矽卡岩中石榴石的环带模式与生长形态—反映出接触变质带中的物质运移和反应动力学

奥斯陆裂谷中围绕冷凝的花岗质、正长质深成岩体的早古生代碳酸盐-页岩系列的接触变质作用通过含水流体渗透达到较大宽度。这些流体主要来自岩浆。微量元素在碳酸盐和页岩中的运移受以下因素控制:岩浆流体流量;变沉积岩中可逆、不可逆溶解作用和催化反应。在碳酸盐-页岩混合单元及热液脉体的大部分变质期间,钙铝榴石和钙铁榴石形成于这些岩石中。石榴石的化学分带模式及其形态主要受热液体系中物质运移和化学反应性质     

变质作用与流体包裹体:进展与展望

流体广泛存在于大多数地质作用过程中,并担任着元素迁移的载体、化学反应的"容器"和活化剂等重要角色。流体包裹体作为古变质流体研究最直接的样本,在各种变质矿物中普遍存在,同时对各种后期改造有一定的抵抗力。因此,流体包裹体是了解变质过程中流体的物理化学行为和限定变质条件的最佳对象。本文从流体和变质作用类型等基本概念出发,系统介绍了不同类型变质作用中流体的产生、成分、作用及后期包裹体可能受到的改造过程,重点阐述了麻粒岩中流体包裹体和UP/UHP变质岩中流体包裹体研究热点,为大陆演化和壳幔相互作用等方面的探索提供帮助。最后展望了未来流体包裹体分析方法和技术方面上的改善以及流体示踪剂可能的发展趋势。     

造山型金矿床成矿作用若干问题研究进展

造山型金矿床是世界上重要的金矿床类型,也是当前国际矿床学研究热点。近年来该类金矿床在成矿流体及成矿物质来源、成矿机理及成矿模式等方面研究取得了重大进展。研究表明:造山型金矿床成矿流体及成矿物质主要为富含水的火山沉积岩在区域变质过程中因脱流体而释放出来的。Au主要以Au[HS]_2~-的络合物形式沿着深大断裂向浅部运移,期间CO_2和H_2S不仅能提高Au在流体中的溶解度,还能使Au在运移过程中不因沉淀而贫化。变质脱流体成矿模式很好地解释了该类金矿床成矿流体及成矿物质的来源、运移和成矿元素的沉淀。水岩反应和压力的瞬时改变是Au发生高效沉淀的主要因素。建议在造山型金矿床研究过程中采用单个流体包裹体成分LA-ICP-MS等先进分析测试技术。     

流体成矿系统与成矿作用研究

对几乎所有金属矿床类型来说，其形成过程均与金属从源岩的活化、原始渗滤、矿质运移和金属沉淀富集成矿关系密切，这些过程主要是由流体的运动和作用完成的。因此，识别金属和流体的来源，追溯流体从源区将金属运载至最终成矿部位所经过的路径，以及查明金属和流体沿运移通道发生的物理、化学和时间上的各种变化及其特殊性质，可以为矿床评价与勘查提供很有价值的定量成矿信息。成矿流体的来源－运移－沉淀（－堆积）过程会以流体成矿系统的形式保留下来。对流体成矿系统和作用的全面了解可通过调查活动的和古代的两种系统获得。活动流体成矿系统是目前正在进行原始矿质搬运的系统，调查这些系统可对运移通道中的含矿流体进行取样和监测研究。古流体成矿系统包括各时代从含金石英脉到铅－锌矿脉系统的所有热液脉型矿床以及沉积喷气型和所谓层控矿床。对含矿矿物和岩石的广泛岩石学、化学、流体包裹体和同位素研究将为定量评价与预测矿床的分布和变化提供至关重要的资料。流体成矿系统内具有一些重要特征，如各种地质要素的方向性、相关性和指示性变化。     

太古宙下部地壳流体研究现状

太古宙下部地壳流体的研究对于阐明麻粒岩相变质作用成因及深成地质作用过程具有重要意义。下部地壳流体的性状，成因，运移方式及其与麻粒岩相变质作用成因联系等方面取得了一定的研究成果。采取流体包裹体研究与脱水变质反应平衡热力学计算，矿物对地质温压计估算等相结合的方法才能获得更可信的结果，实验研究是今后重要的发展方向。     

计算流体地球化学研究的进展

成矿作用的化学机理可以通过实验和计算机模拟进行研究。随着计算机运算能力的不断增强 ,在地球化学中正在形成一门新兴学科———计算地球化学。其中热质输运模拟、化学质量迁移数值模拟和流体输运化学反应耦合动力学研究取得了显著进展。建立在Darcy定律和守恒方程基础上的多孔介质热质输运模拟通过流函数图、等温线图及速率矢量图等 ,从古水文学和流体地球化学方面高度动态研究成矿作用。根据化学和热力学原理进行的化学质量迁移数值模拟则通过矿物和流体中化学物种的热力学数据 ,预测多组分体系中发生的流体岩石相互作用 ,定量揭示经历了复杂化学反应进程的成矿作用的化学行为。将上述两方面结合的流体输运化学反应耦合动力学 ,可以从时间和空间上模拟真实成矿流体系统复杂的动力学行为 ,是计算流体地球化学的发展方向。     

含（油）气流体体系压力及相变规律初步研究

本文从流体体系的观点出发，应用物理化学原理，分别对含（油）气流体的流体压力和存在相态进行了研究，着重阐述了流体压力的组成和体系压力的影响因素及其定量计算方法，重新界定了静水压力和异常压力及其相互关系，对含气流体在运移过程中的存在相态进行了分类，并分别探讨了流体自身成分、温度和压力对流体相变规律的影响，为定量研究流体压力和运移相态提供了新的思路。     

小秦岭地区中深部含金石英脉的同位素地球化学特征及其意义

对小秦岭地区中深部含金石英脉的氢、氧、硫、氦和氩同位素地球化学研究表明，本区的成矿流体主要来源于深部，随着成矿过程的进行，表现出深源流体不断与浅部流体混合的演化趋势。结合前人的研究成果，根据成矿作用与区域伸展构造演化之间的耦合关系，指出小秦岭地区金的成矿作用主要发生于中生代晚期的后碰撞阶段，在由深部过程引发的伸展构造背景下，深部流体沿伸展构造系统向上运移，不断与浅部流体混合，与围岩发生水-岩相互作用，使流体系统中的成矿物质不断富集，最终在剪切扩容空间中富集成矿。     

豫西熊耳山地区变质流体的性质与演化

流体包裹体研究发现,本区区域变质高峰期后热液以高盐度为特征,均一温度为205～360℃,盐度16～34wt％eq.NaCl。热液体系属Na-K-Cl-S-C型。变质压力增大到一定程度,变质流体的组成有重大改变,从以含水溶液为主的流体转到以CO_2为主的流体。不同地区的变质岩、混合岩中流体包裹体类型、均一温度、盐度都具有极大的相似性,为同一变质流体演化的产物,说明本区在变质-混合岩化构造热事件中具很大的均匀性。因此,变质作用过程中不可能有大规模的热流体循环,也不会造成大范围的矿质运移和沉淀成矿。本区金矿不是变质同生金矿,而是变质后生金矿。文中还对退变质过程中的p-T轨迹作了讨论。     

计算机流体地球化学研究的进展

成矿作用的化学机理可以通过实验和计算机模拟进行研究,随着计算运算能力的不断增强,在地球化学中正在形成一门新兴学科－计算地球化学。其中热质输运模拟、化学质量迁移数值模拟和流体输运－化学反应耦合动力学研究取为著进展,建立在Ｄａｒｃｙ定律和守恒方程基础上的多孔介质热质输运模拟通过流函数图、等温线图及速率矢量图等,从古水文学和流体地球化不方面高度动态研究成矿作用,根据化学和热力学原理进行的化学质量迁移数值模拟则通过矿物和流体中化学物种的热力学数据,预测多组分体系中发生的流体－岩石相互作用,定量揭示经历了复杂化学反应进程的成矿作用的化学行为。将上述两方面结合的流体输运－化学反应耦合动力学,可以从时间和空间上模拟真实成矿流体系统复杂的动力学行为,是计算流体地球化学的发展方向。     

Chemical and textural equilibration of garnet during amphibolite facies metamorphism: The influence of coupled dissolution–reprecipitation

Metamorphic equilibration requires chemical communication between minerals and may be inhibited through sluggish volume diffusion and or slow rates of dissolution in a fluid phase. Relatively slow diffusion and the perceived robust nature of chemical growth zoning may preclude garnet porphyroblasts from readily participating in low‐temperature amphibolite facies metamorphic reactions. Garnet is widely assumed to be a reactant in staurolite‐isograd reactions, and the evidence for this has been assessed in the Late Proterozoic Dalradian pelitic schists of the Scottish Highlands. The 3D imaging of garnet porphyroblasts in staurolite‐bearing schists reveals a good crystal shape and little evidence of marginal dissolution; however, there is also lack of evidence for the involvement of either chlorite or chloritoid in the reaction. Staurolite forms directly adjacent to the garnet, and its nucleation is strongly associated with deformation of the muscovite‐rich fabrics around the porphyroblasts. “Cloudy” fluid inclusion‐rich garnet forms in both marginal and internal parts of the garnet porphyroblast and is linked both to the production of staurolite and to the introduction of abundant quartz inclusions within the garnet. Such cloudy garnet typically has a Mg‐rich, Mn‐poor composition and is interpreted to have formed during a coupled dissolution–reprecipitation process, triggered by a local influx of fluid. All garnet in the muscovite‐bearing schists present in this area is potentially reactive, irrespective of the garnet composition, but very few of the schists contain staurolite. The staurolite‐producing reaction appears to be substantially overstepped during the relatively high‐pressure Barrovian regional metamorphism reflecting the limited permeability of the schists in peak metamorphic conditions. Fluid influx and hence reaction progress appear to be strongly controlled by subtle differences in deformation history. The remaining garnet fails to achieve chemical equilibrium during the reaction creating distinctive patchy compositional zoning. Such zoning in metamorphic garnet created during coupled dissolution–reprecipitation reactions may be difficult to recognize in higher grade pelites due to subsequent diffusive re‐equilibration. Fundamental assumptions about metamorphic processes are questioned by the lack of chemical equilibrium during this reaction and the restricted permeability of the regional metamorphic pelitic schists. In addition, the partial loss of prograde chemical and textural information from the garnet porphyroblasts cautions against their routine use as a reliable monitor of metamorphic history. However, the partial re‐equilibration of the porphyroblasts during coupled dissolution–reprecipitation opens possibilities of mapping reaction progress in garnet as a means of assessing fluid access during peak metamorphic conditions.     

The effect of metamorphic fluid flow on the nucleation and growth of garnets from Troms, North Norway

A spatial association is observed between the size distribution of garnet porphyroblasts and the size distribution of quartz veins in greenschist facies metapelites from Troms, North Norway. The size distribution of quartz veins reflects the flow regime of metamorphic fluids. The hypothesis that the flow regime of metamorphic fluids is also responsible for the size distribution of garnet crystals was tested by ascribing empirical acceleration parameters to the nucleation and growth rates of garnet crystals.
In regions where fluid flow was interpreted as pervasive', acceleration parameters for nucleation were high, whereas in regions where fluid flow was interpreted as channelled', acceleration parameters for growth were high. Accelerated crystal growth is further implied from the chemical zoning and crystal morphologies of garnets collected near discrete veins.
This spatial association may imply that fluid flow can be instrumental in controlling garnet crystallization. Fluid flow could affect garnet crystallization kinetics by facilitating thermal advection and/or mass transfer. In the study area, rhodochrosite (MnCO₃) veins provide evidence for mass transfer of Mn by fluid flow. An influx of Mn would expand the stability field of garnet to lower temperatures. The resulting thermal overstep could accelerate nucleation and/or growth of garnets.
The corollary of this study is that size distributions and chemical zoning of garnets, or other porphyroblast phases, can be used to study metamorphic fluid flow.     

Zonal Metamorphic Complex in the Tongulack Mountain Ridge, Altai, Russia, and Explanation of Its Origin with the Help of Thermal Modelling

A moderate pressure / high temperature zonal metamorphic complex in the Tongulack Mountain Ridge, Altai, Russia, is described, and the applicability of the models of magmatic intrusion and fluid flow to explanation of its origin discussed. The Precambrian complex was formed at 500-700℃ and 3.0-5.5 kbars; it is a linear, 25-30 km wide, thermal anticline with a curved axis showing symmetric metamorphic zoning. The metamorphism was isochemical by its nature, as is corroborated by the chemical compositions of the rocks. Four zones can be recognized within the metamorphic complex: chloritic (on the peripheries), cordieritic, sillimanitic and staurolite-out (in the centre). The zones are separated by successive isograds: cordierite, staurolite-in or sillimanite and staurolite-out. It is argued that the origin of the metamorphic zoning can be explained best by a combined fluid-magmatic model; conductive heat flow from the intrusion predominated considerably over the fluid flux in heat transfer: the fluid flow     

福建省莆田忠门地区硅线石成因

本文对福建忠门地区中生代变质岩中硅线石的产状、形成阶段及成因方式作了较详细地研究。该区出现的硅线石多属交代成因,不能作为划分变质相的标志。     

Determining the direction of contact metamorphic fluid flow: an assessment of mineralogical and stable isotope criteria

ABSTRACT One-dimensional fluid advection-dispersion models predict differences in the patterns of mineralogical and oxygen isotope resetting during up- and down-temperature metamorphic fluid flow that may, in theory, be used to determine the fluid flow direction with respect to the palaeotemperature gradient. Under equilibrium conditions, down-temperature fluid flow is predicted to produce sharp reaction fronts that separate rocks with isobarically divariant mineral assemblages. In contrast, up-temperature fluid flow may produce extensive zones of isobarically univariant mineral assemblages without sharp reaction fronts. However, during contact metamorphism, mineral reaction rates are probably relatively slow compared with fluid velocities and distended reaction fronts may also form during down-temperature fluid flow. In addition, uncertainties in the timing of fluid flow with respect to the thermal peak of metamorphism and the increase in the variance of mineral assemblages due to solid solutions introduce uncertainties in determining fluid flow directions. Equilibrium down-temperature flow of magmatic fluids in contact aureoles is also predicted to produce sharp δ¹⁸O fronts, whereas up-temperature flow of fluids derived by metamorphic devolatilization may produce gradational δ¹⁸O vs. distance profiles. However, if fluids are channelled, significant kinematic dispersion occurs, or isotopic equilibrium is not maintained, the patterns of isotopic resetting may be difficult to interpret. The one-dimensional models provide a framework in which to study fluid-rock interaction; however, when some of the complexities inherent in fluid flow systems are taken into account, they may not uniquely distinguish between up- and down-temperature fluid flow. It is probably not possible to determine the fluid flow direction using any single criterion and a range of data is required.     

Metamorphic reaction rate controlled by fluid pressure not confining pressure: implications of dehydration experiments with gypsum

Pressure is a key control on the progress of metamorphic reactions. When fluids are present in rocks, the fluid pressure is commonly different to the load supported by the solid framework. Here, we show experimentally that, when the two pressures are varied independently, fluid pressure exerts the dominant control on reaction rate, even when the rock is compacting. We present 35 experiments on gypsum dehydration with independently controlled confining pressure, pore fluid pressure and temperature. Results show that a pore fluid pressure decrease at constant confining pressure has a strong effect on the average rate of the reaction. A decrease in confining pressure at constant pore fluid pressure has relatively little effect. Our results have implications for reaction kinetics: even though the product phase is supporting more and more load as reaction proceeds, that load does not appear to exert a chemical effect. On the large scale, our results imply that changes in fluid pressure will drive or stop the progress of metamorphic reactions. When estimating depth at which a metamorphic devolatilization reaction occurs, knowledge of the pore fluid pressure may be necessary rather than commonly used lithostatic pressure. This is relevant for basin diagenesis, mineralization in hydrothermal systems and chemical evolution after pore fluid pressure is perturbed by earthquakes.     

Calculated phase equilibria involving chemical potentials to investigate the textural evolution of metamorphic rocks

Evolving pressure–temperature conditions during metamorphism drive changes in the stable mineral assemblage, mineral proportions and mineral compositions in rocks. These changes are achieved via the diffusion of components between minerals, fluid and melt, the driving force for diffusion being the gradients in chemical potential of the components developed spatially within the rock. This study utilises recent developments in the software thermocalc to investigate quantitatively chemical potential relationships in rocks, with the phases involved being (solid) solutions. Phase diagrams with chemical potentials as axes are used to understand better the spatial rearrangement of components during the metamorphic evolution of rocks and the metamorphic textures that result. In contrast to qualitative chemical potential diagrams, quantitative diagrams can be contoured for mineral composition, allowing consideration of chemical zoning in minerals. Furthermore, the amount of material required to diffuse to equalise chemical potentials can be calculated. We start by demonstrating the approach via an example of retrograde corona development in an ultra-high-temperature granulite. Whereas the use of chemical potentials to consider the retrograde development of corona textures is well known, they are also significant in considering the prograde history. The role of chemical potentials in prograde metamorphic textural evolution is highlighted in consideration of the consumption and growth of aluminosilicates during the kyanite-to-sillimanite reaction, and the growth of garnet porphyroblasts.     

Calculation of the CO2 Degassing during Contact Metamorphism and Its Geological Significance: The Model and Example from the Shuanshan Area of the South Tan-Lu Fault Belt

The paper studies CO2 degassing and controlling factors under the condition of contact metamorphism in the Shuangshan area, southern Tan-Lu fault belt and the method of calculating the amount of CO2 degassing. The results show that the amount of CO2 degassing is controlled by the characteristics of the country rocks, including the thermal conductivity, penetrability, porosity and connectivity. Compositions, size and depth of intrusive rock also have an important influence on CO2 degassing, i.e., they generated numerous cracks in the country rocks, and thus allowed the easy flow and accumulation of fluids. The amount of CO2 flux in contact metamorphism is calculated quantitatively based on the metamorphic reaction and time--integrated fluid flux. The value (0.729- 2.446×104 mol/cm2) of CO2 flux suggests that CO2 was provided mainly by the contact metamorphic reaction. The generation and releasing of CO2 are positively correlated with the degree of metamorphism, and XCO2 in fluids gradually increases from dolomite zone to calcite zone, but in the zone of grossular, fluid flux is the largest and XCO2 sharply decreases due to involvement of magmatic water. This study presents evidence that a large amount of industrial-scale CO2 can be produced during contact metamorphism. On the basis of theoretical and practical studies, a cone model has been proposed to response CO2 degassing for the contact metamorphism, and it can be used to explore CO2 accumulations beyond the oil-gas basins. This model can also be applied to the study of inorganic genesis of CO2 accumulations.     

Calculation of the CO2 Degassing during Contact Metamorphism and Its Geological Significance: The Model and Example from the Shuanshan Area of the South Tan–Lu Fault Belt

The paper studies CO2 degassing and controlling factors under the condition of contact metamorphism in the Shuangshan area, southern Tan-Lu fault belt and the method of calculating the amount of CO2 degassing. The results show that the amount of CO2 degassing is controlled by the characteristics of the country rocks, including the thermal conductivity, penetrability, porosity and connectivity. Compositions, size and depth of intrusive rock also have an important influence on CO2 degassing, i.e., they generated numerous cracks in the country rocks, and thus allowed the easy flow and accumulation of fluids. The amount of CO2 flux in contact metamorphism is calculated quantitatively based on the metamorphic reaction and time-integrated fluid flux. The value （0.729- 2.446×10^4 mol/cm^2） of CO2 flux suggests that CO2 was provided mainly by the contact metamorphic reaction. The generation and releasing of CO2 are positively correlated with the degree of metamorphism, and XCO2 in fluids gradually increases from dolomite zone to calcite zone, but in the zone of grossular, fluid flux is the largest and XCO2 sharply decreases due to involvement of magmatic water. This study presents evidence that a large amount of industrial-scale CO2 can be produced during contact metamorphism. On the basis of theoretical and practical studies, a cone model has been proposed to response CO2 degassing for the contact metamorphism, and it can be used to explore CO2 accumulations beyond the oil-gas basins. This model can also be applied to the study of inorganic genesis of CO2 accumulations.