哈萨克斯坦萨亚克大型铜矿田矿物学特征及其地质意义

哈萨克斯坦萨亚克大型铜矿田中, 矽卡岩型矿床的矿体赋存于石炭系灰岩与花岗岩类的接触带上, 矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩。矽卡岩矿物主要由石榴子石、辉石、绿帘石、绿泥石等组成, 矿石矿物主要发育黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、辉钴矿等。萨亚克矽卡岩型矿床成矿作用分为5个阶段: 透辉石-石榴子石矽卡岩阶段、石榴子石矽卡岩阶段、绿帘石-磁铁矿阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。电子探针分析结果表明, 矿区矽卡岩属典型的钙质矽卡岩。 其中石榴子石发育3种类型, 均属钙铝-钙铁榴石固溶体系列, 自早期透辉石-石榴子石矽卡岩阶段至晚期石榴子石矽卡岩阶段, 由钙铁榴石向钙铝-钙铁榴石转变, 并且钙铁-钙铝榴石与矿化关系最为密切。其中具环带结构的石榴子石中钙铁与钙铝含量随环带呈韵律性变化, 表明生长过程中成分具震荡性变化, 形成于不完全封闭的平衡条件, 指示流体的多期次多阶段性; 辉石以透辉石为主; 绿帘石属绿帘石族中绿帘石范畴; 磁铁矿TFeO含量高, 与其他氧化物成分呈负相关关系。石英硫化物阶段早期发育黄铜矿-黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿-白铁矿、黄铜矿-辉钴矿矿物组合; 晚期为主要矿化阶段, 发育大量致密块状黄铜矿。黄铜矿显示贫硫富铜、铁特征; 黄铁矿为亏硫型; 磁黄铁矿属贫钴富镍型。矽卡岩矿物共生组合及石榴子石成分演化等矿物学特征显示, 成矿过程中随着温度及氧逸度的降低, 成矿热液由弱碱性向酸性演化, 伴随热液在接触带的中和作用, 以黄铜矿为主的金属硫化物富集沉淀。     

西藏尼雄矿田滚纠铁矿成矿作用机制：来自矿物学和稳定同位素证据

本文分析了冈底斯成矿带西段尼雄矿田滚纠铁矿石榴子石、辉石、绿泥石成因矿物学特征,结果显示矿区石榴子石多为钙铁榴石,并存在一定量的钙铝榴石;辉石主要为透辉石、次透辉石和铁次透辉石,表明成矿流体早期为酸性、高温和高氧逸度环境。矽卡岩内接触带富钙铝榴石,外接触带富钙铁榴石,反映成矿流体由矽卡岩内接触带运移至矽卡岩外接触带过程中,温度逐渐降低,而pH和氧逸度逐渐升高。绿泥石主要为富铁贫镁的铁镁绿泥石,其在低温(206~268℃)、低pH值、还原环境下形成。方解石C-O同位素揭示成矿流体δ¹³C_∑C为-2.6‰~-0.7‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW为+9.8‰~+12.0‰。石榴子石、磁铁矿、石英δD_V-SMOW值为-121‰~-105‰,成矿流体δ¹⁸O_H2O为8.7‰~11.3‰,反映成矿流体主要来源于花岗质岩浆。磁铁矿矿石中黄铁矿弱富铁亏硫,S/Fe为1.05~1.07,Co/Ni>1,指示为岩浆热液成因;黄铁矿δ³⁴S为4.2‰~11.1‰,与花岗质岩浆硫相当,综合反映成矿物质也来源于花岗质岩浆。结合前人研究资料,认为高温、高氧逸度使金属元素大量进入岩浆,岩浆上升侵位、分异出富含成矿物质的流体。成矿流体运移过程中遭遇围岩,并与之反应形成矽卡岩和退化蚀变矿物,导致成矿流体物理化学性质改变,在温度(180~400℃)、氧化-弱氧化和弱碱性-碱性条件下,发生磁铁矿沉淀。     

新疆准噶尔北缘托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿床矽卡岩和磁铁矿矿物学特征及其地质意义

托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿床赋存于中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩与闪长(玢)岩的接触带中,矿体呈脉状、透镜状,矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩.本文分别利用电子探针、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),对托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿附近的石榴子石、辉石、绿帘石的化学组分及磁铁矿的主量及微量元素开展研究.结果表明:矽卡岩矿物中石榴子石端员组分以钙铝榴石一钙铁榴石系列为主,辉石端员组分以透辉石为主,绿帘石化学成分富铁富钙,这些特点表明矿区矽卡岩具有钙矽卡岩特征.矽卡岩是由岩浆热液流体交代北塔山组基性火山岩而形成的,磁铁矿的形成与矽卡岩的退化变质作用有关.在石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段形成铜和金矿化.     

南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区小河口矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物化学及其成矿意义

秦岭造山带燕山期斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿床因过去发现的数量有限,限制了对区内铜矿床成矿机制的深入研究。小河口铜矿床是南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区内的典型矽卡岩型铜矿床,矿体产于燕山期花岗闪长玢岩与泥盆系桐峪寺组地层接触处的矽卡岩带内。成矿作用划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ干矽卡岩阶段、Ⅱ湿矽卡岩-氧化物阶段、Ⅲ石英-硫化物阶段和Ⅳ碳酸盐-石英阶段。本文在对该矿床矽卡岩矿物(石榴子石和辉石)和金属矿物(磁铁矿和硫化物)详细的岩(矿)相学观察基础上,针对这些矿物进行系统的电子探针成分分析,来示踪矽卡岩的成因和形成环境,讨论成矿元素的沉淀富集过程。研究表明,小河口铜矿床为典型的接触交代成因钙质矽卡岩型矿床。干矽卡岩矿化阶段从早到晚依次形成钙铝榴石(Adr_(24-31)Gr_(68-74))、钙铝榴石组分-钙铁榴石组分交替系列(Adr_(26-68)Gr_(31-72))和透辉石(Di_(73-91)Hd_(8-24))-纯钙铁榴石(Adr_(68-100)Gr_(0-30))。伴随着岩浆结晶分异,初始岩浆-热液流体与灰岩发生接触交代作用首先形成无环带钙铝榴石(Grt-a)矽卡岩,此时成岩环境为低氧逸度、酸性还原环境,不利于矽卡岩铁、铜矿化的形成;成矿流体不断从岩浆中出溶并发生多次沸腾,引起残留热液的氧化还原状态发生周期性变化,成矿热液由酸性逐渐向弱碱性演化,进而导致Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)活度的变化,在振荡的物理化学环境中形成了钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石组分交替生长的宽环带石榴子石(Grt-c)矽卡岩;随着岩浆演化和流体作用的扩大,成矿体系处于较稳定的碱性和高氧逸度环境,Fe和Al的过饱和程度此消彼长,形成了透辉石-密集振荡环带钙铁榴石(Grt-b和Grt-d)矽卡岩。成矿流体演化进入湿矽卡岩-氧化物阶段后,富含挥发分的热液活动起主导作用,沸腾作用将H~+和CO_2分离进入气相,导致流体体系碱性和氧逸度程度进一步升高,进而形成磁铁矿和镜铁矿大量沉淀富集。石英-硫化物阶段,随着温度和氧逸度骤减导致黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿等硫化物发生沉淀,并以石英-硫化物脉的形式充填于构造裂隙或矽卡岩内。     

黑龙江省三矿沟夕卡岩型铁铜矿床矿物学特征及成矿物理化学条件

黑龙江三矿沟铁铜矿床位于大兴安岭北段多宝山矿集区,矿体产于燕山期侵入岩与奥陶系多宝山组大理岩接触带的夕卡岩内。根据矿物共生组合及交代关系,确定热液成矿过程包括夕卡岩阶段、退夕卡岩阶段和石英硫化物阶段。铁矿化主要发生在退夕卡岩阶段,形成磁铁矿、镜铁矿等铁氧化物,呈浸染状、条带状、块状产于钙铁榴石夕卡岩中。铜矿化主要发生在石英硫化物阶段,形成黄铜矿、斑铜矿等硫化物,交代早期矿物。电子探针分析等研究表明,三矿沟铁铜矿床发育钙质夕卡岩矿物组合,其石榴子石主要为钙铝榴石和钙铁榴石,辉石为透辉石钙铁辉石系列,角闪石属于钙角闪石系列,绿泥石属于I型三八面体富铁绿泥石。石榴子石有3种类型：早期自形粗粒的钙铝榴石(Grt-Ia)和钙铁榴石(Grt-Ib),以及晚期呈脉状产出的钙铁榴石(Grt-Ⅱ)。夕卡岩阶段成矿流体具有高温、弱酸性、高氧逸度的特征;退夕卡岩阶段流体温度降低,pH升高,形成大量铁氧化物;石英硫化物阶段流体温度和氧逸度降低,金属硫化物沉淀。     

安徽安庆铜铁矿床矽卡岩岩相学和矿物学特征及意义

安庆铜铁矿床系长江中下游铁铜成矿带中一典型矽卡岩型矿床.矿体产于月山岩体与下三叠统南陵湖组碳酸盐岩之间的接触带,外接触带矽卡岩中透辉石富集,以铁铜矿化为主;内接触带矽卡岩中石榴子石富集,以铜矿化为主.岩相学研究表明研究区含铜矽卡岩演化经历了矽卡岩期和热液蚀变期,其中,矽卡岩期包括早期矽卡岩阶段、磁铁矿阶段和晚期矽卡岩阶段;热液蚀变期包括早期热液交代阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段.大规模的黄铜矿化发生于石英-硫化物阶段.矿物学研究表明,石榴子石均为钙铁榴石,早期矽卡岩阶段的粒状石榴子石发育韵律环带,其FeO和Al2O3含量表现为振荡变化.与粒状石榴子石相比,晚期矽卡岩阶段脉状石榴子石的And组分更高.早期矽卡岩阶段的粒状辉石为透辉石,具有环带结构,由核部到边部MgO含量减少,FeO含量增加;晚期矽卡岩阶段的脉状辉石为钙铁辉石.空间上,从外接触带到内接触带,辉石的MgO含量与石榴子石的Al2O3含量分别减少,而FeO含量均分别增加.岩相学、矿物学,结合已有地球化学研究成果综合表明,安庆铜铁矿矽卡岩为岩浆热液接触交代成因,Mg来自碳酸盐岩,由外带向内带迁移;Fe来自岩浆热液,由内带向外带迁移,由于磁铁矿阶段的温压条件改变,Fe在外接触带以磁铁矿的形式沉淀富集.     

青海尕林格铁矿床矽卡岩矿物学及蚀变分带

尕林格矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床位于青海省西部祁曼塔格成矿亚带的中部.矿体处于花岗闪长岩与滩间山群白云质大理岩接触带内以及外接触带沿NWW向断裂构造破碎带分布的大理岩和蚀变安山岩内.从侵入接触带往东,蚀变岩石分带性明显,主要划分出3种含矿矽卡岩带:含Fe的镁质矽卡岩带,含Fe、Cu的钙质矽卡岩带,含Fe、Pb、Zn的锰-钙质矽卡岩带.镁质矽卡岩带的矽卡岩矿物主要包括镁橄榄石及其蚀变矿物蛇纹石、粒硅镁石、透辉石、斜绿泥石,有关的金属矿物主要为磁铁矿.钙质矽卡岩带的主要矽卡岩矿物有绿钙闪石、铁阳起石、钙铁辉石、铁叶绿泥石、磷灰石、中长石,有关的金属矿物为磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿和少量黄铜矿.与锰-钙质矽卡岩有关的矽卡岩矿物有锰钙铁辉石、钙铁榴石、钙铝榴石、铁镁绿泥石、绿帘石、硅灰石、磷灰石、钙长石等,金属矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿和磁黄铁矿.通过对矿物组合的研究,确定了不同矿物组合的生成关系,划分了成矿期次,分为矽卡岩期、退化蚀变期和金属硫化物期,矽卡岩期又分为早、晚2个阶段.矽卡岩早期生成的石榴子石的化学成分端员以钙铝榴石(Gro67～ 99)为主,辉石的成分端员以透辉石(Di96～ 98)为主;矽卡岩期晚期阶段石榴子石的化学成分端员以钙铁榴石(Ad78～98)为主,辉石的成分端员以钙铁辉石(Hd68～ 84)为主.与中国东部矽卡岩型矿床进行对比后发现,锰-钙质矽卡岩带是一种向锰质矽卡岩带过渡的类型,对于寻找与锰质矽卡岩有关的矿化类型具有指示意义.     

云南金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及蚀变分带

金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床是位于“三江”地区保山地块北部的隐伏多金属矿床,矿体呈层状、似层状产于上寒武统核桃坪组大理岩化灰岩与矽卡岩内,受NW向F2断裂和NE向F10断裂控制明显。本文根据野外穿切关系及矿物共生组合,将矿床划分为4个成矿阶段,即矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段、碳酸盐阶段。矿区脉石矿物包括石榴子石、辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石、黑柱石、石英、方解石、萤石等,矿石矿物主要包括磁铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿。本文以矽卡岩矿物为研究对象,利用电子探针技术对其矿物学特征进行研究,结果表明：该矿床矽卡岩矿物主要为钙矽卡岩,石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主,辉石为透辉石-钙铁辉石过渡系列,角闪石主要为阳起石、铁阳起石和铁闪石,黑柱石含铁较高,多与磁铁矿相伴生;本矿床含少量锰质矽卡岩,包括锰铝榴石、含锰钙铁辉石、含锰阳起石、含锰黑柱石。矿床从深至浅的垂向分带以及自东向西的水平分带具有相似性：含Fe钙质矽卡岩→含Cu钙质矽卡岩→含Pb-Zn锰质矽卡岩→大理岩化灰岩,表明由矿床中部至两侧,自东向西,均有明显高温氧化环境向低温还原环境演化趋势。通过与已有矽卡岩Pb-Zn矿床矿物分带模型对比,推测存在深部岩浆热液以断裂交汇部位侵入交代围岩成矿,该矿床应为远接触带的矽卡岩型隐伏铁铜铅锌多金属矿床。     

云南金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及蚀变分带

金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床是位于"三江"地区保山地块北部的隐伏多金属矿床,矿体呈层状、似层状产于上寒武统核桃坪组大理岩化灰岩与矽卡岩内,受NW向F2断裂和NE向F10断裂控制明显。本文根据野外穿切关系及矿物共生组合,将矿床划分为4个成矿阶段,即矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段、碳酸盐阶段。矿区脉石矿物包括石榴子石、辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石、黑柱石、石英、方解石、萤石等,矿石矿物主要包括磁铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿。本文以矽卡岩矿物为研究对象,利用电子探针技术对其矿物学特征进行研究,结果表明:该矿床矽卡岩矿物主要为钙矽卡岩,石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主,辉石为透辉石-钙铁辉石过渡系列,角闪石主要为阳起石、铁阳起石和铁闪石,黑柱石含铁较高,多与磁铁矿相伴生;本矿床含少量锰质矽卡岩,包括锰铝榴石、含锰钙铁辉石、含锰阳起石、含锰黑柱石。矿床从深至浅的垂向分带以及自东向西的水平分带具有相似性:含Fe钙质矽卡岩※含Cu钙质矽卡岩※含Pb-Zn锰质矽卡岩※大理岩化灰岩,表明由矿床中部至两侧,自东向西,均有明显高温氧化环境向低温还原环境演化趋势。通过与已有矽卡岩Pb-Zn矿床矿物分带模型对比,推测存在深部岩浆热液以断裂交汇部位侵入交代围岩成矿,该矿床应为远接触带的矽卡岩型隐伏铁铜铅锌多金属矿床。     

青海省兴海县赛什塘铜矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及地质意义

赛什塘铜矿位于东昆仑造山带东端的鄂拉山地区,是中国西部重要的矽卡岩型铜矿之一。矽卡岩形成于印支期石英闪长岩与中—下三叠统地层Tb2 1-2岩性段的接触带,矿体主要呈似层状、透镜状产于外接触带矽卡岩中。Tb2 1-2岩性段由中性火山岩、大理岩及变质粉砂岩构成,其中变安山质凝灰岩及安山岩与铜矿化有着密切的空间关系。岩相学研究表明,含铜矽卡岩的形成经历了矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段及石英-碳酸盐阶段。矽卡岩阶段形成石榴子石、辉石及硅灰石,退化蚀变阶段则形成绿帘石、角闪石及磁铁矿,石英-硫化物阶段大量金属硫化物发生沉淀。电子探针分析表明,石榴子石与辉石矿物组分分别为Gro0.00~91.00And7.02~100.00(Pyr+Alm+Spe)0.00~4.27与Di12.80~98.08Hd2.41~79.80(Jo+Jd+Opx)0.00~13.47,表明其属于典型的钙矽卡岩类。空间上,靠近石英闪长岩与安山岩接触带处,钙铝榴石和绿帘石更富集,而向大理岩的一侧以钙铁榴石为主,并常见硅灰石及含Mn的钙铁辉石。矿物学特征及矿物成分的变化显示:从矽卡岩阶段到石英-硫化物阶段,流体性质呈幕式的变化,成矿流体至少经历了2次氧化还原性质的转变,这种变化可能与成矿流体中大气降水的不断加入有关。赛什塘铜矿属于矽卡岩型矿床,以石英闪长岩为主的岩浆活动携带了大量的热量及流体,侵入到中—下三叠统地层中,与围岩地层发生物质交换的同时,引起了大理岩、变质粉砂岩与中性火山岩之间的双交代作用,是导致矽卡岩和矿体形成的重要机制。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.