多波束测控系统及其比测试验

多波束测深系统可同时采集多个测点水深，以条带方式对水下地形进行全覆盖测量，由后处理软件（CARIS软件）制作各种比例尺的水下地形图，特别是大比例尺1：500、1：1000，可方便地进行新老测图对比，计算冲淤量。整个系统从野外数据采集到室内成图全过程真正实现了自动化和数字化，由于多波束测深系统具有实时监测功能，可以现场监视水下地物地貌的细微变化，因而在进防安全、溃口、崩岩监测及水下物体摸探打捞等方面具有重要作用。     

深水多波束回波强度数据处理技术探讨

多波束回波强度数据不但可用于分析和解释海底地貌,也可用于反演海底底质类型及其分布状况或者水下目标识别方面的研究。以EM 122多波束声纳系统数据为例,详细探讨应用CARIS多波束处理软件对某深水多波束作业区的回波强度数据的处理过程。根据软件处理后的数据浅析灰度量化及拼接方法,进一步改善声强图像的质量,后处理图像为多波束水下目标识别和海底底质分类研究提供准确、表述清晰的基础数据。     

GPS技术在防洪减灾中的应用

用ＧＰＳ技术进行测量,速度快、精度高,可通过卫星接收信号,不需要测点间的相互通视,具有连续性和全天候的特点,在各种恶劣天气条件下,能对河道地形、堤防险工险段、水库大坝、滑坡泥石流进行监测,充分显示其高新技术的优越性。介绍了水文系统利用芬兰贷款引进ＧＰＳ,配合先进的测深系统和ＨＹＰＡＣＫ软件,对长江流域的河道、湖泊、水库水下地形进行实时监测,现场成图,使拓防洪减灾中得以成功的应用。     

三维多波束系统在库区冲刷淤积计算分析中的应用

库区冲刷淤积是水工建筑的安全运行的直接威胁,目前检测方法相对落后。三维多波束系统是一套成熟的海洋测绘技术,由于内陆水电水利工程水下检查需求的特殊性、复杂性,暂未在该方面得到广泛应用。这里基于三维多波束系统检测的高精度水下地形数据,采用自编软件系统,建立DEM模型,对库区水下地形、冲刷淤积及三维成图进行计算分析与应用。结合现场实际情况,表明三维多波束系统在该方面的应用效果较好,可以精确计算库区冲刷淤积现状,建立三维数据基准库并实现三维可视化。     

计算机地球化学编图系统 小比例尺

地球化学图册或图集是地质科学的基本图件。其重要意义不亚于地质图。为满足我国出版地球化学图集的要求,研究如何应用计算机技术实现我国各省的多元素地球化学图的编图自动化,形成具有我国特色的、满足国内化探需要的计算机编图系统,使我国的地球化学图件赶上或超过其他国家的水平是很有必要的。一、系统内容 (一)数据的拼接、归位和坐标体系转换目前编制1∶50万或更小比例尺图件是采用1∶20万化探数据。作分省或分片区域性地化图时,是把1∶20万单图幅数据拼接成多图幅整     

多波束测深系统的高精度差分GPS数据实时优化

多波束海底地形探测是目前世界上最为先进的海底地形探测方法.高精度的差分GPS定位是实现多波束系统高精度测深的最基本前提.在海上探测作业过程中,由于客观原因,差分GPS数据存在偶然误差,影响多波束测深精度.本文提出对差分GPS数据进行航速、航向平滑处理、误差定位点位置推算的实时优化方法和数学模型,并给出实际实现的例子.     

多波束关键技术——波束形成原理

换能器阵元的不同排列组合决定其指向性，波束形成是多波束测量的关键技术。文中通过数学计算总结了不同换能器阵进行波束形成的工作原理，并介绍了利用二维DFT进行频域波束形成的一般方法。最后结合现役多波束测深系统，简单解释说明不同系统所采用的波束形成技术。     

《平江图》的地图学研究

本文通过对现存碑刻地图《平江图》的深入研究,认为该图绘于绍定二年七月(1229年7月22日至8月20日);城区平均比例尺为1∶2000,而子城的比例尺为1∶170。其地物画法具有现代“图式”的性质。该图比较系统、全面地反映了平江府(今苏州市)城市的地理面貌,代表了中国古代传统地图的最高水平。     

多波束测深系统的高精度差分GPS数据实时优化

多波束海底地形探测是目前世界上最为先进的海底地形探测方法。高精度的差分GPS定位是实现多波束系统高精度测深的最基本前提。在海上探测作业过程中，由于客观原因，差分GPS数据存在偶然误差，影响多波束测深精度。本文提出对差分GPS数据进行航速、航向平滑处理、误差定位点位置推算的实时优化方法和数学模型，并给出实际实现的例子。     

衬度返回法在平抑地球化学系统偏倚中应用

在进行1∶10万、1∶25万、1∶50万或更小比例尺地球化学编图时,由于分析单位和工作时间不同,不同的1∶5万、1∶20万图幅间或同图幅不同批次间的化探数据常存在着系统偏倚。因此,编图前必须进行系统偏倚平抑。目前,系统偏倚平抑方法有衬度变换法、平差法、分幅标准化法、分区标准化法、基准单元系数法和边界极限原理法等。笔者在实际工作中,通过反复试验确认＂衬度返回法＂是图幅间或批次间系统偏倚平抑的一种实用且有效的方法。     

南海北部神狐陆坡区灾害地质因素特征

南海北部神狐陆坡区富含海洋油气资源和天然气水合物, 其海底地质环境对于各项资源开采活动和工程建设尤为重要, 但目前专项研究较少.在大量二维地震资料解译的基础上, 结合浅地层剖面和多波束测深资料, 对该区海底地质环境进行整体研究, 识别出20种灾害地质因素.按照动力来源, 将该海域地质灾害归纳为构造应力、重力、水动力、气动力和土动力5大类灾害地质类型, 每种类型包含多种灾害地质因素.依据各灾害因素总体平面分布特征, 划分出埋藏三角洲密集区、海底滑坡密集区、火山密集区、软弱层密集区、浅断裂密集区和浅埋基岩面密集区6个灾害大区.还对主要灾害因素的地震反射特征和灾害性进行了研究, 为该区未来工程建设的顺利开展提供科学的参考.      

Active deformation of a segment of arc: the strait of Kythira,Hellenic arc,Greece

A field analysis of Late Cenozoic faults has been carried out in the southwest Hellenic arc, on the islands of Kythira and Antikythira as well as on both sides of the strait, in southeast Peloponnisos and western Crete. The previously unknown geological structure of Antikythira is briefly described. Together with accurate bathymetric data obtained using a multi-beam echo sounder on submarine fault scarps, the results of studies on land lead to a new interpretation of the neotectonic deformation of this segment of the Hellenic arc. The submersion of the strait is a consequence of extension related to normal faulting, the extension rate being faster than in adjacent segments of the arc. The direction of extension related to Late Pliocene-Quaternary normal faulting is determined from on-land information. The existence of oblique en échelon normal faults indicates that dextral deformation plays a role within the Kythira strait, in connection with the opening of the adjacent Cretan Sea triggered by subduction beneath the Hellenic arc. The whole pattern of fault systems in southeast Peloponnisos, as inferred from teledetection and field studies, is consistent with the clockwise rotation that has been independently proposed and verified by palaeomagnetic studies. The Kythira strait thus provides an example of a complex transform-extensional deformation and rotation between two major segments of external arc.     

Hydrographic data modeling methods for determining precise seafloor topography

Acoustic and light detection and ranging are the recent methods used in hydrographical surveying. Depth values depending on X and Y horizontal coordinates are measured in both methods. While processing the hydrographical data, all data with different density are interpolated and modeled for determining the seafloor model using different interpolation techniques. In this study, effects of different surface modeling methods are investigated. Data obtained from single-beam echo sounder (SBES) are modeled using inverse distance, kriging, local polynomial, minimum curvature, moving average, nearest-neighbor, and Delaunay interpolation methods. Interpolation results are compared with the multibeam echo sounder data which were collected on the same area for determining the accuracy of modeling methods. Depending on the maximum total vertical uncertainty values in hydrographic survey standards, the best results were determined by using the kriging method. The Delaunay, minimum curvature, and inverse distance methods can be used for modeling the SBES data in shallow waters.     

Evaluation of a digital echo sounder system for detection of submersed aquatic vegetation

A technique is presented for rapid detection of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) using a high-frequency, high-resolution digital echo sounder linked with global positioning system equipment. The acoustic reflectivity of SAV allows for detection and explicit meaqsurement of canopy geometry using a digital signal processing algorithm described here. Comparing output data from this system with physical measurements shows good detection and measurement performance over a wide range of conditions for freshwater tape grass (Vallisneria americana) and seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, andSyringodium filiforme) in a sandy-bottom, south Florida estuary. The range of environmental conditions for which the system can be used is defined. Based on these measured performance data and a review of existing literature, this system appears to fill a gap in the inventory of established methods for measuring the distribution and abundance of submersed macrophytes.     

Trend Extraction Using Average Interpolating Subdivision

Spatial averages are robust components of data sets, and therefore well suited as starting points for trend analysis. A natural way of constructing a global trend surface from average values, is to use a subdivision algorithm. This procedure will in some cases reproduce exactly the drift of the data set. Numerical experiments on multibeam echo sounder data show that residual data sets contain no long range correlations. In addition, a variogram analysis clearly identifies the amount of noise in the original data.     

多波束测深技术在洋中脊构造地貌解译中的应用

多波束测深技术在国际上是海洋科学研究、海底资源开发和海洋工程建设中的重要技术手段。基于对国内外多波束 地形数据的广泛调研,对洋中脊附近洋底构造地貌形态进行分析研究。文中利用不同扩张速率洋中脊附近的50 m分辨率的多 波束地形数据,基于数字地形空间分析方法,利用不同滑动窗口和阈值自动识别来提取洋中脊附近地形面的最大、最小曲率 以及坡度,并以此对洋中脊进行构造解译。对中大西洋洋中脊和东太平洋洋隆两个实验结果的定量分析表明,基于地形曲面 曲率和坡度的洋中脊构造解译方法是有效且可行的,其结果为洋中脊构造样式解译提供重要参考。但是相比之下,     

The formation and evolution of an isolated submarine valley in the North Channel,Irish Sea: an investigation of Beaufort's Dyke

Beaufort's Dyke is a submarine depression located in the North Channel of the Irish Sea. With a maximum depth of 312 m, the dyke is one of the deepest areas within the European continental shelf. Integration and interpretation of 450 km of sparker seismic data and full‐coverage bathymetric data derived from multi‐beam echo sounder surveys allow for the investigation of the formation processes of Beaufort's Dyke and the evolution of geomorphological features within it. The dyke, formed by composite subglacial processes dominated by subglacial meltwater discharge, is interpreted as a tunnel valley. The regional isolation of Beaufort's Dyke may be explained by the bounding of the North Channel by the bedrock masses of Ireland and Scotland, coupled with the exploitation of structural weakness along a fault plane and presence of halite in the eroded substrate enhancing the erosive potential of the overlying glacier. Beaufort's Dyke has probably been maintained as an open feature by strong rectilinear tidal currents. The morphology of lunate sediment waves and a large parabolic bedform towards the south of the dyke contradict the observed dominant S–N mean hydrodynamic flow recorded within the North Channel, suggesting an alternative hydrodynamic regime either within the dyke or during bedform creation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Younger Dryas end moraines between Hardangerfjorden and Sognefjorden, Western Norway

End moraines (called the Herdla Moraines) from the Younger Dryas Stadial arc morphologically mapped along the western coast of Norway, from Hardangerfjorden to north of Sognefjorden. The submarine position of the moraines are found by means of a conventional echo sounder. Stratigraphieal studies with many C¹⁴ datings are used for age determination, giving Late Younger Dryas (10,000–10,500 C¹⁴ years B.P.) for the Herdla Moraines. The moraines are correlated with the Ra-Salpausselkä Moraines. Isobases for the Younger Dryas are obtained from marine terraces formed contemporaneously with the moraines.     

近30a来托木尔峰南麓科其喀尔冰川冰舌区变化

20世纪80年代中期以来,托木尔峰南麓地区冰雪融水量明显增加,冰川处于强烈的消融退缩状态.根据对科其喀尔冰川冰舌区不同海拔探测表明,近30 a来冰川厚度明显减薄,冰舌区平均厚度减薄在0.5~1.5 m·a^-1之间.对科其喀尔冰川末端位置研究表明,科其喀尔冰川进入20世纪90年代以来处于比较强烈的退缩状态.相对于1974年的冰川位置,冰川退缩了380 m左右.科其喀尔冰川的全面退缩,标志着托木尔峰地区冰川处于全面的负物质平衡状态.     

多波束系统横摇、纵倾参数的校正方法

多波束水深测量系统以条幅式测量为特点,比较传统单波束测深发生了巨大的变化,能够进行实时声速、船体姿态等参数的改正.多波束系统换能器安装时存在的纵倾角度偏差(pitch bias)和横摇角度偏差(roll bias)是产生水深测量系统误差的重要来源之一.分析两个参数对水深测量精度的影响,并根据其误差在地形剖面上的表现形式,讨论实测法和剖面重合法两种参数测试的方法,特别是针对剖面重合法参数测试,制作可视化操作界面,大大方便了野外和室内参数调整.测试获取的纵倾、横摇参数输入多波束系统中进行实时水深校正.在室内资料处理中,利用参数校正方法,能够对野外采集资料进行再处理,提高资料质量.