徐州—宿州地区滑脱构造的形成机制

徐宿地区平上存在３个推覆构造带，剖面上有两个不同深度的滑脱层位。推覆构造受到两次构造运动的作用。早期滑脱为后缘推覆，前缘重力扩展、滑动、晚期滑脱为从东向西的推覆。构造变形机制表现为滑脱系统边为压剪、内部为挤压。     

广东兴梅煤田滑脱构造基本特征

兴梅煤田滑脱构造包括滑覆构造、推覆构造两大类。属脆—韧性变形。前者为多层次顺层滑覆,其中以龙潭组与文笔山组间滑脱面(F_3)为主滑面,后者由震旦系浅变质岩系为主体组成四个大型推覆体,推覆在上古生界和中生界之上。区内各种滑脱构造可分为南北向构造、弧形构造及拉铺构造三种组合型式,皆属薄皮构造,该区今后找煤的重点应在推覆体下。     

武当山推覆构造的几何结构—鳞片叠覆模式

武当山推覆构造由主滑脱面、前缘叠瓦褶断带、中央推覆体带和后缘挤压－伸展带４种构造成分组成，中央推覆体带划分为７个推覆体，各推覆体在平面上呈鳞片状越覆，在剖面上呈道冲叠覆，构成鳞片叠覆的几何模式。     

江西滑脱构造和找煤研究成效显著

近几年来,江西煤田地质局对赣中地区进行了滑脱构造和找煤研究。赣中滑脱构造十分发育,形式多样,按其成因可分为推覆和滑覆两类,并可进一步划分出九岭推覆构造系统、武功山滑覆构造系统和武夷山推覆构造系统。在滑脱构造理论指导下,再认识已有的煤田地质构造,发现许多煤系的分布和煤层赋存规律受滑脱构造控制。如有的地方煤系构造     

米仓山推覆构造的结构样式及演化特征

采用变形剖面和平衡剖面综合分析方法研究米仓山地区中新生代构造格局，得出该区构造样式为一大型东西向和北东向叠加的推覆滑脱构造，变形剖面总体格局为推覆—断展复式背斜，次级变形单元具叠瓦扇、逆冲岩席、断展褶皱、层滑褶皱等多种样式。推覆构造演化经历了断展隆起、逆冲推覆、逆掩滑脱和复合叠加变形阶段。     

武当地区构造类型及其控矿作用

文中主要讨论了武当地区构造类型及控矿作用。构造类型基本包括伸展滑脱构造、推覆构造和脆性构造,分别发生在三个不同的时期。伸展滑脱构造主要存在于前印支期,挤压推覆构造存在于印支期,脆性断裂出现在印支晚期。多重韧性滑脱面出现在武当群地层形成时的不同构造岩性界面上;不同层次顺层伸展滑脱面(DF1—DF5)常出现在堆垛的构造岩性面上,并优先富集Au、Ag矿;逆冲推覆构造使先存滑脱面变形,伴随褶皱作用使成矿元素流动、搬运、富集。     

福建省含煤区推覆、滑脱构造

推覆、滑脱构造为福建省主要控煤构造,但在其南、北两段含煤区的表现迥然不同。北段滑脱强度大,为大规模由隆起向坳陷（由西向东）逆冲的推覆构造型式,而南段滑脱强度相对较小,为两侧向向斜中部对冲的推覆构造型式。究其原因,除公认的软硬岩层相间、隆起坳陷的位能差异原因外,还认为北段的宽缓波状带、南段的向背斜序列带以及北西走滑性断裂的分割作用是造成该推覆、滑脱活动迥异的基本因素。研究这些规律,对福建省新一轮找煤工作有重要的指导作用。     

华北板块东南缘徐淮推覆-褶皱带的物理模拟

徐淮地区发育一系列推覆-褶皱带,以皇藏峪背斜为界,区域剖面分为具有明显构造差异的东部、西部构造带,其中东部构造带样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱,西部构造带为一系列逆冲推覆构造,构造变形强烈。采用物理模拟手段对徐淮推覆-褶皱带构造的控制因素进行实验研究,选取硅胶、微玻璃珠模拟不同性质滑脱层,石英砂模拟沉积脆性盖层,改变盖层与基底摩擦力、滑脱层深度变化等控制因素。模拟结果表明,剖面上滑脱层性质及深度变化控制区域剖面构造的强弱变化。皇藏峪背斜以东主要以新元古界青白口系泥灰岩充当滑脱层,滑脱层深度大,构造样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱;皇藏峪背斜以西则以寒武系页岩为滑脱层,滑脱层深度小,构造样式主要表现为逆冲推覆构造。     

闽西南新泉地区推覆构造特征与成矿关系

闽西南新泉地区推覆构造发育,有逆冲推覆构造和滑脱构造2种类型。逆冲推覆构造主要发生于燕山早期,推覆方向自北西西向南东东运动,该推覆构造之下隐伏有童子岩组煤矿;燕山晚期推覆构造规模小,推覆方向自西向东运动。推覆构造及运动方向与太平洋板块由东向西俯冲有关。滑脱构造见于印支期,主要构造要素有下伏系统、润滑层及滑面、滑动系统,煤系地层在滑动过程中被切失破坏,构造变得复杂,给采矿带来了难度。滑脱构造主要与印支期岩浆热隆作用有关。推覆滑脱构造对成矿具有利和弊的双重作用。连城坪上煤矿的发现及普查成果对区域地质找矿有示范作用和指导意义。     

新疆塔里木盆地推覆-滑脱构造及其控油作用

塔里木盆地深层次推覆-滑脱构造表现为前震旦系基底岩系中的韧性剪切带;中层次表现为古生界逆冲推覆、滑脱褶皱和牵引背斜;浅层次以中—新生界褶皱-冲断层带为特征。塔里木盆地大型隆起带的形成与中、深层次推覆-滑脱作用有关,它们是寻找大型油气田的主要油气聚集带。山前坳陷中发育浅层次推覆-滑脱构造,是寻找中、小型油气田的有利构造带。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.