内蒙古额济纳旗地貌特征及其构造、气候事件

根据遥感卫星影像解译及野外地质实地调查,将内蒙古额济纳旗地区的地貌单元划分为中低山区、冲—洪积平原、湖积盆地及风成地貌。根据不同地貌单元组成的沉积物年龄测定和分析,初步认为上新世—早更新世的构造抬升形成苏泊淖尔级湖积阶地;早更新世末(750±60kaBP),发生一次明显的构造抬升活动,形成东、西居延海间的台地;另一次明显的构造抬升记录发生在中更世末—晚更新世初,即149±60kaBP之后,形成黑城冲湖积台地;苏泊淖尔级阶地形成于全新世早、中期,属气候干旱湖泊萎缩形成的气候阶地,阶地沉积物中保存的古风成砂丘,表明晚更新世末—全新世早期气候一度恶化。天鹅湖湖积阶地的形成表明5000a之后一段时间,气候相对适宜;全新世中后期,气候波动强烈,1200aBP出现一次丰水期。     

河北省北部张北县一带全新世中期砂层的成因

在冀北张北县发育一套特殊的砂层,因其内部赋存有数量众多的细石器而备受地质工作者的关注,但对其成因却有不同认识。从地层学、年代学、古生物学、砂粒表面及组合特征、砂体分布及产状等方面,对砂层进行了研究与分析。砂层分布于二级阶地或向阳低矮平缓山坡之上,临近水源,呈近东西向展布;堆积物呈灰褐色,分选性差、磨圆度差,不显层理,且其中含有细石器、陶器碎片、灰烬层等古人类文化遗存;粒度分析结果及扫描电镜研究表明,砂层形成于水动力条件中等的河流环境,后期又经过了改造;砂层之中富含丰富的哺乳动物化石及生成于温湿气候条件下的孢子花粉;测年资料证实砂层形成于全新世中期—全新世大暖期。诸多证据表明全新世中期砂层原始环境为河流环境,后期为古人类所利用,应为古人类活动而留下的遗存,属于人工堆积,为古村落遗址。     

全新世早期罗布泊气候变化和耕作活动的孢粉证据

为研究全新世罗布泊地区气候变化特征、罗布泊流域耕作活动,利用东湖湖心剖面(N40°8.965’,E90°30.535’)6个有机质AMS14C结果建立年代框架,剖面以5 cm间隔采样25块做孢粉分析。孢粉分析结果显示云杉花粉有河流携带特征,云杉含量增加说明流域来水量增加,气候湿润。根据孢粉组合可将剖面划分为3个带,1、2带又分别划分为2个亚带。1带深度为57～120 cm,流域水分逐渐减少,环境逐渐恶化;2带深度为22～57 cm,乔、灌木植物花粉和草本植物花粉含量基本稳定,以草本植物花粉为主;3带深度为0～22 cm,气候湿润。其中,1A、2A亚带和3带气候相对湿润,有耕作活动。结果表明:全新世早期罗布泊流域耕作活动的出现与消亡受气候变化控制,耕作活动出现在气候湿润时期,干旱时耕作活动消失;全新世早期罗布泊流域有过干旱时段。     

陕西富平全新世古气候的初步研究

为了了解黄土高原中部全新世古气候演化特征,通过对陕西富平剖面的地质调查、密集采样和31个样品的孢粉分析,将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个带,分别代表早、中、晚3个时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为松-菊-香蒲组合带,以草本植物花粉占优势、针叶树植物花粉含量较高为特征;Ⅱ带为松-栎-蒿-环纹藻组合带,以乔木花粉增加、草本植物花粉减少为特征;Ⅲ带为栎-松-蒿组合带,以草本植物花粉增加、乔木花粉减少为特征.结果表明,早全新世植被为森林草原-干草原,气候干凉-干冷;中全新世植被为森林草原与针阔叶混交林草原,气候温暖半湿润;晚全新世植被为森林草原或疏林草原,气候干旱偏暖-温凉干旱.     

河西走廊花海古湖泊早、中全新世湖水盐度变化及其环境意义

通过对花海古湖泊沉积剖面8.42~0.405 m沉积物样品的矿物和化学元素测定,分析了沉积物中盐类矿物含量及化学元素K/Na比值的变化情况,结合已有的年代地层结果,重建了花海古湖泊10.47~5.5 cal ka BP湖水盐度变化. 结果表明：花海湖泊全新世湖相沉积阶段中,除个别层位以硫酸盐类矿物沉积为主外,早全新世(10.47~8.87 cal ka BP)和中全新世(8.87~5.5 cal ka BP)均以碳酸盐盐类矿物沉积为主,并且早全新世时期K/Na高于中全新世时期,揭示了早全新世时期湖水盐度高于中全新世时期. 这一结果与该湖泊沉积过程所揭示的湖泊水位变化、粒度等揭示的有效湿度变化具有一致性,表明花海湖泊早、中全新世湖水盐度的高低可以指示其湖泊水位的变化,并间接反映了有效湿度的变化. 结合花海湖泊晚全新世湖泊萎缩、气候干旱的特点,该区域早、中、晚全新世气候干湿变化变化模式可以概况为早全新世降水增强、气候呈现由干向湿的转变,中全新世有效湿度最大,晚全新世气候干旱. 这种全新世气候干湿变化模式有别于西风区,亦与季风区不完全相同,呈现出了一种季风-西风过渡带全新世气候干湿变化的模式.     

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组沉积时期古气候

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组可分为6段,整体表现为砂—泥间互的沉积结构,古气候是控制这种沉积结构的重要因素之一。文中利用孢粉分析法、黏土矿物分析法和特征元素分析法对全盆地6个采样点、6个层段的泥岩样品进行了系统分析,分别恢复了四川盆地晚三叠世须家河组各段地层沉积时期的古气候。研究表明,四川盆地晚三叠世须家河组沉积时期古气候特征为热带—亚热带背景下发生的温热交替、干湿更迭:须1段为海陆过渡相沉积,该时期温度高、湿度大,为炎热潮湿气候;须2段沉积时期,温度与须1段沉积时期持平或略低、湿度大幅降低,为温和干燥气候;须3段沉积时期,温度和湿度均比须2段沉积时期高,炎热潮湿,沼泽沉积发育;须4段沉积时期,温度升高、湿度略有降低,气候温和干旱;须5段沉积时期,温度和湿度均达到峰值,为整个须家河组沉积时期最炎热潮湿的阶段;须6段沉积时期,温度降至最低、湿度有所下降,气候温和干旱。     

金沙遗址古环境状况的综合探讨

史期时期，人类社会的生产力还十分低下，自然环境对古人类体质的进化、生产的发展，以及居住范围的变化都产生了重大的影响。通过孢粉分析和对其他植物遗存的研究复原古植被特征，同时结合广汉层古土壤地球化学行为、古河流的水动力等，来综合研究金沙遗址区古环境状况，以期能为古蜀文化研究提供环境背景。研究结果表明，文化期内总体上是热带和亚热带的温暖湿润气候，同时存在着温暖湿润与温暖干旱的气候交替。     

吐鲁番盆地古近纪和新近纪的气候变化

新疆吐鲁番盆地的连木沁剖面古近系与新近系的沉积厚度约1770m,是研究吐鲁番盆地这一时段古气候的良好载体。通过对连木沁剖面沉积物中常量元素地球化学分析,表明吐鲁番盆地在晚古新世阶段和晚始新世阶段,气候炎热湿润,但后者波动比较频繁。在渐新世,气候温暖干旱。中新世的气候变化明显可分为两个阶段,早期气候炎热潮湿,而晚期阶段温暖干旱。到上新世,气候显著干旱化。      

河南新密溱水流域全新世人类文化演化的环境背景研究

溱水流域新石器至夏商时期人类文化发达,且持续发展,是中原地区乃至全国新石器至夏商时期人类文化最为发达的地区之一.本文在详细野外考察和多个地层剖面分析基础上,初步阐明了区域地貌特征及演化历史.对区域内的柿园仰韶遗址外的自然沉积剖面(34°29.409′N,113°36.933′E)进行了连续采样,并对样品进行了14C年代测定和粒度、磁化率、孢粉等古环境指标分析,结合考古遗存资料,探讨了区域全新世气候演变历史.在上述古环境研究基础上,分析了区域全新世环境与人类文化演化之间的关系.结果表明:流域在地形上,处于嵩山以东至黄淮平原以西的黄土丘陵台地地形区.溱水流域共发育了3级河流阶地:第三级阶地形成于晚更新世末期;第二级阶地形成于大致6000～4000cal.aB.P.时期,下游阶地形成时代较上游早;第一级阶地形成于历史时期晚期.溱水流域全新世早期(8500 ～ 7000cal.aB.P.)气候的暖湿程度与现在相当,仰韶文化时期(7000 ～5000cal.aB.P.)的气候是该地区全新世最为暖湿的时期,龙山文化时期(5000 ～ 4000cal.aB.P.)以来气候的暖湿程度呈波动下降,4000cal.aB.P.以后气候逐渐变干凉.整体上较为暖湿的气候是该地区全新世人类文化持续发展的有利条件.广阔平坦的多级黄土台地和第三级阶地以及广泛分布的黄土沉积物质为新石器以来逐渐发展的旱作农业提供了有利的地貌和土地资源条件.仰韶早期及之前的人类文化遗址分布在第三级阶地和地势更高的黄土台地之上;仰韶中期以后,由于区域人口的增加和农业的发展,人类聚落有向沿河阶地和下游地区发展的趋势.     

晋南地区仰韶至东周时期人地关系研究

基于晋南地区全新世黄土剖面样品的光释光(OSL)测年和磁化率数据,恢复该区全新世以来的古温度和古降水,并结合该区仰韶至东周时期文化发展特性及各时期考古聚落在不同地貌类型上的分布比例,探讨晋南地区全新世以来环境演变与人类活动的关系。研究表明,仰韶早期和中期,气候较为暖湿,古土壤发育,利于文化的产生和发展。仰韶晚期气候由暖湿向温干转换,可能对文化发展有一定影响。龙山时期温度和降水较之前有所下降,但气候仍较现今暖湿,又因相对干旱的气候促使先民积聚在水源地附近,以及农业生产技术水平的不断进步,该时期文化快速繁荣发展。夏、商和西周时期气候持续干凉化,文化发展受到制约。东周时期气候仍然较干凉,但随着人类社会的发展和农业生产效率的提高,环境因素对文化的影响越来越小。晋南地区仰韶到东周时期聚落主要分布在耕作条件较好的冲积平原、台塬和山前倾斜平原上,在丘陵和山地上分布较少;随着气候的干凉化,仰韶到东周时期聚落在山前倾斜平原和台塬的分布比例有减小趋势,而在冲积平原的分布比例有增大趋势。     

Relationship between atmospheric conditions at Dhaka, Bangladesh, and rainfall at Cherrapunjee, India

To improve flood forecasting, the understanding of the atmospheric conditions associated with severe rainfall is crucial. We analysed the atmospheric conditions at Dhaka, Bangladesh, using upper-air soundings. We then compared these conditions with daily rainfall variations at Cherrapunjee, India, which is a main source of floodwater to Bangladesh, and a representative sample of exceptionally heavy rainfall events. The analysis focussed on June and July 2004. June and July are the heaviest rainfall months of the year at Cherrapunjee. July 2004 had the fourth-heaviest monthly rainfall of the past 31 years, and severe floods occurred in Bangladesh. Active rainfall periods at Cherrapunjee corresponded to “breaks” in the Indian monsoon. The monsoon trough was located over the Himalayan foothills, and strong westerly winds dominated up to 7 km at Dhaka. Near-surface wind below 1 km had southerly components, and the wind profile had an Ekman spiral structure. The results suggest that rainfall at Cherrapunjee strongly depends on the near-surface wind speed and wind direction at Dhaka. Lifting of the near-surface southerly airflow by the Meghalaya Plateau is considered to be the main contributor to severe rainfall at Cherrapunjee. High convective available potential energy (CAPE) also contributes to intense rainfall.     

Gold-antimony mineralization at Loddiswell, Devon, UK

Native gold, in association with tetrahedrite, bournonite, bismuthian jamesonite, antimonian bismuth, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, gersdorffite, galena, covelline, yarrowite and acanthite occurs in a NW-SE trending quartz carbonate vein which cuts folded Lower Devonian slates of the Meadfoot Group. The locality, 2.5 km north of the village of Loddiswell, lies in a belt of Devonian thrust and nappe terrain with a roughly E-W trend. The host-rocks are muddy turbiditic sediments interbedded with spilitic lavas, keratophyres and tuffs, together with intrusive dolerites (greenstones) which were deformed together during the Variscan orogeny. The deposit was worked briefly in the nineteenth century but little ore was raised and it is doubtful whether any gold was recovered. Analysis of samples collected in the present study revealed gold values of 5-10 ppm and silver values of 1000-2000 ppm. The relationship between gold-antimony mineralization, the basic igneous rocks in the nappe sequence, and their intersection by a series of major NW-SE fracture zones is discussed in the context of the regional metallogenic evolution of SW England. The mineralization is considered to be the result of fluid extraction during shear movements on the NW-SE structures and shows features in common with mesothermal gold-bearing sulphide veins in other Palaeozoic provinces.     

The jacupirangite at Kodal,Vestfold, Norway

The large jacupirangite dyke at Kodal was first found by W.C. Brögger (1933) who published one chemical analysis of the rock. Recent investigations of the dyke as a potential ore body, including diamond-drilling operations, have shown that it is about 20 m wide and 2 km long. It strikes approximately E–W and has a general dip of 80 °S, cutting through larvikite and nordmarkite of the Oslo Permian Igneous Province. The jacupirangite has an average modal composition (volume percent): apatite 24, magnetite 37, ilmenite 9, pyroxene 25, amphibole and biotite 5. The iron-titanium oxides and apatite cement the pyroxene in a typical igneous texture. The Kodal dyke and other jacupirangites in adjoining areas of the Oslo Igneous Province all show a eutectic mixture of iron-titanium oxides and apatite which is assumed to form an immiscible liquid with silicate melts of monzonitic composition. This is assumed to be a possible explanation for the formation of the jacupirangites in the Oslo region.

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Zusammenfassung Der große Jacupirangit-Gang in Kodal wurde erstmals von C. W. Brögger (1933) gefunden, der eine chemische Analyse von diesem Gestein publiziert hat. Neuere Untersuchungen an diesem Gang im Hinblick auf eine potentielle Erzlagerstätte, bei denen auch Diamant-Bohrungen eingesetzt worden sind, haben ergeben, daß der Gang etwa 20 m mächtig und 2 km lang ist. Er streicht bei einem durchschnittlichen Fallen von 80 °S annähernd O–W, wobei er Larvikite und Nordmarkite der permischen Oslo-Eruptivprovinz durch-schneidet. Die durchschnittliche modale Zusammensetzung des Jacupirangites besteht (in Volumenprozent) aus: Apatit 24%, Magnetit 37%, Ilmenit 9%, Pyroxen 25%, Amphibol und Biotit 5%. Die Eisen-Titan-Oxide und der Apatit verkitten die Pyroxene unter Bildung einer typischen Eruptivstruktur. Der Kodal-Gang und die anderen Jacupirangite der angrenzenden Oslo-Eruptivprovinz lassen alle ein eutektisches Gemenge von Eisen-Titan-Oxiden und Apatit erkennen, von dem wir annehmen, daß es eine unlösliche Schmelze neben Silikatschmelzen monzonitischer Zusammensetzung bildete. Aus dieser Annahme ergibt sich eine Deutungsmöglichkeit für das Auftreten der Jacupirangite im Oslo Gebiet.

     

Serpentinization at Burro Mountain,California

The Burro Mountain ultramafic complex, Monterey County, California, consists of dunites and peridotites which are partially or wholly serpentinized. Primary minerals in both rock types are olivine, enstatite, diopside, and picotite which upon alteration yield chrysotile, lizardite, brucite, magnetite, talc, tremolite, and carbonate. Electron microprobe analyses show that enstatite, En_85.8 to En_90.8, alters to “bastite” composed only of lizardite (5.0–12.0 weight percent FeO), whereas olivine, Fo_90.8 to Fo_91.6, forms lizardite+chrysotile+brucite with or without magnetite. The chrysotile ranges from 3.0 to 5.0 weight percent FeO, the brucite from 16.0 to 43.0 weight percent FeO. As Serpentinization proceeds, the alteration products are enriched in FeO relative to MgO. Serpentinization probably originates in a changing \(P_{O_2 }\)-T environment by two different reactions:

1. (a)
   Olivine+enstatite+H₂O+O₂?Mg, Fe⁺² chrysotile+Mg, Fe⁺³, Fe⁺² lizardite with or without magnetite.     
   
   

Deccan basalts at Mahabaleshwar,India

Fortyone successive flows of the Deccan Traps have been investigated at Mahabaleshwar, India, and the rocks from the twenty two different flows have been newly analysed. All of these basalts are silica-saturated tholeiites; and the series shows minor gradual variation with the order of eruption. These seem to be a result of magmatic differentiation somewhat similar to that shown in the Skaergaard intrusion.     

Fabric at granodiorite-schist contact,Bear Island,Maryland

Summary The essential difference between the granodiorite and its wall rock fabric consists in the two well-defined deformation plans. The wall rock is a B-tectonite, the granodiorite an S-tectonite. Transport in the former was rotational and monoclinic, in the latter possibly by laminar flow parallel with the contact.The granite fabric could hardly be an in place fabric or replacement without differential movement. It would have retained the wall rock fabric, even if not the mineral composition. Transport in the granodiorite was presumably along the wall parallel S₄ and the contact. The present study is barely a beginning, but it is hoped that it can be continued in the near future and extended over a wider area.With 9 figures.