云南鹤庆县北衙金矿岩溶发育及富水特征

为确保云南北衙矿区的安全开采及岩溶水的合理开发利用,将区域水文地质调查和矿区地质勘探资料与生产实际进行对比分析,从岩性、构造、地貌等因素分析和总结矿区岩溶发育及富水特征。结果表明：岩性上,中三叠统北衙组二段细晶灰岩最纯,CaO含量为41.52%～54.77%,岩溶最发育,北衙组一段灰岩夹粉砂岩段限制了岩溶发育深度,侵蚀基准面以下岩溶发育深度大于150 m;岩溶发育主要受构造控制,岩溶发育方向与区内南北向、东西向及北西向构造线一致,且褶皱轴部、翘起端、断裂影响带、岩体接触带岩溶较发育;矿区岩溶水富水模式属于向斜汇流型,北衙向斜对岩溶水的富集起主导作用,断裂影响带和岩体与围岩接触带也有利于地下水的运移和富集。     

淮北矿区五沟煤矿太原组上段灰岩岩溶裂隙水富水性及径流特征

五沟煤矿太原组上段灰岩岩溶裂隙水是矿井主采煤层（10煤）的主要充水含水层。通过对矿区水文地质边界条件、地面抽水试验和井下放水试验的分析,认为矿区水文地质边界受制于周边的较大型隔阻水断层,从而形成了较封闭的地下水系统;太原组上段灰岩含水层的富水性在平面上具有不均一性,在垂向具有随着深度的增加,岩溶发育有减弱的趋势,基本上属弱富水含水层,仅在局部构造发育带为中等富水含水层。利用利用surfer软件,绘制出矿区太原组灰岩水位等值线图;从图上可以看出,矿区目前太原组含水层水位标高总体呈北高南低,中间高两边低的态势,并在井田西南部形成以水5孔及J5-1孔为中心的低水位区。该研究对目前矿井防治水工作具有重要的指导意义。     

丰城矿区长兴灰岩岩溶发育规律及岩溶水开发利用

丰城矿区长兴灰岩岩溶发育规律及岩溶水开发利用周殿祥，周锦中（江西煤田地质１９５队丰城市３３１１００）１前言丰城矿区位于丰城市赣江以西，地垮上圹、曲江、尚庄三镇，东西长１６ｋｍ，南北宽１０ｋｍ，面积约１６０ｋｍ￣２。区内开采煤层为二迭系龙潭组Ｂ、Ｃ煤组...     

马家沟灰岩（古）岩溶研究中的若干问题探讨

讨论了华北地区奥陶系马家沟组灰岩岩溶研究中的几个问题，包括沉积岩溶，暴露岩溶，埋藏岩溶，现代岩溶及陷落柱等，指出了沉积岩溶和暴露岩溶洞穴不能保存或保存甚少，但对后期的岩溶发育具有重要控制作用，最后，提出了今后奥陶系灰岩岩溶研究的基本思路。     

薄层灰岩浅部岩溶发育特征及分布模型

碳酸盐岩往往含有较多泥质夹层,多发育浅部岩溶裂隙,影响工程基础稳定性。文章依托广西合山市溯河矿区某道路浅部岩溶调查成果,分析了薄层灰岩岩溶宏观形态和垂直分布特征,按照溶蚀程度将其分为碎屑残留带、表层岩溶带和下部包气带;通过室内溶蚀试验,分析了矿物组成、CO2及水动力条件影响下的溶蚀规律;对比分析了薄层和厚层岩溶发育特征。结果表明:（1）薄层灰岩浅部岩溶发育程度与微地貌有关,通常在山谷和地下水强径流带溶蚀作用更为强烈;（2）薄层灰岩溶蚀优先开始于方解石,在岩石表面形成溶孔、粗糙程度增加,提供了侵蚀性溶液流动通道;（3）薄层灰岩岩溶较厚层灰岩岩溶规模小,分布较为均匀,由地表土体渗入地下岩体的地下水含有较多侵蚀性CO2水溶液,会促进岩溶作用的进行;（4）薄层灰岩浅部岩溶发育分布模型为:发育均匀的微小溶蚀裂隙在溶蚀下渗过程中遇到软弱夹层时会沿水平向扩展并随进一步溶蚀作用被充填,垂向深部发展时溶蚀作用逐步消散。     

重庆地区茅口灰岩的岩溶类型与发育特征

重庆地区茅口灰岩按埋藏条件和岩溶发育特征,可分为裸露型现代岩溶、隐伏型岩溶晶洞与东吴运动古岩溶三类。通过对各类岩溶发育特征及矿井的充水充气影响进行研讨,目的在于指导煤矿深部的开采和天然气钻探。     

铁路深埋隧道区岩溶发育特征研究

对圆梁山隧道毛坝向斜段揭露溶洞进行分析的基础上 ,结合向斜区岩溶分布的勘察 ,对毛坝段深层岩溶发育特征及影响因素进行了研究。认为岩溶水在水力坡度或压力水头 ,尤其是水重力的作用下有不断向深层运移的趋势 ,所以在水具有侵蚀性的前提下 ,岩溶也具有向深层发育的趋势 ,并在厚层隔水底板及排泄基准面附近形成岩溶较发育带。而岩溶分布的层位及构造部位 ,在同一地质单元中的浅层和深层区具有类似性     

浅析刘桥一矿岩溶陷落柱发育特征及成因

陈集向斜为刘桥一矿的主体构造,刘桥一矿从1971年建井至今,在井下掘进生产过程中共揭露岩溶陷落柱7个,通过对岩溶陷落柱发育特征资料的收集整理,发现陷落柱分布具有一定的规律性.从构造力学、水文地质方面对岩溶陷落柱的成因进行了分析.     

鄂尔多斯盆地太原组致密灰岩天然气成藏地质特征与勘探潜力

2021年鄂尔多斯盆地榆探*H在太原组灰岩完钻喜获日产超50万m³的高产工业气流,勘探取得重大突破,同时还有700余口探井在太原组灰岩见到明显的含气显示,展示了盆地太原组灰岩良好的潜力,对于重新认识盆地太原组灰岩勘探领域具有极其重大的地质意义。对该区烃源岩特征、沉积环境、储集特征及成藏组合等进行综合研究表明：(1)太原组灰岩为陆表海碳酸盐沉积,发育生屑滩、生物丘有利沉积相带,沉积大面积分布的生屑粉晶灰岩、藻黏结灰岩,经准同生期短暂的大气淡水淋滤后,可形成有利储层;(2)太原组灰岩发育多类型储集空间,溶孔、亚微米级及纳米级晶间微孔、微裂缝等叠置组合发育,构成立体网络储集空间,平面上,横山—靖边—志丹生屑粉晶灰岩储层发育,厚4～10 m,佳县—子洲—清涧地区藻黏结灰岩储层发育,厚2～6 m;(3)发育“三明治”成藏模式,灰岩储层夹在主力煤系烃源岩之间,生成的天然气通过断裂、裂缝进入灰岩储层聚集,形成岩性气藏,横山—靖边地区的生屑滩和子洲—清涧的生物丘是太原组灰岩有利勘探区,面积约为1.5万km²,有望形成天然气增储上产的现实领域。     

示踪试验在探查灰岩含水层突水通道中应用

为了查明新庄孜煤矿63301工作面1组煤层底板灰岩含水层的突水通道,分别从太原组灰岩、奥陶系灰岩含水层投放NaCl示踪剂,寒武系灰岩含水层观测孔投放KI示踪剂,在工作面突水点间隔采集样品。经测试分析其浓度随时间变化关系曲线发现:底板太原组灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道和一条大通道,奥陶系灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道,而寒武系灰岩含水层存在2条通道,在不同灰岩含水层通道中,水流速度存在较大差异性,反映了其岩溶裂隙发育非均匀性特点。此外,利用本次突水资料,计算灰岩含水层的参数。为工作面底板太原组灰岩水害治理提供依据。      

宜春-新余一带岩溶基本特征及发育规律分析

宜春—新余一带,可溶岩地层总厚度近2 000 m,受岩性、地质构造、地形地貌及新构造运动的影响,岩溶地质现象发育。岩溶形态类型丰富,主要有溶沟溶槽、石芽、溶蚀洼地、漏斗、落水洞、伏流暗河及隐伏岩溶。文章全面阐述了研究区岩溶的形态类型及其分布特征,分析和总结了岩溶的发育规律。这对区内的城镇规划建设、确保岩土工程和城镇供水安全等都具有重要意义。     

某二级公路岩溶发育特征及工程地质评价

拟建的某二级公路所在地区岩溶工程地质发育。通过分析该区岩溶发育的主要条件,调查各种岩溶形态的分布及发育特点,岩溶地下水的补径排特征来研究其岩溶发育特征,并对拟建公路的岩溶工程地质条件进行了评价和建议。研究表明,该区各种岩溶形态发育,针对某些岩溶病害,工程建设中应采取适当措施以减小其危害。     

花都地区岩溶发育规律及影响和控制因素调查研究

本文介绍了区内主要岩溶含水层分布规律、富水性等情况,并分别从岩性、地貌、构造、埋深、地下水活动及古水文网发育状况等方面,分析了其对岩溶发育的影响。     

Formation of regolith-collapse sinkholes in southern Illinois: Interpretation and identification of associated buried cavities

Three regolith-collapse sinkholes formed near the Dongola Unit School and the Pentecostal Church in the southern Illinois village of Dongola (Union County) during the spring of 1993. The sinkholes appeared over a three-month period that coincided with development of a new municipal well. The new well was drilled through clay-rich, valley-fill sediment into karstified limestone bedrock. The piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer is above land surface, indicating the presence of an upward hydraulic gradient in the valley and that the valley fill is acting as a confining unit. Pumping during development of the well lowered the piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer to an elevation below the base of the valley fill. It is hypothesized that drainage of water from the sediments, the resulting loss of hydrostatic pressure and buoyant force in overlying sediments, increased intergranular pressure, and the initiation of groundwater flow toward the well resulted in rapid sediment transport, subsurface erosion, and collapse of the valley-fill sediment. The sinkholes follow an approximately east-west alignment, which is consistent with one of the two dominant alignments of passages of nearby joint-controlled caves. A constant electrode-separation resistivity survey of the school playground was conducted to locate areas that might contain incipient sinkholes. The survey revealed a positive resistivity anomaly trending N75E in the southern part of the study area. The anomaly is linear, between 5 and 10 m wide, and its trend either intersects or is immediately adjacent to the three sinkholes. The anomaly is interpreted to be a series of pumping-induced cavities in the valley-fill sediments that formed over a preexisting crevice in the karstified bedrock limestone.     

洞坪水库岩溶发育规律及水库渗漏条件分析

洞坪水电站左岸河间地块是由一套滨— 浅海相的碳酸盐岩地层组成。岩溶水文地质条件复杂,发育有呈串珠状、平行于忠建河展布的岩溶洼地,并直抵清江,其下是否存在贯通的地下岩溶管道? 水库蓄水后会不会形成自库尾向清江的岩溶管道式渗漏? 这是该工程急待解决的主要工程地质问题。本文在该区岩溶发育规律研究的基础上,分析了其岩溶水系统的特征及岩溶水流动子系统的空间展布规律,为水库渗漏问题的勘察和评价提供了方向和依据。      

Groundwater withdrawal impacts in a karst area

During a 3000-gpm pump test on a groundwater supply well in Augusta County, Virginia, residential properties were impacted. The impacts included lowered farm pond water levels, development of a sinkhole, and water level decrease in residential wells. A study was performed to assess whether a lower design yield was possible with minimal impacts on adjacent property. This study included a 48-h 1500-gpm pump test that evaluated impacts due to: (1) sinkhole development and potential damage to homes, (2) loss of water in residential wells, and (3) water-quality degradation. Spring flows, residential well levels, survey monuments, and water quality were monitored. Groundwater and surface water testing included inorganic water-quality parameters and microbiological parameters. The latter included particulate analyses,Giardia cysts, and coliforms, which were used to evaluate the connection between groundwater and local surface waterbodies. Although results of the study indicated a low potential for structural damage due to future sinkhole activity, it showed that the water quality of some residential wells might be degraded. Because particulate analyses confirmed that groundwater into the supply well is under the direct influence of surface water, it was recommended that certain residents be placed on an alternate water supply prior to production pumping and that filtration be provided for the well in accordance with the Surface Water Treatment Rule. A mitigation plan was implemented. This plan included crack surveys, a long-term settlement station monitoring program, and limitation of the groundwater withdrawal rate to 1.0 million gallons per day (mgd) and maximum production rate to 1500 gpm.     

喀斯特旅游地开发时序评价研究

目前,很多喀斯特旅游地面临着初次开发、二次开发或者多次开发的投资选择问题。建立评价模型的目的是把有限的资金投入到能产生较大边际效益的旅游地。本文根据层次分析法,除考虑传统的资源、市场、区域开发条件等评价因素外,首次把发展阶段力引入了评价模型中,通过特尔菲法确定评价因子的权重,建立喀斯特旅游地开发时序评价的总模型和子模型,并建设性的探讨了定性和定量相结合的评价因子评分标准。文章还以贵州喀斯特国家级风景名胜区为例进行了时序评价实例研究,并给予了相应的时序开发对策。      

关于西南岩溶山区生态建设的一些讨论—－以贵州省为例

在分析20世纪90年代以来南方岩溶山区生态退化和重建研究实践方面的薄弱环节及国外岩溶区生态建设经验的基础上,对岩溶山区生态建设的特殊性进行了重新认识。指出岩溶山地的生态环境建设必须是一种经济建设,石漠化综合治理模式必须由扶贫型向质量型转变,由单一坡改梯向多途径特色农业转变,由防护型向开发型转变,由政府主导向参与式转变。在恢复和治理生态的前提下调整农业内部结构,发展特色产业,将环境资源转化为有形商业产品,形成生态环境外部经济效益良性循环的机制,以中止岩溶脆弱生态背景上土地退化的恶性循环。      

Groundwater abstraction impacts on spring flow and base flow in the Hillsborough River Basin, Florida, USA

Groundwater abstraction has resulted in spring flow and groundwater base-flow declines in the Hillsborough River system of central Florida, USA. These declines have resulted in reduction of inflows to the Tampa city reservoir as well as likely adverse environmental effects on riverine and estuarine biota. Causes evaluated for the declines include effects of groundwater development, reduced rainfall, and land alterations. The karstic, heterogeneic nature of the area renders groundwater flow modeling an ineffective method for overall evaluation. Therefore, the evaluation of these declines is accomplished through the systematic use of parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques. These techniques include contingency table analysis, linear regression, Kendall-Theil and Mann-Kendall trend analysis, locally weighted regression, Pearson correlation, Kendall-tau correlation, Spearman correlation, runs test, Student’s t test, and the Kruskall-Wallis test. Data evaluated include groundwater withdrawals, rainfall, base flow, streamflow, stream stage, spring flow, and groundwater levels. Additional methods used include double mass analysis, base flow separation, a low-stage trend analysis, data visualization techniques, and water level change maps. The methodical application of these analyses and techniques to the hydrologic and climatic data yields the conclusion that the primary factor causing the spring flow and base-flow declines is lowered groundwater levels caused by over-abstraction.     

水库岩溶渗漏及防渗研究综述

岩溶地区水库渗漏是可溶岩地区兴建水利枢纽的主要工程地质问题之一,尤其是在可溶岩广布、岩溶发育强烈、地形复杂地区,岩溶渗漏成为了该类地区水利水电工程的一个普遍问题.库区的岩溶渗漏不仅影响建坝后的正常蓄水,还将危及坝体的安全与稳定.因此,有必要对库区渗漏,特别是岩溶地区的库区渗漏进行渗漏机理、渗漏特征、渗漏条件等进行详细分...