青海南部治多—杂多地区中二叠世火山岩特征及其构造环境

青海南部治多县杂多地区的中二叠世火山岩地质时代为中二叠世孤峰期至冷坞期,岩石类型为安山岩、玄武安山岩,属碱性玄武岩系列,Ti、P较高,Al较低,贫钾富钠,高REE,LREE显著富集,火山岩Zr/Nb比值变化为6.67～9.05,Hf/Th比值变化在0.29～0.35之间,Nb/Zr比值平均0.13,与大陆板内玄武岩一致,富集大离子亲石元素,高场强元素分异。地质及地球化学综合分析研究表明,青海南部治多县杂多地区的中二叠世火山岩形成于板内伸展拉张构造环境。     

华北板块北缘东段古洋盆的消亡过程:来自辽北地区中-基性岩浆岩的启示SCIEI北大核心CSCD

本文对辽宁北部地区原“佟家屯岩组、磨盘山组、照北山岩组”等地层进行了解体,从中识别出了多处晚古生代-早中生代中-基性火山岩及侵入岩,通过对其进行岩相学、地球化学、年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素研究,以此制约华北板块北缘东段古洋盆演化-消亡过程。锆石测年结果显示,关家屯东变玄武岩及王家店北变安山岩形成于中二叠世(265.5±1.7Ma~260.6±2.7Ma),老陵山变玄武安山岩及五龙山变闪长岩形成于晚二叠世-早三叠世(251.5±2.1Ma~251.4±1.4Ma),五龙山正长岩及红土砬子辉长岩形成于中三叠世早期(247±1.3Ma~245.4±1.4Ma)。岩石地球化学表明,关家屯东变玄武岩、王家店北变安山岩及老陵山变玄武安山岩具有相对高的Zr/Y比值和低Ta/Yb比值,显示出大洋岛弧玄武岩的亲缘性。老陵山变玄武安山岩富Mg^(#)、Cr、Ni,与赞岐岩的地球化学特征相一致,其Zr、Ti含量较高,可能形成于弧后盆地环境;五龙山变闪长岩富碱、Al_(2)O_(3),贫Mg、Cr,具有大陆裂谷型玄武岩的地球化学特征;五龙山正长岩具有高Sr/Y比值及低Sr、低Yb的特征,类似于喜马拉雅型花岗岩,应形成于裂谷伸展期向碰撞回返期过渡的中-高压环境;红土砬子辉长岩与五龙山变闪长岩地球化学特征相近,而前者与后者相比具有相对低的Ba/Nb和Ba/Ta比值,暗示其成岩过程中并未遭受俯冲板块的改造作用,可能形成于造山后伸展环境。综合前人研究,本文认为辽北地区在晚古生代期间处在弧后有限洋盆环境,该洋盆属于古亚洲洋南侧的分支洋盆。在中二叠世-中三叠世期间,研究区经历了弧后洋盆的俯冲-消亡过程。本研究不仅为华北板块北缘东段古洋盆的构造属性、形成演化机制、洋-陆格局重建及限制古缝合带空间位置提供重要线索,而且对重塑东北大地构造格局具有重要的指示意义。     

冈瓦纳大陆北缘早期的洋壳信息──来自青藏高原羌塘中部早古生代蛇绿岩的依据

冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解普遍认为发生在泥盆纪,形成了古特提斯洋并持续演化到晚三叠世。最近在羌塘中部的桃形湖—果干加年山一带发现了完整的蛇绿岩组合,蛇绿岩中的堆晶辉长岩具有洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学特征,在堆晶辉长岩中获得467 Ma～431Ma的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,这是龙木错-双湖缝合带首次发现早古生代蛇绿岩,应记录了冈瓦纳北缘早期的洋壳演化信息,冈瓦纳大陆北缘的裂解可能发生于早古生代。     

羌塘盆地东部那益雄组玄武岩地球化学特征及构造意义

羌塘盆地东部那益雄组玄武岩作为裂谷演化最后阶段的喷发产物,其成岩年龄和地球化学特征为裂谷的关闭时间和二叠纪构造演化提供了重要约束.在剖面地质调查基础上,对那益雄组玄武岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及全岩分析测试,结果显示:那益雄组玄武岩锆石U-Pb年龄为257.2±2.9 Ma,形成于晚二叠世;该玄武岩属于大陆拉斑玄武岩系列,轻微富集Ta元素而轻微亏损Nb元素,是软流圈地幔物质上涌与岩石圈地幔相互作用的产物,形成于裂谷关闭碰撞后的伸展背景.羌塘地块东部二叠纪玄武岩的地球化学数据显示,早二叠世-晚二叠世玄武岩具有由OIB型玄武岩向火山弧型玄武岩过渡的演化趋势,表明羌塘地块东部板内裂谷在早二叠世打开,中二叠世进入裂谷演化阶段,于晚二叠世关闭.      

新疆博格达地区中二叠世—早三叠世构造-气候-沉积演化及耦合机制

博格达地区的盆山关系演化、博格达山初始隆升时间、构造-气候-沉积耦合机制等前沿科学问题一直是国内外研究的热点,也一直困扰和制约准噶尔盆地东南缘的油气勘探开发进程。基于博格达山北缘野外露头和阜康凹陷、吉木萨尔凹陷的岩心、地震及钻测井资料,综合运用沉积学、地球化学等多种方法,阐明了博格达地区中二叠统—下三叠统展布及沉积相特征,恢复了相应的古气候变化,结合区域研究成果重建了中二叠世至早三叠世构造-气候-沉积演化过程。认为博格达地区中二叠世为裂谷—坳陷盆地构造背景,在干旱—半干旱气候条件下,发育以博格达地区为湖泊中心的辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系;晚二叠世博格达山发生初始隆升,早期湖盆消亡并在博格达北坡山前发育冲积扇,古气候由半干旱变化为半湿润;早三叠世博格达地区构造环境相对稳定,但是逐渐趋于温暖湿润的古气候对区域风化程度和沉积条件起主要控制作用,博格达山体遭受强烈风化剥蚀,北侧形成扇三角洲—湖泊沉积体系。     

滇西古特提斯俯冲-碰撞过程的岩浆作用记录

三叠纪岩浆作用广泛发育于澜沧江南带,锆石U-Pb年代学结果及岩石组合特征显示:(1)该区残留有少量的早三叠世火山岩(约248Ma),主要为一套薄层的以安山岩为主的火山岩;(2)中三叠世以大规模的酸性岩浆作用为主,部分地段的中部夹有少量的玄武岩,其中晚期的流纹岩与该区出露巨大的临沧花岗岩基主体具有一致的形成时代(约230Ma);(3)晚三叠世则以基性火山岩为主,夹少量流纹岩为特征的"双峰式"火山岩组合。元素地球化学特征表明,早三叠世火山岩具有典型的岛弧火山岩的特征,暗示其很可能形成于俯冲的构造环境;中三叠世晚期的流纹岩与临沧花岗岩基主体具有非常相似的地球化学特征,结合其流纹岩具有A型花岗岩属性,表明该区中三叠世火成岩形成于碰撞后的构造背景;而晚三叠世基性火山岩虽然在地球化学特征上显示出与岛弧火山岩相似的高铝和Nb-Ta的亏损,但其中部分火山岩具有高镁和板内玄武岩的微量元素比值特征,说明这些火山岩可能形成于碰撞后裂谷(post-collisional rifting)环境。结合区域上前人的研究资料,我们认为西南三江地区古特提斯主洋盆的俯冲闭合可能直到早三叠世晚期才完成,其后的陆-陆/弧碰撞作用可能发生在中三叠世早期,中三叠世中晚期该区进入碰撞后演化阶段,晚三叠世开始处于碰撞后的裂谷阶段,古特提斯在该区的演化最终结束于三叠纪末。     

青海南部杂多地区新建扎青组的地层层序及地质意义

在青藏高原北羌塘盆地青海南部,青海省杂多县扎青乡地区的然者涌一带,发现以基性火山熔岩为主夹有中基性火山碎屑岩,具大陆板内裂谷拉斑玄武岩喷发特点的一套火山地层。该地层底部角度不整合接触覆盖在早中二叠世开心岭群诺日巴尕日保组、九十道班组之上,其上被晚三叠世结扎群甲丕拉组角度不整合覆盖。主要岩性为灰绿—灰紫色橄榄玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、玄武粗安岩及流纹岩、中基性火山角砾岩、角砾凝灰岩夹少量流纹岩和紫红色岩屑砂岩及细砾岩,其特征与峨眉山低钛玄武岩相似,具陆相喷发-沉积特征。区域对比在北羌塘地区具有独特地层特征,可与四川峨眉山玄武岩地层进行对比。而区域上该地区晚二叠世主要为一套海陆交互相含煤碎屑岩建造,未发现陆相火山岩出露,本文建立正式地层单位扎青组,以供参考,其时代暂归晚二叠—早三叠世。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部晚三叠世辉绿岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部中奥陶统马家沟组灰岩内部发育多条辉绿岩脉。辉绿岩富集高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr、Hf等,具有板内拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征,其地球化学数据显示原始岩浆经历过比较强烈的结晶分异演化。对辉绿岩的锆石进行U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年获得的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为750~195 Ma。根据峰值年龄并结合区域地质资料,本文把辉绿岩的形成年龄确定为224 Ma(晚三叠世)。辉绿岩反映鄂尔多斯盆地西南部在晚三叠世处于类似大陆裂谷的伸展构造环境,晚三叠世西邻陇山地区发生的强烈碰撞后伸展作用也可能有助于进一步强化鄂尔多斯盆地西南部的伸展构造环境。当时该地区岩石圈的稳定性相对较弱,为该地区后续的早侏罗世和早白垩世岩浆活动提供了物质基础。晚三叠世及后期的岩浆活动提高了鄂尔多斯盆地西南部的地温梯度并加快了该地区烃源岩的热演化进程,可能对该地区的油气成藏条件造成潜在影响。     

甘新交界红柳河地区早志留世蛇绿混杂岩的厘定及大地构造意义

地质、岩石化学、地球化学、同位素年代学综合研究证明,红柳河地区蛇绿混杂岩同橄榄岩、辉长岩、玄武岩和弧后火山－沉积岩系组成,玄武质岩石地球化学特征不同于典型大洋中脊,岛弧及板内玄武岩,并暗示其形成于大陆边缘向洋中脊过渡的构造环境,铀－铅同位素测年结果证明其侵位于早志留世,混杂时代早于晚泥盆地,上述成果表明中天山结晶基底与塔里木大陆之间在早志留世曾闰开形成红柳河小洋盆,于晚泥盆世之前发生碰撞混杂形成次级缝合带。     

西南三江德钦-维西地区中二叠-晚三叠世岩浆岩与古特提斯演化

西南三江的德钦-维西地区出露有大量中二叠-晚三叠世岩浆岩,但是它们的形成与两个古特提斯分支洋(即金沙江洋和昌宁-孟连洋)的关系存在很大争议,制约了我们对该地区古特提斯构造演化的理解。本文对得荣县附近的玄武岩和流纹岩、兰坪县附近的安山岩以及德钦县附近的沉火山角砾岩进行了系统的野外地质调查、岩石学和地球化学研究,目的是查明它们的成因和形成环境,为深入探讨古特提斯构造演化提供有力的制约。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,得荣玄武岩(约236Ma)、兰坪安山岩(约233Ma)以及德钦沉火山角砾岩(约232Ma)均形成于晚三叠世,而得荣流纹岩则形成于中二叠世(约261Ma)。地球化学研究表明,得荣玄武岩多属于拉斑质玄武岩,具有变化的TiO₂和MgO含量,缺乏明显的轻重稀土元素分馏,以不同程度亏损Nb、Ta和Ti为特征,它们可能是大陆弧环境下尖晶石稳定域内"肥沃"岩石圈地幔较高程度部分熔融的产物,并经历了不同程度的结晶分异和地壳混染;兰坪安山岩具有较高的MgO含量和Mg#值,属于高镁安山岩,其微量元素组成类似于陆壳物质,应该形成于沉积物起源熔体与地幔楔岩石之间的相互作用;得荣流纹岩以高SiO₂和低TiO₂含量为特征,具有较高的锆饱和温度,其地球化学组成类似于典型的高分异A型花岗岩,起源于伸展环境下地幔物质上涌导致的地壳岩石部分熔融。结合相关区域地质资料,我们提出中二叠-中三叠世时期昌宁-孟连古特提斯洋向东(北)俯冲使得扬子地块与昌都-兰坪-思茅地块之间以弧后伸展(即金沙江弧后盆地)的方式打开,而晚三叠世时期昌宁-孟连洋闭合后的陆-陆碰撞(即保山地块和昌都-兰坪-思茅地块)则导致金沙江弧后盆地的闭合。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.