_d symmetry as a basis. Rietveld refinement indicates that either phlogopite synthesis contains several mica polytypes. The principle polytype is the one-layer monoclinic polytype (1M), which possesses the space group symmetry C2/m. The next most common polytype is the two-layer polytype (2M ₁ ) with space group symmetry C2/c. Minor amounts of the trigonal polytype 3T with the space group symmetry P3₁12 were found only in the synthesis run for the ND₄-phlogopite. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that NH₄-phlogopite deviates from the ideal phlogopite composition with respect to variable Si/Al and Mg/Al on both the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, respectively, due to the Tschermaks substitution ^VIMg²⁺+^IVSi⁴⁺↔^VIAl³⁺+^IVAl³⁺ and with respect to vacancies on the interlayer site due to the exchange vector ^XII(NH₄)⁺+^IVAl³⁺↔^XII□+^IVSi⁴⁺. Received: 30 August 1999 / Accepted: 2 October 2000     

Diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphic characteristics of the Paleozoic series of the Istanbul Terrane (NW Turkey)

The Istanbul Terrane along the Black Sea coast in NW Anatolia, is a Gondwana-derived continental microplate, comprising a well-developed Paleozoic succession. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction studies were performed on rock samples from measured sections throughout Ordovician?CCarboniferous sedimentary units. Diagenetic-very low-grade metamorphic clastic (shale/mudstone, siltstone, sandstone) and calcareous rocks (limestone, dolomite) mainly contain phyllosilicates, quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite, hematite and goethite minerals. Phyllosilicates are primarily represented by illite, chlorite, mixed-layered chlorite?Cvermiculite (C?CV), chlorite?Csmectite (C?CS) and illite?Cchlorite (I?CC). Feldspar is commonly present in the Ordovician and Carboniferous units, whereas calcite and dolomite are abundant in the Silurian and Devonian sediments. The most important phyllosilicate assemblage is illite?+?chlorite?+?I?CC?+?C?CV?+?C?CS. Illite and chlorite-bearing mixed layer clays are found in all units. The amounts of illites increase in the upper parts of the Silurian series and the lower parts of the Devonian series, whereas chlorite and chlorite-bearing mixed-layers are dominant in the Ordovician and Carboniferous units. Kübler index values of illites reflect high-grade anchimetamorphism for the Early Ordovician rocks, low-grade metamorphism to high-grade diagenesis for the Middle Ordovician?CEarly Silurian rocks and high-grade diagenesis for the Late Silurian?CDevonian units. The K-white micas b cell dimensions indicate intermediate pressure conditions in the Early Ordovician?CEarly Silurian units, but lower pressure conditions in the Middle Silurian?CDevonian units. Illites are composed of 2M ₁?±?1M _d polytypes in all units, except for Upper Ordovician?CLower Silurian units which involve 1M polytype in addition to 2M ₁ and 1M _d polytypes. The 2M ₁/(2M ₁?+?1Md) ratios rise from Devonian to Ordovician together with the increasing diagenetic-metamorphic grade. Chlorites have IIb polytype. In general, crystal-chemical data of clay minerals in the Istanbul Terrane show a gradual increase in the diagenetic/metamorphic grade together with increasing depth. The new data presented in this work indicate that the diagenetic/metamorphic grade of the Paleozoic of the Istanbul Terrane is higher than that of the neighboring Zonguldak Terrane and generated by a single metamorphic phase developed at the end of Carboniferous. This finding contrasts with the metamorphic history of the neighboring Zonguldak Terrane that displays a distinct Early Devonian unconformity and a thermal event.     

Magnetic fabric variations in Mesozoic black shales, Northern Siberia, Russia: Possible paleomagnetic implications

A 28-m-long section situated on the coast of the Arctic Ocean, Russia (74°N, 113°E) was extensively sampled primarily for the purpose of magnetostratigraphic investigations across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. The section consists predominantly of marine black shales with abundant siderite concretions and several distinct siderite cemented layers. Low-field magnetic susceptibility (k) ranges from 8 × 10^− 5 to 2 × 10^− 3 SI and is predominantly controlled by the paramagnetic minerals, i.e. iron-bearing chlorites, micas, and siderite. The siderite-bearing samples possess the highest magnetic susceptibility, usually one order of magnitude higher than the neighboring rock. The intensity of the natural remanent magnetization (M₀) varies between 1 × 10^− 5 and 6 × 10^− 3 A/m. Several samples possessing extremely high values of M₀ were found. There is no apparent correlation between the high k and high M₀ values; on the contrary, the samples with relatively high M₀ values possess average magnetic susceptibility and vice versa. According to the low-field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), three different groups of samples can be distinguished. In the siderite-bearing samples (i), an inverse magnetic fabric is observed, i.e., the maximum and minimum principal susceptibility directions are interchanged and the magnetic fabric has a distinctly prolate shape. Triaxial-fabric samples (ii), showing an intermediate magnetic fabric, are always characterized by high M₀ values. It seems probable that the magnetic fabric is controlled by the preferred orientation of paramagnetic phyllosilicates, e.g., chlorite and mica, and by some ferromagnetic mineral with anomalous orientation in relation to the bedding plane. Oblate-fabric samples (iii) are characterized by a bedding-controlled magnetic fabric, and by moderate magnetic susceptibility and M₀ values. The magnetic fabric is controlled by the preferred orientation of phyllosilicate minerals and, to a minor extent, by a ferrimagnetic fraction, most probably detrital magnetite. Considering the magnetic fabric together with paleomagnetic component analyses, the siderite-bearing, and the high-NRM samples (about 15% of samples) were excluded from further magnetostratigraphic research.     

Wollastonite polytypes in the CaO-SiO2 system.

This work deals with the identification and kinetics of crystallisation of the wollastonite polytypes which form in the system CaO-SiO₂ in the temperature range 700–1000 °C. The kinetics of phase transformations in the system have been determined from analysis of in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. Two different systems with the same compositions were investigated: one is more reactive, having grains with a larger surface area per unit volume, the other is less reactive, being composed of grains with a smaller surface area per unit volume. 1T-wollastonite forms first and progressively transforms in an intermediate 1Td-wollastonite disordered form. Both phases in turn transform into 2M-wollastonite polytype. Differences in the polytypes forming and reaction kinetics were observed for the two systems. In the more reactive system, the conversion 1T to 1Td polytypes is the dominant process. The kinetic parameters calculated using the Avrami models fully describe the reaction process of formation of both polytypes and transformation of one polytype into the other. Received: 3 August 1999 / Accepted: 20 March 2000     

TEM imaging of polytypism in pseudowollastonite

A study of polytypism in synthetic polycrystalline pseudowollastonite has been made using conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM and HRTEM). Three polytypes of 2, 4 and 6-layers coexist in the one sample in the form of lamellae parallel to (001). From the electron microscopy images the lamellae are interpreted as combinations of the stacking fault vectors: 1/3 [010], 1/6 [310] and 1/6 [3 $\bar 1$ 0], which are probably all equivalent at high temperatures. The polytype lamellae are stable even after prolonged annealing at high temperatures greater than 1700K. These observations suggest that the most frequently reported 4-layer polytype is not the only high-temperature stable polytype. No evidence of melt is detected in samples annealed in the regime where premelting behaviour of pseudowollastonite has previously been reported (above 1600 K).     

The effect of composition,temperature and pressure on the stability of the 1Tc and 2M polytypes of sapphirine

Microprobe analyses and structural characterisation by means of transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction are presented for a suite of natural and synthetic sapphirines. Most sapphirines appear to consist of intergrowths of the common 2M polytype with minor amounts of the 1Tc phase, although the converse situation is found in some cases. Attempts to correlate the structural state of the mineral with other factors reveal that: (i) There is no strong relationship between mean tetrahedral cation radius or mean octahedral cation radius and the preferred polytype. The Tschermak substitution M²⁺M⁴⁺-M³⁺M³⁺ does not appreciably influence the 1Tc-2M equilibrium, (ii) However, the total content and mean oxidation state of iron in sapphirine are important in this respect. Fe²⁺ stabilises the 2M phase, whereas Fe³⁺ stabilises the 1Tc phase. (iii) P-T estimates for the host rocks, and estimates for the conditions of sapphirine crystallisation, where obtainable, suggest that the 1Tc phase is stable at lower T and higher P than the 2M phase. Some quantitative constraints are inferred.     

Chemical and structural study of 1M- and 2M 1-phlogopites coexisting in the same Kasenyi kamafugitic rock (SW Uganda)

In the present work, crystal chemical variations between 1M and 2M ₁ phlogopites coexisting in the same rock sample from kamafugite of Kasenyi (southwest Uganda, west branch of the East African Rift) were explored by electron probe microanalyses, single crystal X-ray diffraction and M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Chemical analyses revealed close similarity both within and between the two polytypic arrangements as well as high TiO₂ (~4.9?wt%) and Al₂O₃ (~12.9?wt%), and low Cr₂O₃ (~0.8?wt%), F (~0.3?wt%) and BaO (~0.2?wt%) contents. Room temperature ⁵⁷Fe M?ssbauer investigation proved that the studied mica is a tetraferriphlogopite with: ^IVFe³⁺?=?19(1)?%, ^VIFe²⁺?=?58(1)?%, ^VIFe³⁺?=?23(1)?%. Single crystal refinement showed that both polytypes have narrow range of variation in terms of some relevant unit cell parameters and similar values in terms of mean bond lengths, mean atomic numbers and distortion parameters. Similar substitutions were active in the structure of the 1M and 2M ₁ studied phlogopites. However, in 2M ₁ polytypes the oxy-type substitutions were found to occur to a greater extent. Comparison of unit layer of 1M mica (in the 2M ₁ setting) with that of the 2M ₁ ones showed that the 2M ₁ polytypes are affected to different extent by relative shifts of the upper and lower triads of octahedral oxygens along the ±b directions. This effect did not cause any symmetry lowering in the T-O-T layer of the studied samples.     

Polytype distribution of circumstellar silicon carbide: microstructural characterization by transmission electron microscopy

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a particularly interesting species of presolar grain because it is known to form on the order of a hundred different polytypes in the laboratory, and the formation of a particular polytype is sensitive to growth conditions. Astronomical evidence for the formation of SiC in expanding circumstellar atmospheres of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) carbon stars is provided by infrared (IR) studies. However, identification of the crystallographic structure of SiC from IR spectra is controversial. Since >95% of the presolar SiC isolated from meteorites formed around carbon stars, a determination of the structure of presolar SiC is, to first order, a direct determination of the structure of circumstellar SiC. We therefore determined the polytype distribution of presolar SiC from the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous meteorite using analytical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High-resolution lattice images and electron diffraction of 508 individual SiC grains demonstrate that only two polytypes are present, the cubic 3C (β-SiC) polytype (79.4% of population by number) and the hexagonal 2H (α-SiC) polytype (2.7%). Intergrowths of these two polytypes are relatively abundant (17.1%). No other polytypes were found. A small population of one-dimensionally disordered SiC grains (0.9%), whose high density of stacking faults precluded classification as any polytype, was also observed. The presolar origin of 2H α-SiC is unambiguously established by tens-of-nanometers-resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS). Isotopic maps of a TEM-characterized 2H α-SiC grain exhibit non-solar isotopic compositions of ¹²C/¹³C = 64 ± 4 and ¹⁴N/¹⁵N = 575 ± 24. These measurements are consistent with mainstream presolar SiC thought to originate in the expanding atmospheres of AGB carbon stars. Equilibrium condensation calculations together with inferred mineral condensation sequences predict relatively low SiC condensation temperatures in carbon stars. The laboratory observed condensation temperatures of 2H and 3C SiC are generally the lowest of all SiC polytypes and fall within the predictions of the equilibrium calculations. These points account for the occurrence of only 2H and 3C polytypes of SiC in circumstellar outflows. The 2H and 3C SiC polytypes presumably condense at different radii (i.e., temperatures) in the expanding stellar atmospheres of AGB carbon stars.