地热井井内堵塞分析及预防措施

北京地区自开发利用地下热水资源以来,已建成若干地下热水井,并投入使用,产生了较高的效益。经多年观察,对地热井的堵塞原因作如下分析。 据已知地热井井内堵塞可分为三类,即机械事故堵塞、物理化学堵塞、和涌砂堵塞,它们在井筒中有时可转换。也可造成井孔报废。地热井在投入使用后,由于历次提下泵加之地下热水对水泵的腐蚀,常有断     

深层地热井腐蚀与堵塞原因的初步认识

腐蚀和堵塞现象在地热井揭露深层地下热水后和开采热水过程中时有发生。本文依据热水水质分析资料、井下电视摄象和探测记录 ,对一个地热井的腐蚀性和堵塞原因进行初步分析。     

苏北盆地滨海隆起月亮湾地热资源特征

苏北月亮湾地热井为滨海隆起内第一口地热井,研究其地热特征,对类似地区地热资源勘查具有一定的参考价值。通过可控源音频大地电磁测深（CSAMT）和地质钻探,对月亮湾地区的地热地质条件、成因模型及水化学特征进行综合研究。结果显示,月亮湾地热属传导型地热系统构造裂隙型地热资源,热源来自地球内部的自然增温传导,热储层主要为奥陶系碳酸盐岩,盖层为新生界黏土层、志留系泥岩,八滩—小街断裂为热源提供了通道。地热水温度为50.5 ℃,水化学类型为Cl-Na型,矿化度为3 388 mg/L,pH值为7.53,氟、偏硼酸含量达到医疗价值标准,偏硅酸含量达到矿水标准,可用于理疗、洗浴、温室、养殖等行业。     

某工厂地热井利用过程中炉垢成因及防治方法研究

1　问题的提出与成因分析 　　某工厂地热井属低温地热井，取水层位于新第三系(N)明化镇组(Nm)，井深866 m，出水温度 45℃，地温梯度3.77 ℃／100 m, 水化学类型HCO3-Na型，成井时间为1997年5月。开采该井的初衷是：首先将井水由出水温度（45℃）直接加热至近沸，然后将其输送到使用处，这样利用，既降低耗能费用，又解决了工业用水，一举两得。但在运行过程中，锅炉及管道内部出现大量的白色炉垢漂浮物，阻塞管道，影响生产。为查明原因，对原井水、锅炉水及锅炉漂浮物（炉垢沉淀）进行分析，分析结果如表1、表2。     

射孔和酸化压裂技术在地热井洗井中的应用

北京YRG-1地热井由于后期技术套管井段"戴帽"固井失误,导致水泥浆下窜堵塞了热水储层的孔隙通道,造成地热井基本不再出水,后经应用射孔和酸化压裂技术洗井,地热井基本恢复了原来的产能,增产效果十分明显。结合工程实例,介绍了射孔和酸化压裂技术在地热井洗井中的应用。     

地热深井过滤器挤毁事故成因与处理技术

过滤器挤毁是地热井施工中较为常见的一种事故。对过滤器挤毁事故类型、成因以及处理技术进行了分析和研究，并以一起由挤毁引起的地热深井内复杂事故处理为例，阐述了其解决方法和体会。     

论“沉煤环境——成煤类型——煤质特征”概略成因模型——煤的类型研究

本文是《实用煤相学》研究的另一篇论文，对组成不同煤相（Ⅰ１、Ⅰ２、Ⅱ和Ⅲ）的煤的类型进行了深入分析，论述了不同环境（煤相）决定了不同的成煤类型的观点。通过对不同煤型煤的显微组分（类脂组、镜质组和无机组分）组成和镜质组特征（荧光强度和反射率）的深入研究，划分出与四种煤相相对应的四种基本的类型：即强还原型腐泥煤或腐殖腐泥煤（Ⅰ１型）、强还原型腐泥腐殖煤或腐殖煤（Ⅰ２型）、较强还原型腐殖煤（Ⅱ型）和较弱还原型腐殖煤（Ⅲ型）。从而阐述了煤相与煤型之间的内在成因联系。为进一步表述“沉煤环境（煤相）—成煤类型（煤型）—煤质特征（煤质）”这一概略成因模型奠定了基础。     

套管开窗侧钻技术在水井施工中的应用

套管开窗侧钻技术是处理井内复杂情况的一种有效手段，某地热井在完井抽水后，因取水段岩层垮塌造成取水井段堵塞，采用冲、扫、捞、等方法处理均无效，地热井几近报废，后采用该技术手段，使该井顺利竣工。     

新近系砂岩地热回灌堵塞问题的探讨

结合目前国内外普遍存在的砂岩地层回灌效率低的问题,文章剖析砂岩地层容易发生堵塞的地质构造特性,以及在回灌中由于水敏、速敏等作用引起储层物性变化,固体颗粒逐渐沉淀或被捕获,堵塞孔隙,渗流阻力增大,渗透率降低,使地热流体回灌能力减弱;分析当热储层的孔隙度一定时,不同基质颗粒的粒径成为影响地热流体产能和回灌的主要因素。总结目前在砂岩地层中常见堵塞的类型、成因分析以及解决各类堵塞的方法。     

贵州省六盘水市钟山区矿泉水成因研究

贵州省六盘水市钟山区矿泉水形成条件充分,开发潜力巨大。本次研究在收集前期区内水文地质和环境地质勘察资料、2012年以来的11个枯季测流泉点数据和2014-2017年实施的32眼机井、2口地热井等资料基础上,选定研究区内的大河～木果和保华～南开两个地带作为工作靶区开展专项水文地质及其周边环境污染现状调查,并筛选第一靶区范围内的大河镇大地村泉点(S12)、底母落机井(J7)、周家寨嘎尼地热井(ZK1)、大地村恩华地热井(ZK2)、木果镇龙井口泉点(S14)和第二靶区内的保华镇太阳沟泉点(S52)六个水源地作为矿泉水水源点成因研究对象,对区内矿泉水的形成机制、赋存特征和重点水源点成因进行探讨。研究结果表明:区内矿泉水水源地主要为碳酸盐岩层控型和断裂裂隙型,碳酸盐岩层控型为冷矿泉的主要成因类型,而热矿泉的成因类型主要为断裂裂隙型。结合水质检测报告评价结果可知,适宜饮用天然矿泉水源点是S12、S14、S52和J7,适宜理疗矿泉水源点是ZK1、ZK2。研究结果对当地政府开发利用矿泉水资源具有一定指导意义。     

Chemical and mechanical clogging of groundwater abstraction wells at well field Heel,the Netherlands

Well field Heel, in the south east of the Netherlands, consists of a row of wells drilled in an anoxic pyrite-containing aquifer alongside a former gravel pit, which now serves as a recharge basin, where water is actively aerated. All wells are seriously affected by chemical (screen slot) and/or mechanical (well bore) clogging. The objective of this study is to explain this combined occurrence. A combination of chemical, hydraulic and well-maintenance data indicate three groundwater quality types: (1) oxic basin water, (2) anoxic iron-containing basin water after oxidation of the traversed aquifer, and (3) deeply anoxic native groundwater. Wells abstracting a mixture of oxic basin water and anoxic basin water and/or native groundwater experience chemical well clogging, whereas wells abstracting (only or partly) native groundwater are vulnerable to mechanical well clogging. In the end, after oxic basin water has completely oxidized the traversed the aquifer, only two groundwater quality types will be present. Wells abstracting only oxic basin water will show no clogging, and wells abstracting a mixture of native groundwater and oxic basin water will experience chemical and possibly also mechanical well clogging. In this reasoning, the sequence in abstracted groundwater quality types coincides with a sequence in well clogging: from mechanical to chemical to no clogging. As well field Heel is situated in sloping terrain, the interplay between regional hydraulic gradient and different water qualities results in one-sided chemical clogging in the upper part of the well screen during abstraction, and in the lower part during the resting phase.     

张集水源地孔隙水化学特征及其环境效应

根据现场取样分析,对张集水源地重要补给水源孔隙水水化学特征进行了总结和区分,分析了潜水动态特征及其对水源地开采的影响,提出了相应的环境保护措施。得出主要结论:(1)孔隙水水化学类型虽然较复杂,但以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主,其次是Na+ 含量较高的地下水类型,局部地段点出现Cl-含量较高的地下水类型;(2)氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐以及高锰酸盐等组分含量有不同程度的超标;(3)水源地开采后,孔隙水为水源地重要的补给水源,在制定水源地环境保护方案时应予考虑。      

汶川县绵虒镇板子沟“8·20”大型泥石流堵河特征及危害性预测

汶川地震后,板子沟曾发生过多次大规模泥石流,尤其是2019年“8·20”泥石流对沟口的道路桥梁以及村寨造成了严重的破坏,将主河道向对岸严重挤压,今后仍存在较大堵河的风险。文章在野外调查以及对泥石流基本特征和形成条件综合分析的基础上,分析了堵河特征,计算了不同频率下泥石流的堵河参数,并预测了各频率下溃决洪水对绵虒镇可能产生的影响。计算结果表明,频率为2％、5％和10％的泥石流造成岷江堵塞的可能性较小,假设发生堵河事件,绵虒镇也不会受到溃坝洪水的危害。频率为1％的泥石流很可能造成主河堵塞。体积约57.38×104 m3的泥石流物质可以到达岷江,形成高度约为51.61 m的堰塞坝。在主河洪水的作用下,堰塞坝发生溃坝,溃坝洪水的峰值流量为5 935.49 m3/s,到达绵虒镇后降至2 312.25 m3/s。由于相应的洪水深度（4.00 m）大于防护堤的高度（3.50 m）,因此溃坝洪水很可能会对绵虒镇防护堤附近民房造成破坏。为今后大型泥石流堵河特征的分析,以及溃决洪水对下游城镇可能造成的影响提供了参考。     

Nanotechnology,global development in the frame of environmental risk forecasting. A necessity of interdisciplinary researches

Interdisciplinarity is of first importance to evaluate the risks associated with nanotechnology. The reasons are that nanomaterials are very new materials that combine nano-sizes and new reactivities. The complexity comes from the very low concentrations of nanomaterials in the environmental medium, the transformations of the nanomaterials due to the reactivity of the surface, the transfer in the environmental media, particularly in the presence of liquid water (soils, sediments, surface water), which implies an association with natural colloids (organic or minerals) and blockage in some compartments. These properties govern the hazard that strongly depends on exposure and speciation.     

The chemistry of bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway,Sweden, Finland and Iceland

Twenty-two bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland have been analysed for 71 inorganic chemical parameters with low detection limits as a subset of a large European survey of bottled groundwater chemistry (N = 884). The Nordic bottled groundwaters comprise mainly Ca–Na–HCO₃–Cl water types, but more distinct Ca–HCO₃, Na HCO₃ and Na–Cl water types are also offered. The distributions for most elements fall between groundwater from Fennoscandian Quaternary unconsolidated aquifers and groundwater from Norwegian crystalline bedrock boreholes. Treated tap waters have slightly lower median values for many parameters, but elements associated with plumbing have significantly higher concentrations in tap waters than in bottled waters. The small dataset is able to show that excessive fluoride and uranium contents are potential drinking water problems in Fennoscandia. Nitrate and arsenic displayed low to moderate concentrations, but the number of samples from Finland and Northern Sweden was too low to detect that elevated concentrations of arsenic occur in bedrock boreholes in some regions. The data shows clearly that water sold in plastic bottles is contaminated with antimony. Antimony is toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic, but the levels are well below the EU drinking water limit. The study does not provide any health-based arguments for buying bottled mineral and spring waters for those who are served with drinking water from public waterworks. Drinking water from crystalline bedrock aquifers should be analysed. In case of elevated concentrations of fluoride, uranium or arsenic, most bottled waters, but not all, will be better alternatives when treatment of the well water is not practicable.     

四川筠连地区高阶煤煤层气井解堵技术及应用

四川筠连地区乐平组煤层为低孔、低渗的高阶煤储层。部分煤层气井在生产过程中产气量出现快速下降,严重制约了煤层气井的开发效益。结合排采、水化学、检泵等生产动态信息系统分析煤层气井产气量下降的原因,认为煤层结垢与煤粉堵塞裂缝通道是产气量下降的主要原因。针对堵塞问题,对筠连地区煤层气区块开展了酸洗、水力震荡、等离子脉冲、注水等解堵工艺措施试验。现场排采动态表明,酸洗与等离子脉冲具有较好的增产效果。酸洗主要针对结垢的井,通过将酸液注入井筒,与井筒和近井筒地带无机垢充分反应,以达到解除井筒和近井筒地带通道堵塞的目的,酸洗措施成功率高,投入产出比1∶1.8,是区域内首选低成本有效性措施;等离子脉冲解堵主要针对煤粉和结垢井,通过物理震荡的方式粉碎堵塞物,然后通过洗井将堵塞物携带出井筒,从而实现解堵,实施后增产效果较佳,煤层气产量增产达130%,但因实施数量有限,区域适应性还有待评价;水力震荡、注水等解堵措施主要是针对煤粉堵塞井,通过水力冲击以及水力循环的方式带出煤粉以达到解堵的效果,但该措施本身也会造成储层激动,容易产生副作用,措施整体有效率不到30%,增产效果不明显。上述4种解堵措施均有其适应条件,需要根据堵塞原因,采取与之适应的措施才能获得最佳的解堵效果。研究成果可为我国同类煤层气井解堵、增产提供一定的借鉴。      

塔河碳酸盐岩洞缝型油藏堵水效果评价方法初探

总结了塔河油田碳酸盐岩洞缝型油藏的堵水工作．对堵水效果及其影响因素进行了探讨．认为堵水井储集体剖面类型、水淹特征及其类型、完井方式、投产方式对堵水效果有不同程度的影响：①大型洞穴型储集体堵水效果较其余储集体类型差．单一储集体剖面类型堵水效果较多重储集体剖面类型差：②底部出水型堵水效果明显好于其它出水类型．全井出水型堵水效果最差：⑨裸眼(直接)投产井堵水效果好于酸压(完井)投产井．最后就塔河油田超深碳酸盐岩洞缝型油藏的特点对行标SY／T5874—93的某些内容在操作上进行了讨论：建议统一机械堵水、化学堵水和复合堵水的有效期级别评价指标．并考虑降水幅度;措施有效率评价时应包含经济效益评价指标．针对油藏特点适当上提降水指标下限值;堵水增油量或有效期的计算应考虑堵前指标的动态变化趋势来综合确定。     

北京地区地热资源开采评价

地热通常指那些能够为人类所开发和利用的地球内部的热资源。地热资源是可供工业、农业利用的生态型能源,具有巨大的市场潜力。地热资源作为一种相对清洁的替代能源,对其进行开采评价有助于地热资源合理有效地利用。以北京某地热井为例,从地热温度、矿物质含量、开采量及水质等方面对地热资源进行了评价。在水质评价中通过医疗应用评价、饮用矿泉水评价、生活饮用水评价等方面对地热资源的应用类型进行分析评价,其中医疗应用评价中对地热水的机械、温度、化学成份等的医疗作用进行评价。     

广安气田产能特征及其控制因素研究

广安气田勘探开发层位为上三叠统须家河组须六段和须四段。储层砂体为三角洲分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝沉积,为典型低孔、低渗孔隙型储层。气藏分布受构造和或岩性控制,发育了构造气藏、构造—岩性气藏和岩性气藏。为指导气田开发井位部署与合理配产,根据试采资料研究了气井产能特征,并把气井产能划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4大类7亚类,各类气井产能差异大,产水量差异也大,其中Ⅰ类、Ⅱ_1亚类和Ⅲ_1亚类气井产能较好或较稳定。通过分析控制广安气田气井产能的因素,认识到储层沉积微相、单井动储量、构造位置、产水量与工艺措施对气井产能有重要影响。在水动力强的分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝沉积相带中,单井控制动储量越大,构造位置越高,产水量越小,压裂和储层保护措施相对合理,气井往往具有较高产能。     

Controls on pit lake water quality at sixteen open-pit mines in Nevada

Thirty-five mines in Nevada currently have, or will likely have, a pit lake. The large bulk mineable deposits in Nevada mined below the water table are of several types, including Carlin-type Au, quartz-adularia precious metal, quartz-alunite precious metal and porphyry-Cu (-Mo) deposits. Of the 16 past or existing pit lakes at 12 different Nevada mines, most had near neutral pH and low metal concentrations, yet most had at least one constituent (e.g., SO₄) which exceeded drinking water standards for at least one sampling event. Water quality data indicate that, in general, poor water quality will not develop in Carlin-type Au deposits. Wall rocks in the geologic environment typical of these deposits, and in the specific pits sampled, contain substantial amounts of carbonate, which buffers the pH at slightly basic conditions and thereby limits the solubility of most metals. Similarly, the quartz-adularia precious metal deposits generally have geologic conditions that buffer pH and naturally prevent the development of poor water quality. In both of these deposit types, certain elements such as As and Se that are mobile in neutral to basic waters may accumulate to levels near or exceeding drinking water standards. Pit lakes forming in quartz-alunite precious metal deposits hosted in volcanic rocks or in porphyry-Cu (-Mo) deposits in plutonic rocks are of greatest environmental concern in Nevada, as both deposit types have relatively high acid-generating potential and low buffering capacity. However, the sampled Nevada pits in these deposit types indicate that the water may not be of poor quality. In addition, water quality in some pits may actually improve with time due to the increased water-rock ratio as the pit fills with water, as suggested by pit waters at one mine in a Carlin-type deposit (Getchell) that improved between 1968 and 1982. Although water quality in pits in each deposit type is generally good, local, site specific conditions (e.g., surface water inflow) and variations (e.g., evaporation rates) result in some pit lakes (e.g., Boss) in the quartz-adularia deposit type being of substantially poorer water quality than other lakes (e.g., Tuscarora) in the same deposit type. Despite underlying geologic controls based on deposit type, site specific variations in hydrogeologic conditions and surface geologic features can result in differing water quality in pit lakes in the same deposit types, and these factors may, in some cases, provide an overriding control on the geochemical evolution of specific pit lakes.