碱性溶液中坡缕石水解作用动力学实验研究

对安徽官山地区沉积型、热液型坡缕石进行碱性溶液中水解作用的动力学实验研究.结果表明:沉积型坡缕石较热液型更耐碱,且两种坡缕石均存在明显的差异溶解现象,即四面体硅的溶解速率要略大于八面体铝阳离子的溶解速率.碱溶液中沉积型、热液型坡缕石水解动力学均适宜采用圆柱体扩散控制模型模拟,其浸出率x对反应时间t的关系可表示为(1-x)+xlnx=kt.在实验条件下沉积型坡缕石水解过程中,Al3+和Si4+反应表观活化能分别为18.16 kJ/mol和18.53 kJ/mol.热液型坡缕石水解过程中,Al3+和Si4+反应表观活化能分别为31.2 kJ/mol和32.95 kJ/mol.     

A.ferrooxidans培养过程中Al/Fe(摩尔比)对铁矿物形成产物的影响

主要研究了磷酸铝(Al PO4)的加入量对氧化亚铁硫杆菌HX3培养液中铁矿物形成的影响,并对相应沉淀产物进行了结构表征分析。结果表明,Al PO4的加入对细菌培养过程中Fe2+的氧化无明显影响,但可促进Fe3+的水解和初始铁矿物相的形成,也可加速黄钾铁矾的转化形成。Al/Fe(摩尔比)为0. 04～1的培养液中主要形成产物为施威特曼石和黄钾铁矾; Al/Fe为0. 4和1时另有磷酸铁矿形成。较高的Al/Fe比值和磷酸根含量有利于磷酸铁矿的形成。     

伯克霍尔德菌作用下黑云母的风化作用——对次生矿物的初步研究

以黑云母为矿物材料,以伯克霍尔德菌为微生物材料进行了矿物风化的长期培养实验。用X射线衍射仪测定了小于1μm粒级的固相产物的矿物成分,用扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱仪观察和测定了矿物形态和化学成分。结果表明,伯克霍尔德菌菌株8B不仅能加速黑云母的风化进程,而且能促进形成鳞片状和球状粘土矿物(很有可能分别是蛭石和蒙脱石)。通过对次生矿物形成过程的分析,认为蛭石是黑云母通过结构转变的方式而形成,其转化过程具继承型模式的特点;蒙脱石则可能是黑云母溶解后重新结晶而成,属于溶解-沉淀模式。     

酸性含Fe3+溶液作用下铀的溶解迁移特征

采用不同Fe~(3+)浓度的酸性溶液,对取自新疆伊犁盆地的砂岩铀矿石进行了溶浸对比试验,探讨了铀在酸性含Fe~(3+)溶液作用下的溶解迁移动力学特征及其与Fe~(3+)的关系。结果表明,在Fe~(3+)的氧化作用下,铀从矿石向溶液的迁移于10小时内快速达到平衡,溶解速度衰减迅速;铀的溶解速度与Fe~(3+)向Fe~(2+)转化速度呈正相关的指数函数关系,当Fe~(3+)向Fe~(2+)转化速度趋近零时,铀的氧化溶解基本停止,溶液中的铀达到平衡浓度;Fe~(3+)向Fe~(2+)浓度达到2g/L可使铀强烈溶解迁移,而溶液酸度增高会弱化铀溶解速度与Fe~(3+)转换速度的关系,但酸度在2g/L~4g/L(对应pH值1.65~1.33)之间变化不会对铀的浸出产生显著影响;保持Fe~(3+)浓度为2g/L、酸度为2g/L(pH值1.65)的水化学条件对铀的溶浸是经济且足够有效的。     

(斜长石 + 黑云母 + 石英 ) NaCl(NaHCO3) H2O 矿物蚀变与金矿化反应研究 : 450～ 250 ℃和 50 MPa

采用（斜长石＋黑云母＋石英）这三种单矿物组合与1mol/L NaCl或0．5mol/L NaCl 0.5mol/L NaHCO3溶液在450－250℃和50MPa条件下反应7d。实验表明，反应后流体pH值发生了变化，NaCl介质向酸性变化，N aCl NaHCO3介质向中性转化。溶液中K,Ca,Mg,Fe和Au量也随之发生变化。矿物表面发生溶解和离子置换等反应。斜长石表面形成钠长石反应边，黑云母变色，石英重结晶，反应器皿金管中的金被溶解后在金管壁和黑云母表面重结晶，黑云母周边出现红色Fe2O3，在450℃的NaCl介质中，金含量可达1070μg/g，但随温度下降迅速减低，在NaCl NaHCO3介质中，金含量较低，显著，金的活化迁移和富集与Cl,pH,Fe^3 /Fe^2 密切相关，这中金起到示踪作用，显示出金在水／岩反应中的原电池效应。     

蒙脱石在硫酸溶液中的特征变化与反应过程

基于自然界地球表层土壤中的典型矿物及酸性特征,选择四川盐亭蒙脱石与0.1mol/L、0.2mol/L、0.3mol/L、0.4mol/L、0.5mol/L硫酸溶液在25℃下进行反应,反应的时间7d、15d、21d、30d,构建蒙脱石-硫酸溶液反应体系。采用ICP-OES对反应后滤液中Al³⁺和Si⁴⁺离子含量进行分析,采用XRD和SEM对蒙脱石原样和反应后样品的结构和形态进行分析。结果表明,滤液中Al³⁺和Si⁴⁺含量均随硫酸浓度的增大和反应时间的增加而逐渐增加,并表现为差异性溶解。反应后的蒙脱石(001)特征峰出现宽化、强度降低并向高角度一侧偏移,反应产物的分散性增强,阳离子交换容量逐渐降低。蒙脱石在硫酸溶液中是组分逐渐释出,并引起结构有序程度和阳离子交换容量降低的反应过程。     

钛闪石在不同浓度盐酸中的溶解作用

对采自澳大利亚Carnperdown钛闪石分别进行了浓度为1,2和3mol/L的盐酸溶解实验,溶解时间分别为：110,170,245,335,455,605,785,995,1235和1505min。浸蚀后的酸液用ICP-AES进行了金属阳离子浓度测定;残余固体则用X射线衍射法和红外吸收光谱进行了研究。实验表明,酸浓度愈大,角闪石阳离子的浸出浓度也愈大。这与一般的硅酸盐矿物的溶解规律相一致。此外,阳离子的溶出量主要受晶体结构制约,连接相邻工字梁的曰位离子优先溶出。致使在溶出液中Ca^2＋浓度与其它八面体阳离子的浓度比大于分子式中的比值。基于对未浸蚀样品和浸蚀后残余固体的X射线衍射和红外吸收谱研究可知,阳离子的溶出并未造成闪石结构中硅氧骨干的变化。     

含铬蒙脱石中铬离子占位位置研究

采用提纯后的蒙脱石在不同浓度硫酸铬溶液中进行交换吸附制备了含铬蒙脱石,并利用包括粉末X射线衍射术 （XRD）、电子自旋共振谱术（ESR） 和傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱术（FTIR） 等分析测试手段对铬在蒙脱石中的吸附位置进 行了探索研究。研究结果显示铬离子不仅置换了层间域中的Ca2+,K+和Na+等,而且置换了位于八面体位的Mn2+ 和少量 Al3+,并较大量的进入硅氧四面体的六边形孔洞、甚至有可能置换极少量的四面体位的Al3+和Fe3+等。此外,根据X射线衍 射分析可知,在0.2 mol/L硫酸铬溶液中充分交换吸附后的蒙脱石存在两层水型和单层水型两种含铬蒙脱石,其水合阳离子 分别为[Cr(H2O)6]3+和[Cr(H2O)3O3]3+,当吸附量增大至一定程度后水合铬离子借助TOT结构片的硅氧四面体的底氧形成配位多 面体。     

2.5次微分极谱溶出伏安法测定土壤中的镉＊

本文报告在悬汞电极上,用2.5次微分极谱阳极溶出伏安法测定环境标准参考物质——北京土壤中镉含量的方法。在0.37mol/L氨缓冲液-0.05mol/L KCl底液中,镉有一个良好的溶出极谱峰,其线性范围为1～100ng/ml,检测限为lng/g。土壤样品干燥后在聚四氟乙烯高压治解瓶中,用硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸消化(在180℃的空气浴中进行),蒸干后用0.01mol/L硝酸溶解、定容再加入底液进行测定。铅、铜、锌、铬、铁等不干扰测定。     

Al3+交换蛭石层间铝的赋存状态研究

利用阳离子交换实验方法,将天然蛭石转化为羟基Al3+型蛭石,通过X射线衍射、差热分析,研究铝离子在蛭石层间域中的赋存状态.结果显示,Al3+交换蛭石中的层间铝不能用KCl溶液将其提取出来,但可用柠檬酸钠溶液可以将其提取出来,是一种非交换性的聚合羟基铝.Al3+的离子电势虽然很高,但Al3+交换蛭石的脱水温度却低于蛭石原矿.表明Al3+进入蛭石层间域后发生水解反应,生成Al(OH)2+和Al(OH)2+从而降低了Al3+的有效离子电势,使其脱水温度降低.Al3+进入蛭石层间域后发生水解反应,其可能的水解反应式为[Al(OH2)6]3+〈=〉[Al(OH)x(OH2)6-x]3-x+xH+,其中x＜3.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.