贵阳市大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中水溶性无机离子的化学特性及季节变化特征

2005年1月到12月,在贵阳市区采集TSP样品,分析了其主要水溶性无机离子的化学性质及其季节变化规律。结果显示,TSP浓度年均值为106.60μg／m^3;各离子摩尔浓度的大小顺序为：SO4^2-＞NH4^＋＞Ca^2＋＞NO3^-＞K^＋＞Na^＋＞C^-＞Mg^2＋＞F^-。TSP及其组分存在明显的季节变化,TSP、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3^-、NH4^＋、K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^＋和Mg^2＋浓度的冬／夏比值分别为1.29、5.23、1.35、2.37、1.73、1.22、1.84、1.23和1.02。影响TSP、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋和F^＋的气象参数主要是相对湿度和风速,影响SO4^2-、NO3^-、NH4^＋,和Cl^-的是温度。TSP大多呈微酸性,可能是高含量的SO4^2-所致。NH4^＋与SO4^2-的相关性最好（R为0.85）,NH^＋与SO4^2-的摩尔比值为0.8,说明NH4^＋主要以（NH4）2SO4的形式存在。     

浅层地下水化学成分特征及成因分析

以淮南市浅层地下水为研究对象,采集样品130个样品,利用多种方法测试了21种水样指标。统计其化学组分,划分了水化学类型,分析了硬度与Ca^2＋／Na^＋,Mg^2＋／Na^＋,TDS和ES之间关系,并对地下水中重金属元素与常规组分的相关性进行了探讨。最后得出,淮南市区浅层地下水属于弱酸-弱碱性淡水,水体硬度大,水化学类型以Na^＋ - Ca^2＋ - HCO3^- - Cl^-为主;Cl^-、F^-、SO4^2-和氨氮超标不高,重金属超标高于其它组分,是影响地下水水质主要因素之一。另外随着TDS增加,Cl^-、SO4^2- 含量增大等。     

Chemical composition of wet precipitation at a developing urban site in southeastern China

A comprehensive study on the chemical composition of wet precipitation was carried out from January 2004 to December 2004 at Jinhua, China. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions （F, Cl, NO3,. SO4^2-, K^＋, Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋. and NH4^＋）. The results showed that SO4^2- is one of the dominant anions, accounting for 66.1% of the measured anions in precipitation, while NH4^＋ and Ca^2＋ account for 56.6% and 33.4% of the measured cations, respectively. Even though the concentrations of SO4^2- and NO3^- were not high relative to those in the northern areas of China, rainwater in the studied area is typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH of 4.54 due to the lack of neutralization in precipitation. The fractional acidity value suggested that about 76% of acid was neutralized by alkaline constituents. On the other hand, H^＋ showed no significant correlation with other ionic species, which indicates that its acidity might be attributed to the comprehensive effect of all the acidifying and neutralizing ions rather than one major ion in precipitation. A good correlation between Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋, as well as between Na^＋ and Cl^-, indicated these ions are commonly of crustal and marine origin, respectively. Other relatively good correlations were observed between NH4^＋ and SO4^2-, Ca^2＋ and SO4^2-, Mg^2＋ and SO4^2-, Mg^2＋ and NO3^-, and Mg^2＋ and Cl^-. These results were attributed to the atmospheric chemical reactions of the acids H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl with alkaline compounds such as NH3 and/or carbonate materials. High enrichment factor of marine source for SO4^2-, Ca^2＋ and K^＋ indicated that large amounts of these ions came mainly from a non-marine source. Similarly, a high enrichment factor of soil for SO4^2-, NO3^- and CI also suggested that most of these ions did not come from soil source.     

基于主成分分析的孔雀河灌区地下水化学成分评价

依据孔雀河灌区内地下水水样的水质化验数据,应用主成分分析法,分析了地下水化学成分与矿化度指标之间的关系。结果表明：前3个主成分累计贡献率已达92．31％,故提取3个主成分已能满足要求;矿化度变化主要受SO4^2-、Mg^2＋、Na^＋、Cl^-、K^＋、Ca^2＋影响。     

峨眉山地区大气漂尘化学组成研究

为了揭示峨眉山大气漂尘的化学特征，研究小组分别在1998，1999，2000年使用小型大气采样器进行采样，并测得样品中含有水溶性化学成分（Na^ ,K^ ,Mg^2 ,Ca^2 ,SO4^2-,NO3^-,NH4^ 和Cl^-)和酸溶性化学成分（Pb和Zn)。这一地区三年的大气成分与1990年的相似，而且峨眉山的Na^ ,Cl^-,SO4^2-,NO3^-,Ca^2 ,NH4^ ，Pb和Zn浓度分别比日本山形县鹤岗的要高出4－15，3－19，3－5，3－6，13－23，4－7，11－28和10－23倍之多。     

马海盆地深部孔隙卤水矿床水化学特征及成因

通过数理统计、聚类以及离子特征系数等分析方法,对柴达木马海盆地的深部砂砾石层孔隙卤水水化学特征进行了分析。卤水离子浓度空间分布特征表现为pH、Cl^-、TDS和Na+浓度值变化范围较小,分布均匀,而K^+、Rb^+以及Br^-、Mg^2+、Li^+、Sr^2+、I^-、B2O3、Ca^2+、Cs^+、NO3^-、SO4^2-等离子浓度分布不均匀,差异显著;Cl^-、TDS、Na^+、K^+、Mg^2+和Li^+与SO4^2-聚为一个亚类,表明卤水演化过程中有酸性液体的参与;K^+含量自西向东有增大的趋势,与Mg^2+和Li^+的变化具有相关性;离子特征系数反映出蒸发残余及盐岩溶解的多源性特征。研究区水化学类型为单一的氯化钠型,这种单一的物源可能与推测的更新统下伏盐岩层有关。     

Major ions characteristics in a disturbed aquifer of an oceanic island——Sipadan, Malaysia

The Sipadan island is the only oceanic island found in Malaysia, and is popularly known for its beautiful corals and diving activities. The aquifer of the island is affected by seawater intrusion associated with groundwater exploitation. Geologically, the aquifer is composed of several series of Quaternary bioherm facies, and its recharge merely depends on rainfall. This research attempts to understand the chemical changes of the groundwater attributed to the salinization processes based on major ion composition （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Na^＋, K^＋, HCO, SO, Cl^-）. The initial assessments were done in years 1993 - 1994, followed by subsequent assessment in years 2004-2005. Methods of analyses were adopted from APHA （1995）. The hydrogeochemical saturation indices （SI） were computed using the PHREEQC program in order to assess the state of equilibrium between groundwater and the minerals present. The results of analyses indicated that the groundwater has been highly enriched in Na^＋, SO and CI, reflecting an encroachment of saline water into the aquifer. The groundwater facies can be classified as sodium chloride （Na-Cl） water type. There are positive correlations （moderate to strong）, except HCO3^-, between the studied parameters. The weak and inconsistent correlation of HCO3^- with the cations and anions related to dissolved salts suggests that saltwater intrusion has an insignificant impact on the chemistry of HCO3^- in the groundwater. Strong correlations （r 〉0.70） exist among the major elements （Na^＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, Cl^- and SO4^-） and salinity （EC）. These relationships clearly identify the main elements contributing to the groundwater salinity and their tendency to depict a similar trend of salinization pattern. Chloride has a major influence on the salinity of groundwater based on the positive and strong correlation that exist between Cl^- and EC （r=0.97）.     

Variability of aquatic chemistry in central Guizhou karst region, China

It is necessary to understand the aquatic chemical characterstics of natural surface fresh water for water quality assessment.The chemical data from different kinds of water in the central Guizhou karst area showd that spring water from carbonate rock cracks(crack-water)is of neutrality or meta-alkalinity and [C] Ca II type.The amounts of all ions and the concentrations of HCO3^- and Ca^2 were higher in the autumn than in the spring,The crack-water was influenced by the infiltration of surface water in the process of erosion and /or trans-portation with decreasing HCO3 and increasing pH,SO4^2-,Cl^-,K^ and Na^ during running in a certain distance on the land surface .In particular,the chemical compositions of the waters at Tianxingqiao(upper-stream),Shuiliandong(mid-waterfall)and Luoshuitan(down-pool)near the Huangguoshu Waterfall were much different from those of the crack-water.The concentration of SO4^2-,Na^ ,Fe^3 and NO3^- varied closely with seasons.The CaCO3 deposited violently with CO2 release in the spring ,In Lake Hongfeng the HCO3^-/SO4^2- equivalent ratios were only 2.1-2.4 ,but Ca^2 /Mg^2 up to 2.4-4.2.The Cl^- concentration increased by a factor of 1 and Na^ by order of magnitude relative to the spring water.These indicated the increase in artificial pollutant discharge in the Lake Hongfeng watershed.In addition,Proewater in the soils covering carbonate rocks belongs to strongly mineralized water,The obvious differences in water quality were controlled by carbonate deposition,sulphate mineralization and nitrogen fixation as well as ammonification.It is indicated thaty the chemical compositions in the waters from the karst region were unstable and changeable.     

东濮凹陷西部斜坡带油田水特征及其油气地质意义

基于实际测试资料,统计分析了东濮凹陷西部斜坡带沙河街组油田水的水型、矿化度、盐类离子组分和化学系数的纵、横向变化特征,并探讨了油田水特征对油气聚集与保存的指示作用。研究表明,研究区油田水以CaCl2型为主;矿化度随埋深增大而增大,Ⅱ台阶发育高矿化度区;常规离子组成中阳离子为Na^＋ ＋K^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋;阴离子为C1^-、SO4^2-、HCO3^-,并以Na^＋＋K^＋和Cl^-占绝对优势,在深层高矿化度区存在阳离子交替吸附现象;由浅至深、自Ⅲ台阶到Ⅰ台阶,钠氯系数、脱硫系数、碳酸盐平衡系数和钠钙系数呈减小趋势,而变质系数和钙镁系数则逐渐增大;油田水分布特征指示着研究区深层的油气保存条件优于浅层,从西部斜坡带顶部到洼陷中心油气保存条件越来越好,Ⅱ台阶是重要的油气聚集区带与勘探对象。     

Water chemical behavior at Yangtze （Changjiang） River estuary

Geochemical cycling has received wide attention due to the need to understand the pathways of pollutants through our present environment. In this regard the Yangtze River plays a significant role in putting those pollutants into the East China SeafWorld Oceans. The Yangtze River is of high sedimentation rate and water discharge. The watershed covers variable climate regions from temperate to subtropical and from semiarid to humid. Twenty three （23） sampling locations at the estuary have been selected for understanding the dynamic relationships. The elements （Cl^-, SO4^2-, Na^＋, K^＋, and Ca^2＋） show conservative behavior during mixing of fresh water with saline water whereas Mg^2＋, Mn^2＋ show a non-conservative pattern . The relationships between Na^＋/SO4^2- and Cl^-/SO4^2- molar ratios show a mixing of more than two water sources.     

滦河三角洲浅层地下水水化学特征分析

查明滦河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征,对浅层地下水进行取样测试,对测试结果采用SPSS、Aquchm、MAPGIS等软件进行水化学特征分析。结果表明滦河三角洲地区浅层地下水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型水为主,北部山前扇顶部,地下水化学演化过程以溶虑作用为主。受人类活动等外界因素影响,地下水水质随时间变化较大。地下水中的阳离子中的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋与阴离子HCO3^-含量相对稳定,Na^＋与Cl^-相关性显著。     

Hydrogeochemistry of Wujiang River Water in Guizhou Province,China

The chemical composition of Wujiang River water represents that of river water from the typical carbonate areas.Ite hydrogeochemical characteristics are different from those of global major rivers.The Wujiang River and its tributaries have high total dissolved solid concentrations,with Ca^2 and HCO3^- being dominant,Mg^2 and SO4^2- coming next.Both Na^ K^ and Cl^- Si account for 5%-10% of the total cations and anions,respectively,These general features show the chemical composition of river water is largely controlled by carbonate weathering,with the impact of silicate and evaporate weathering being of less importance.Production activity,minin practice and industrial pollution also have some influence on the chemical composition of rive water.     

土地利用方式对喀斯特浅层地下水质量的影响

对贵州中部喀斯特山区的阔叶林区、旱作农业区、复合农业区、城镇居民区进行地下水资源调查和浅层地下水的采样分析，探讨土地利用方式变化对喀斯特浅层地下水化学及水质的影响。研究结果表明：喀斯特山区土地利用方式从林地．耕地．城镇居民地方向的变化过程中，其浅层地下水的HCO3ˉ、SO4^2-、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、Na^＋、K＋、NH4^＋、Clˉ、PO4^3-、NO3ˉ的含量发生了明显的变化。在复合农业区表现为SO4^2-、NO3ˉ、NH4^＋、Pb、Cr和Cd含量的增加造成地下水质量的下降，而在城镇居民区则表现在高锰酸钾指数以及SO4^2-、NH4^＋’、NO3ˉ、Pb、Cr和Cd含量的增加。     

冀东北地区中低温对流型地热系统的氟指示意义研究

为查明冀东北地区中低温对流型地热系统中氟的富集过程,通过对地热流体水化学特征和同位素数据的分析,研究地热流体中氟的分布特征、富集规律、水化学过程及影响因素。结果表明:研究区地热流体F^-含量为1.36~23.83 mg/L,呈现北高南低的趋势;在HCO3^-—Na^+和SO4^2-·HCO3^-—Na^+等Na型水中富集程度高于HCO3^-—Ca^2+和HCO3^-—Ca^2+·Mg^2+等Ca型水;碱性环境、温度和循环深度是影响氟离子富集的主要因素;水岩作用、含氟矿物溶解及阳离子交换作用,是控制高氟地热水水化学特征的主要地球化学过程。氟浓度异常可为寻找地热资源提供基础参考线索,为地热资源的科学合理利用提供科学依据。     

主成分分析法在判定新立矿井海水渗入中的应用

为了判定新立矿井海水渗入情况,在详细的水文地质调查、取样测试的基础上,应用主成分分析法将7个水质测试指标进行了降维处理,分析了主成分的实际意义,并根据综合主成分指标进行了水样的分类。结果表明,7个指标可以综合为两个主成分,Cl^-,Mg^2＋,Na^＋和SO4^2-四个变量在第一主成分上具有类似的、较高的载荷值,反映海水的浓缩效应,K^＋在第二主成分上显示较高的载荷值,反映离子交换吸附效应;矿坑涌水中K^＋、Na^＋等指标即可反映海水渗入的物理、化学特征,通过涌水水质的监测可以判定海水渗入情况。     

Stable isotopes （S, Cl） and hydrochemical variations in a karstic ground water system, Guiyang, SW China

A groundwater system in a karstic terrain is easily subject to pollution and its remediation is difficult once contaminated by human activities. The groundwater samples collected in both winter and summer seasons at Guiyang, SW China, show a wide range of variations in chemical composition and dominance of Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, SO4^2-, and HCO3^- ions. The anthropogenic inputs include Cl^-, NO3^-, SO4^2-, Na^＋, and K^＋, as judged from the relationships between different elemental ratios and sewage samples. Cl^- concentrations of all water samples in the study area vary from 0 to 3.9 mmol/L in winter and are higher than in summer. In most of the samples, SO4^2- concentrations are high, ranging from 0.1 to 11 mmol/U The studies show that the cycling of sulfur plays an important role in controlling water chemistry and fate of contaminants in groundwater. In order to understand the source of SO4^2- and the geochemical cycling of some elements in the karstic groundwater environment, we have carried out a study on the variations of S and Cl isotope compositions, in addition to other isotopic tracers such as ^87Sr/^86Sr and δ^13C studied previously. The δ^37Cl values of the groundwater samples present a seasonal variation, ranging from 0.00‰ to ＋2.03‰ in winter and from -1.46‰ to ＋0.29‰ in summer. The surface water samples show a similar range of variations as observed for groundwater. Two rainwater samples collected at Guiyang have a distinct isotopic signature （mean value is -3‰） compared to the δ^37Cl values reported in literature. These results indicate that ground water is mainly derived from precipitation and suggest a fast recharge of the karst system by surface water.     

新疆塔木—卡兰古铅锌矿床成矿流体地球化学特征

新疆塔木-卡兰古铅锌矿产于塔里木板块西南缘晚古生代碳酸盐岩沉积台地中，矿体受碳酸盐岩中的角砾岩带控制。对塔木，卡兰古，乌苏里克，卡拉牙斯卡克等矿区的流体包裹体化学成分的研究表明，成矿流体具有低温，中高盐度，高密度富含有机物质及硫化氢气体的特征。流体气相成分中H2O和CO2占主要成分，盐水中阳离子以Ca^2 ,Mg^2 为主，含Na^ ,K^ ,Li^ ，阴离子含Cl^-,HCO3^-,SO4^2-,F^-等。流体的δD值于-114‰--70‰间，δ^18O值在-1.7‰--15.2‰间。流体来源于大气降水参与的盆地热卤水，矿床成因属密西西比河谷（MVT）型。     

Sulfuric acid as a weathering agent of carbonate weathering constrained by δ^13C： Examples from Southwest China

Rock weathering by carbonic acid is one of the important atmosphere CO2 sequestration. Actually, it depends on whether carbonic acid or other acids as weathering agents, which is important to understand the model of global carbon cycle. For example, sulfuric acid derived from oxidation of pyrite takes part in the rock weathering, which might counteract one part of CO2 drawdown by silicate weathering. In this study, chemicals and carbon isotopic composition of waters were determined in the Beipan River, Guizhou. The δ^13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon in the province, Southwest China. The values of the samples range from -13.1‰ to -2.4‰, which show a good negative correlation with the equivalent ratio of [HCO3]/（[Ca^2＋＋Mg^2＋]） and a good positive correlation with the equivalent ratio of [SO4^2-]/（[Ca^2＋＋Mg^2＋]） and [SO4^2-]/[HCO3^-]. The relationships suggest that sulfuric acid took part in carbonate weathering. Acid rain is thus a significant source of sulfuric acid to the karstic rivers of Guizhou Province.     

Geochemical characteristics and source analysis of inflow of mine water in Wang＇ershan Gold Mine, Shandong

Through a systematic observation of water level and temperature, and a comprehensive analysis of the data on major/trace elements, nitrite, hydrogen-oxygen isotopes, the conclusion has been drawn that there are two relatively independent groundwater systems （cool water and hot water）, and the geochemical indicators of hot/cool waters are described. The cool water system is relatively enriched in Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋ and HCO3^-. Its TDS is relatively low, about 1400-1800 mg/L. The hot water system is relatively enriched in K^＋, Na^＋, Cl^- and SO4^2-. Its TDS is relatively high, about 2200-2300 mg/L. The cool water system is enriched in Ba, Ga, Cd, and the hot water system is enriched in B, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Rb, and Cs, relatively. Especially, the contents of Rb and Cs in the hot water system are more than five times as high as those in the cool water system. The NO3^- contents of cool water discharged from the gold mine are relatively high, and those of hot water are extremely low. The 8D and 8-80 values follow an increasing order of surface water〉mine cool water〉mine hot water. The cool water comes mainly from the lateral supply of phreatic water, while the hot water comes mainly from the vertical supply of deeply circulating structure-fracture water. The ratio of cool water over hot water was estimated to be about 1：1 by a water quality model..     

Effect of Zob-Ahan effluent water on ground water quality

Even though, application of industrial effluent water may alleviate the irrigation water shortage in dry regions such as Iran, but uncontrolled discharge into environment and agricultural land may cause unirreversible harmful damage to environments. Therefore, application of industrial effluent water should consider the environmental consequences such as soil, ground water and food contamination. In this study the effect application of Zob-Ahan effluent water for irrigation water and seepage from evaporation ponds on the chemical composition of surrounding well-water were seasonally investigated from April to March in 2003. The water from the selected well was sampled and analyzed for pH, EC, nitrate, hardness, TSS, TDS, and cations including Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, anions including SO4^2-, CO3^2-, HCO3^-, Cl^-, and heavy metals including Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, and Zn . The results were compared with standard levels for ground water resources, irrigation water, and direct human consumption. The result shows that the ground water in the vicinity of effluent water application fields and evaporation ponds is contaminated and the concentrations of NO3, Cl and Fe are higher than standard permissible levels for ground water resources. For irrigation or discharge into absorption well the heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe are limiting.