Luminescence dating of anthropogenically reset canal sediments from Angkor Borei,Mekong Delta,Cambodia

This paper presents a case study in the analysis of anthropogenically reset sedimentary materials, through work undertaken to identify and date sediments in an ancient canal in the Mekong Delta, Cambodia. The emergence of rice cultivating communities, utilising canals for both hydraulic management and transport, represents an important stage in the social evolution of southeast Asia. The emergence of complex polities in the region, which may have depended on both international trade and intensified agriculture, led ultimately to the formation of the famous Khmer empires which dominated the region on several occasions through the 1st and 2nd millennia AD. French colonial scholars identified possibly ancient canals in the region that may have played roles in trade, agriculture, or both. This series of ancient canal features near Angkor Borei has been the subject of recent investigations in a collaboration between the Universities of Glasgow and Hawaii. Luminescence profiling measurements were used to identify the canal bed, by exploiting the contrast between a regional substrate of some 50 ka depositional age and more recent archaeological sediments. In this manner it has been possible to identify the sedimentary substrate, undisturbed canal sediments, and redeposited material. Ages have been estimated for substrate and canal infill sediments. The work represents the first convincing demonstration of luminescence dating of one of these important regional features, and indeed the first confirmation of the presumed antiquity of the canal system around Angkor Borei.     

青海省明长城濒危遗址（湟中段）土体工程性质与保护措施

明长城遗址受自然地质作用、人为活动以及环境等因素的多方面作用,破坏相当严重．以青海省湟中县明代长城遗址保护工程为依托,实地调察了遗址发育的病害,通过室内测试分析,全面掌握了遗址土体工程性质,有针对性地提出裂隙填充注浆、裂隙注浆、土坯砌补、注浆回填、锚杆锚固等加固措施．从一期工程的加固效果来看,所用方法对夯土类长城加固具...     

Accretion and canal impacts in a rapidly subsiding wetland. I.137Cs and210Pb techniques

The influence of canals on vertical marsh accretion, including mineral sediment and organic matter accumulation, was evaluated at three locations along the Louisiana coast representing different geographic regions. The isotopes²¹⁰Pb and¹⁵⁷Cs were used to determine vertical accretion along transects representing a canal and a control site. Rapid rates of vertical accretion were measured at all sites and ranged from 0.47 cm yr^?1 to 0.90 cm yr^?1. Results indicated that there was no measurable effect of canals on marsh accretionary processes. In general, greater variation in vertical accretion, including mineral sediment deposition and organic matter accumulation, was observed between geographical regions than between canal and control sites within a region. Statistical analysis of data suggest that any difference between canal and control site would be less than 0.20 cm yr^?1. Such a change in marsh surface-water level relationships as a result of any canal influence on marsh accretionary processes would be less than reported eustatic sea-level rise for the Gulf of Mexico. Results suggest that any change in the marsh surface-water level relationship could be the influence of canals on local hydrology, resulting in increased water level rather than any appreciable reduction in accretionary processes. Such changes in hydrology under certain conditions could stress vegetation, resulting in marsh deterioration.     

冀东“长城式”金矿地质特征及成矿预测

在总结矿床地质、地球化学特征 ,探讨矿床成因基础上 ,建立了“长城式”金矿成矿区带和重点找矿地段找矿模型 ,并圈定 7个成矿区带和 15个重点找矿地段。     

不同环节灌溉用水效率及节水潜力分析

以漳河灌区为例,在对灌区渠系进行等效概化的基础上,采用经验公式法进行不同工况下不同环节灌溉用水效率的分析计算.结果表明总干及干渠环节和分、斗、农渠环节的渠道水利用系数较大,而支干、分干和支渠环节的渠道水利用系数偏小,渠道断面大小、长度及防渗率是导致渠道水利用系数差异的主要原因.计算分析了不同条件下的灌溉用水效率阈值,达到相应阈值时的投资,以及净节水量和节水率,分析了投资与灌溉用水效率阈值及节水率的关系.表明随投资的增加灌溉用水效率及节水率均提高,但其过程符合报酬递减规律,且节水率的报酬递减速度更快.     

The ancient water system at the Upper city of Hasankeyf,Turkey

In this paper, the water distribution system at the Upper city of a well-preserved medieval town of Hasankeyf near the Tigris is questioned and its relation to the urban settlement pattern is assessed. The discussions are based on the cistern-intensive and available canal data collected within the residential borders of the Upper city in 2005. Being the third level features of the water system, the cisterns the majority of which are now attributable to the “conical, small and individual” typology, have shown that they were actively operated through the open rock-cut canals which were fed by the backbone of the distribution network—namely the siphon system, until recent times. Although a considerable number of converted cisterns hallmark shifts in the function of the water system and the changing conjectures over time, the blue prints of such a big “hydro-design” reveal the competence of semi-arid occupational environments in Upper Mesopotamia in showing how to cope with the topographical constraints and climatic disadvantages and turn these into an opportunity through the efficient use of terrain along with a carefully designed settlement area. That the Upper city now offers numerous water features makes this piece of land quite a representative of the regional works and shows the apex of the perception of ancient technology achieved with the siphon that could have been launched in the Roman era, and the state of art of planning ancient natural and man-made habitats.     

中国极地大地测量学十年回顾:1996—2006年

[STBZ][ZW（*][HT6H]〓收稿日期：. *基金项目：[HT6SS][ZK(]国家自然科学基金项目“利用多源遥感数据监测南极冰貌地形及其动态变化研究”（编号：40606002）；国家测绘局项目“南极考察地区基础测绘”（编号：1469990324229）资助[ZK）] [HT6H]〓作者简介：[HT6SS]（1939 ），男，江西广丰人，教授，博士生导师，主要从事极地测绘遥感信息学的研究.[WT6HZ]E mail:[WT6BZ] [ZW）] [HT4F] [HT5K](摘〓要：[HT5K]回顾了近10年来我国南北两极大地测量学在GPS、重力、验潮及合成孔径雷达干涉测量等方面的研究进展。具体介绍了以长城站、中山站和黄河站3个GPS观测站为依托，开展的板块运动、卫星定轨及极区大气环境监测方面的研究；GPS在埃默里冰架、格罗夫山及Dome A考察中的应用研究；长城站的高精度绝对重力及相对重力测量；中山站自动验潮站的建立；及合成孔径雷达干涉测量在南极内陆冰盖的应用研究等。     

河北省“长城式”金矿矿床地质特征简介

＂长城式＂金矿是产于中元古界长城系碳酸盐岩地层中的一种新类型金矿。含矿带长约50 km,宽4~5km,由多个矿区,几十个矿体构成,一般单个矿体规模较小,矿体厚度变化系数26%,品位变化系数74%,矿体产出受地层和构造控制明显。     

Quantifying the failure probability of a canal levee

Polders in the Netherlands are protected from flooding by flood defence systems along main water bodies such as rivers, lakes or the sea. Inside polders, canal levees provide protection from smaller water bodies. Canal levees are mainly earthen levees along drainage canals that drain excess water from polders to the main water bodies. The water levels in these canals are regulated. During the last decades, probabilistic approaches have been developed to quantify the probability of failure of flood defences along the main water bodies. This paper proposes several extensions to this method to quantify the probability of failure of canal levees. These extensions include a method to account for (i) water-level regulation in canals, (ii) the effect of maintenance dredging on the geohydrological response of the canal levee and (iii) survival of loads in the past. The results of a case study demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of quantifying the probability of failure of canal levees and is useful for exploring the relative benefit of risk mitigating measures for canal levees.     

Photonic dating of prehistoric irrigation canals at Phoenix,Arizona, U.S.A.*

A number of archeological features, including in‐filled irrigation canals of uncertain prehistoric age, occur within the Holocene floodplain of the Salt River at Phoenix, Arizona. In the first attempt to date irrigation‐canal sediments using luminescence methods, we obtained age estimates of 1640 ± 190 yr B.P. (1σ) (multi‐aliquot or MA) and 1621 ± 95 yr B.P. (post‐IR single‐aliquot‐regenerative‐dose or SAR) for a single sample from the base of the oldest canal‐infilling deposits (all IR‐PSL ages reported in this article are in calendar years before A.D. 2001). For the remaining canal samples, weighted mean luminescence ages of 819 ± 45 yr (MA) and 826 ± 32 yr (post‐IR SAR) were obtained. Thus from photonic dating we can resolve the first and last phases of canal use at this Phoenix site: initiation at ca. 1600 years ago and final use at ca. 800 years ago. These results demonstrate the power of SAR luminescence sediment dating to enhance our understanding of prehistoric irrigation‐canal development and usage here and elsewhere in the world. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

西安地铁二号线下穿城墙及钟楼保护措施研究

针对西安地铁二号线穿越国家级文物--城墙北门、南门及钟楼保护区在施工期以及运营期对古建筑物的影响,提出1套城墙北门、南门及钟楼的具体有效的保护措施。对比分析了穿过城墙北门、南门及钟楼的地铁几种设计施工方案,最终采纳地铁线路双侧分绕古建筑物、隔离桩基础加固以及加固古建筑物上部结构的施工方案。利用有限元软件对处理效果分析得出,城墙北门、南门及钟楼加固后地铁影响效果减小2/3。施工期监测数据表明,古建筑物沉降位移比实际预测位移要小,沉降位移均在保护设计范围之内,论证了保护措施有效性和合理性。同时,分析了地铁运营振动对城墙影响,并提出减振措施以及减振效果分析。通过方案选取、数值分析、具体实施以及实时监测,提出并论证一套具有很强实用价值的隧道穿越古建筑物保护措施。     

New Insights into the Evolution of an Intervalley Prehistoric Irrigation Canal System,North Coastal Peru

We present the results of combined AMS‐¹⁴C and single‐grain luminescence dating of pre‐Columbian irrigation canals that are part of the Racarumi Intervalley Canal System (RICS) in northern Peru. Archaeological and archival evidence suggest that the RICS was constructed during Middle Sicán (A.D. 900–1100) rule and continued to operate during Chimú and Inka conquests in the A.D. 1300s and 1400s, respectively, until finally succumbing to Spanish control of the area in the early A.D. 1500s. Detrital charcoal (AMS‐¹⁴C) and sand grains (OSL and IRSL) were collected from active, post‐abandonment, and clean out deposits in six earthen canals located within three separate alignments of the RICS. Resulting ages confirm operation during Middle Sicán, Late Sicán, Chimú, and Inka control, and possibly into the early part of the Spanish period. Placed within their hydroclimatological context, RICS canal deposits document recurrent El Niño flooding ∼A.D. 1300–1600 but indicate that damage to the system was repaired and the canals continued to operate despite periodic disruptions. This study demonstrates that single‐grain luminescence analysis conducted within a framework of geomorphology and formation processes has significant potential for detailed and accurate dating of ancient water‐control systems.     

基于能量平衡法的黑河中游灌溉渠道蒸发量估算

干旱区绿洲农田需要通过渠道引水进行灌溉,在此过程中蒸发损失不可避免,尤其是在渠系广泛分布的情况下,蒸发损失量大,如何估算这部分量对于干旱区水资源管理至关重要. 以甘肃张掖绿洲灌溉渠道为研究对象,采用Mihara所提供的基于能量平衡理论的经验方程,对渠道蒸发量进行了估算.结果表明：蒸发率在晴天时白天大于夜间,阴天时白天和夜间相差不大,气温和相对湿度是影响蒸发率的主要因子.累计蒸发量在晴天时白天是夜间的2倍左右,阴天时白天和夜间相差不大,蒸发率是直接原因.     

8680 X荧光光谱仪与长城0520-CH计算机的数据通信

8680X荧光光谱仪采用RSX-11M多用户操作系统。本文将0520计算机作为RSX-11M主机的一个从属终端,设计了相应软件与8680联机。无需修改任何硬件,在0520上可以执行RSX-11M的全部操作指令,并且只要8680主机不关闭,0520计算机即可随时从8680的磁盘上读取数据而不需事先与8680的操作者约定,传送数据快速、准确。     

战国秦时期夯土长城加固强度试验研究

对已风化而频临危险的文物进行渗透加固保护以提高土的胶结强度,是国际上普遍认可的科学加固方法。通过室内单轴抗压强度、抗剪强度和渗透试验研究发现,抗压强度随浓度及加固次数增加而提高,材料具有可重复使用性,但加固剂的浓度增加不宜超过7 %;? 值随加固剂浓度和加固次数有明显增加趋势,c值有所提高但变化没有明显的规律性;土经固化后的渗透系数略有降低,但变化在同一数量级内,不影响土的渗透性。综合分析试验结果,对于密度为1.3～1.50 g•cm-3风化墙面,以浓度5 %～7 %的PS材料多次加固为宜;密度为1.5～1.7 g•cm-3的风化墙面适宜以3 %～5 %浓度的PS材料多次加固。加固后强度和渗透性满足文物保护特殊要求。     

Coronate echinoderms from the Ordovician of the Llanddowror area,South Wales

A large sample of coronates (over 90 specimens) from a narrow horizon in the Upper Ordovician, Sholeshook Limestone, at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, South Wales allows assessment of variation and growth in a population of these rare Palaeozoic echinoderms. Variation is extensive and we synonymize two previously described species. This occurrence extends the stratigraphic range of Cupulocorona rugosa Donovan and Paul down to Cautleyan, Zone 2. Internal moulds reveal new morphological features, especially of the coronal canals. The flattened blade‐like and kite‐shaped portions support the idea that the coronal canals functioned in respiratory gas exchange by increasing the surface area. We suggest that internal currents flowed up the inner (adoral) canal and down the outer (aboral) canal. Quantitative estimates of flow rate suggest that a volume of coelomic fluid equivalent to the entire body cavity could be flushed through the coronal canals in 10 seconds at most. These coronates probably lived attached by a relatively long stem with a simple, conical holdfast and bent over in gentle currents. They seem to have been characteristic of relatively high‐energy environments and are not generally distributed in the Sholeshook Limestone of South Wales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi Delta: A Spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat change

An earlier investigation (Turner 1997) concluded that most of the coastal wetland loss in Louisiana was caused by the effects of canal dredging, that loss was near zero in the absence of canals, and that land loss had decreased to near zero by the late 1990s. This analysis was based on a 15-min quadrangle (approximately 68,000 ha) scale that is too large to isolate processes responsible for small-scale wetland loss and too small to capture those responsible for large-scale loss. We conducted a further evaluation of the relationship between direct loss due to canal dredging and all other loss from 1933–1990 using a spatial scale of 4,100 ha that accurately captures local land-loss processes. Regressions of other wetland loss on canal area (i.e., direct loss) for the Birdfoot, Terrebonne, and Calcasieu basins were not significant. Positive relationships were found for the Breton (r²=0.675), Barataria (r²=0.47), and Mermentau (r²=0.35) basins, indicating that the extent of canals is significantly related to wetland loss in these basins. A significant negative relationship (r²=0.36) was found for the Atchafalaya coastal basin which had statistically lower loss rates than the other basins as a whole. The Atchafalaya area receives direct inflow of about one third of the Mississippi discharge. When the data were combined for all basins, 9.2% of the variation in other wetland loss was attributable to canals. All significant regressions intercepted the y-axis at positive loss values indicating that some loss occurred in the absence of canals. Wetland loss did not differ significantly from the coast inland or between marsh type. We agree with Turner that canals are an important agent in causing wetland loss in coastal Louisiana, but strongly disagree that they are responsible for the vast majority of this loss. We conclude that wetland loss in the Mississippi delta is an ongoing complex process involving several interacting factors and that efforts to create and restore Louisiana’s coastal wetlands must emphasize riverine inputs of freshwater and sediments.     

Canal-side highway in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam – Issues of urban cultural conservation and tourism development

Since the city’s founding back in 1698 on the old Khmer city of Prei Nokor, rivers and canals have always been Ho Chi Minh City’s (HCMC’s) primary means of transportation. Despite the decline of the utilization of the city’s abundant waterways due to the increasing development of modern aerial services and more convenient roads, the HCMC’s canal-based urban form, with its water-based socio-economic structures that include port-boat-market activities and canal handcraft villages, still processes a rich cultural and religious diversity that dates back to the history of the city itself. Currently, developments in the city’s transportation systems are having a damaging impact on the canals’ cultural background. Rather than being recognized as a significant cultural asset that identifies the city, the canal system has been physically reorganized as the city’s drainage system and valued as only a supplementary landscape element; canal communities have been evicted, and canal built fabric has been removed due to recent canal-side transportation developments. To revitalize the urban cultural identity that is possessed by the canal system and to enrich it as a contemporary valuable layer in the city’s dynamic regional development, it is critical to implement cultural conservation and tourism in the development of canal-side transportation and supplementary projects in the canal vicinity.     

基于线性二次型的多级联输水渠道最优控制

灌溉输配水是水联网链路的重要环节,其自动控制水平直接影响着水联网效率和风险控制能力,对实现水资源高效管理与利用有重要意义。通过变化输水渠道线性积分时滞控制模型,建立了多级联渠道离散时间状态空间方程,基于线性二次型理论设计最优状态反馈控制器,利用MATLAB求解和SOBEK模拟进行了验证。在甘肃省昌马南灌区多级联渠道运行过程优化控制的模拟结果显示,线性二次型算法能够使控制点水位较快恢复并稳定在设定值,控制过程动作与水位波动次数少、幅度小,效果远优于常规分布式PI反馈控制。线性二次型算法能够应对多级联渠道时滞、耦合特性和一般未知取水扰动,实现可靠供水服务和有效运行控制。目前算法仅采用反馈控制,尚无法应对过大未知取水扰动,还有进一步改进空间。     

河西走廊地区线性土遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区差异效应研究

底部掏蚀区的形成和发展是干旱区受环境因素控制最为典型和危害最为普遍的土遗址病害之一,通过对河西走廊沿线12市县明长城遗址掏蚀区形态、盐分、干湿条件及风场特征的调查、监测与分析,发现了遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区的形态、含盐状态、风场条件和降雨过程中的温湿度变化均存在显著差异;并结合室内实验条件下脱盐后分别掺入不同含量NaCl和Na₂SO₄并经历3、6、9、12次干湿循环养护的遗址土重塑试样的风洞模拟实验,提出干旱地区土遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区差异效应,揭示了盐分类型与含量、干湿循环次数、挟沙风风速和吹蚀时间对土遗址阴阳坡掏蚀区差异效应的影响,最后结合调查分析和实验结果对其形成机理进行了初步讨论。