新疆库车坳陷侏罗系碎屑岩中粘土矿物粒径研究

选取库车坳陷侏罗系阿合组—齐古组的碎屑岩样品,采用跟进与离心相结合的方式将岩样进行5级分离,对分离后岩样SEM(EDS)分析观察到不同粒径粘土矿物的形貌特征。在20～2μm范围内的样品中,可见片状碎屑粘土矿物;在<2μm的样品中可见自生粘土矿物,以集合体形式存在。对不同粒级的粘土XRD分析表明,该区碎屑岩的主要粘土矿物类型为伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊蒙混层,伊蒙混层主要出现在<0.2μm范围内。高岭石的含量随着岩样粒度的变粗呈现上升的趋势,而伊利石则相反。在气候温暖潮湿的早侏罗世和中侏罗世早期,高岭石的含量相对高;在气候干旱的中侏罗世晚期及晚侏罗世,高岭石的含量减少,伊利石则呈现相反趋势。区分不同成因的粘土矿物可以为进一步研究这一地区的沉积环境、成岩演化历史提供有力依据。     

大颗粒黏土矿物对黏土矿物X射线衍射定量分析的影响

现行X射线衍射分析黏土矿物都是提取粒径小于2μm的悬浮溶液检测样品的黏土矿物组合及含量,含量数据有时与其他检测数据相悖。在鄂尔多斯盆地黏土矿物研究中,通过偏光显微镜和扫描电镜发现存在粒径大于2μm的黏土矿物颗粒,特别是高岭石的粒径多为3～10μm,这些大颗粒黏土矿物会造成含量数据不准确。为了证明大颗粒黏土矿物对其含量测量的影响,本文设计了不同粒径标准的提取物对比试验:随机选取267个样品,每个样品分别按照10μm和2μm标准提取两份悬浮溶液制成测试片,采用SY/T5163—2010行业标准中的检测方法得到10μm和2μm提取物的黏土矿物组合及含量。通过对比发现大颗粒黏土矿物对各类黏土矿物的相对含量测量结果有明显影响:10μm提取物中高岭石含量明显增大;伊利石/蒙脱石间层矿物含量显著降低;伊利石含量的变化小且无规律;绿泥石含量整体变化较小,少量样品中绿泥石含量发生了明显的偏离,与大颗粒高岭石的赋存有关。本研究提出应结合地质状况和工作目的审慎选择提取粒径的标准,对SY/T 5163—2010中的黏土矿物提取粒径标准作出修订。     

鄂尔多斯盆地志留—泥盆纪和侏罗纪热事件—伊利石K—Ar年龄证据

利用伊利石K-Ar测年法,结合伊利石结晶度分析,首次在鄂尔多斯盆地确定出两期不同时代热事件。晚三叠世和晚二叠世<0.2μm粒级的岩石样品的K-Ar年龄(159-173Ma)反映了与燕山运动有关的伊利石化年龄,指示有一期中侏罗世的热事件;其<2μm粒级的K-Ar年龄(210-308Ma)则被解释为碎屑物和自生伊利石的混合年龄。中寒武世<0.2μm和<2μm粒级的岩石样品K-Ar年龄(368Ma与419Ma)对应于北秦岭加里东褶皱带变质作用与最早期花岗岩侵入的时代(380-420Ma),表明在志留-泥盆纪发生了一期热事件。     

东北地区上古生界泥质岩石共存黏土矿物

利用电子显微镜(JSM- 6700F)配合能谱仪(INCA),进行了黏土矿物显微形貌和微区成分的研究.自生伊利石和绿泥石通常片径为1～3 μm,边界平直;碎屑(次生或原生)伊利石和绿泥石一般片径＞3μm,呈不规则的片状集合体形态.在化学成分上自生、碎屑伊利石和绿泥石基本一致.共存黏土矿物出现的几率和相对质量分数研究表明...     

辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地沉积物晚更新世以来的矿物特征及其物源、气候意义

对辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地地区ZK3钻孔的58个沉积物样品中碎屑矿物和黏土矿物进行鉴定和分析,结果显示:碎屑矿物中轻矿物占比大,平均含量为95.7%,主要包括斜长石(43.89%)、钾长石(28.10%)和石英(22.45%);重矿物平均含量仅为4.3%,主要为普通角闪石(38.03%)、绿帘石(27.51%)和自生重晶石(12.01%)。黏土矿物中伊利石平均含量(50.3%)最高,其次为蒙脱石(24.5%)、绿泥石(12.7%)和高岭石(12.6%),黏土矿物组合为伊利石-蒙脱石-绿泥石-高岭石型。ZK3孔晚更新世以来沉积物的物源有所差异,但总体上来说,除河道和湖相沉积时期物源主要来自大凌河外,其它沉积环境中沉积物主要来自辽河和大辽河,物源相对稳定。黏土矿物组合特征所指示的气候变化过程与本区域的孢粉数据有很好的对应关系:45~31 ka BP处于庐山—大理的间冰期阶段,蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值较大,指示气候温和湿润;31~11 ka BP为大理冰期阶段,蒙脱石/高岭石比值较低,指示气候寒冷干燥;11 ka BP至今为冰后期阶段,随着新仙女木事件(YD)的结束,温度逐渐回升,蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值升高,指示气候温暖湿润。     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲组黏土矿物异常转化对储层质量的影响

为寻找北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷优质储层发育区带,指明后期油气勘探开发方向,本文基于实验分析和热力学计算相结合的方法,深入研究了涠西南凹陷渐新统涠洲组储层中黏土矿物异常转化层段及类型,明确了异常高孔高渗带成因。结果表明：受热流体活动影响,研究区在埋深2 300～2 900 m存在明显的黏土矿物异常转化现象,且可分为绿泥石化和高岭石化两种类型,热力学计算结果也证实高岭石绿泥石化和伊利石高岭石化在涠西南凹陷具有热力学优先性,是涠西南凹陷涠洲组优质储层的重要成因。异常高孔高渗带集中分布于绿泥石含量(质量分数)大于35%(高岭石含量在30%～35%之间)和高岭石含量大于45%(绿泥石含量在10%～20%之间)两个层段。其中,在2 300～2 400 m和2 500～2 700 m深度范围内储层主要发育异常高岭石化;在2 400～2 500 m和2 700～2 900 m深度范围内储层主要发育异常绿泥石化。     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系泥岩黏土矿物组合及地球化学特征

对准噶尔盆地南缘玛纳斯河剖面泥岩中黏土矿物的组合类型、微观形貌和地球化学特征进行了综合分析,讨论了侏罗纪古气候、古环境演化过程。结果表明,泥岩中主要矿物为黏土矿物、石英、长石,以及少量的方解石、赤铁矿等。黏土矿物组合类型分为两类。一类为伊利石-蒙脱石混层矿物、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石组合,主要分布在下侏罗统泥岩中;另一类为伊利石和蒙脱石组合,主要分布在上侏罗统泥岩中。扫描电子显微镜分析表明,黏土矿物结晶度较低,伊利石常呈丝状、叶片状,蒙脱石呈不规则板状分布在碎屑颗粒表面,片状伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物存在于孔隙之中。其δCe为0.9~1.3,Eu呈负异常,La/Sc、La/Th、Th/Sc值则较高,指示源区母岩为长英质岩石类型。研究认为准南地区侏罗纪气候和沉积环境演化可划分为3个阶段:早侏罗世属于温暖湿润气候条件,以湖泊-三角洲沉积为主;中侏罗世早期属于温干偏湿润气候条件,以湖泊沉积为主;中侏罗世中后期至晚侏罗世属于相对较冷干旱的气候条件,属于宽浅氧化湖盆沉积环境类型。     

台湾海峡表层沉积物中黏土矿物特征及物质来源

利用X射线衍射仪,对比分析台湾海峡及周边表层沉积物的黏土矿物特征,讨论长江、福建和台湾河流对海峡黏土矿物的贡献程度。福建河流（闽江）的黏土矿物以高岭石为主（>40％）,其次是伊利石（30％）和绿泥石,不含蒙脱石;长江和浙闽泥质区的黏土矿物特征是伊利石含量最高（61％～66％）,其次是绿泥石（16％～17％）和高岭石（10％～13％）,少量蒙脱石（6％～9％）。台湾河流（浊水溪）黏土矿物组合为伊利石（>70％）和绿泥石,不含高岭石和蒙脱石为特征。台湾海峡高岭石含量由西向东明显减少,说明高岭石主要来自福建的河流。〖JP2〗台湾海峡50 m等深线以东区域的黏土矿物具有高的伊利石和绿泥石含量,低的蒙脱石和高岭石含量,且伊利石的化学指数和结晶度值都明显低于长江和福建的河流,反映台湾河流的物质来源。在台湾暖流作用下,台湾河流为台湾海峡中北部提供了大量的伊利石和绿泥石。福建近海的黏土矿物主要是由福建河流提供的,但在平潭岛周边海域的黏土矿物可能有长江物质的混合。〖JP〗     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘泥质岩黏土矿物特征及其地质意义

为研究鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭-二叠纪古气候特征及其与成煤作用之间的关系,利用X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对研究区石炭-二叠系泥质岩中的黏土矿物组成及其环境意义进行分析。结果显示,区内泥质岩中黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石/蒙皂石混层矿物为主,次为伊利石和绿泥石。黏土矿物的垂向组合特征表现为:高岭石在桥头剖面、扒楼沟剖面和成家庄剖面山西组,桥头剖面太原组底部、成家庄剖面太原组上部及本溪组中部含量偏高。伊利石在各个剖面的山西组中含量较高,绿泥石仅在山西组中上部、太原组下部含量较高。扫描电镜下黏土矿物晶体形态规则,未见明显磨蚀痕迹,伊利石结晶度为0.42°△2θ~0.63°△2θ,平均值为0.47°△2θ,结晶度较好,混层比相对质量分数平均值25.1%,表现为自生黏土矿物。根据自生黏土矿物的习性指出研究区古气候总体表现为温暖潮湿、间或在太原组早期和山西组中-晚期伴有短周期干冷气候。古气候与沉积环境两者相互印证指示聚煤作用强度的变化过程,是控制研究区内聚煤作用的关键因素。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部太原组砂岩中伊利石的特征及成岩演化

岩石学观察和X射线衍射分析表明,伊利石是鄂尔多斯盆地东北部地区上古生界太原组砂岩储层中分布最广、含量最丰富的黏土矿物。显微观察识别出下述几种类型的伊利石:碎屑伊利石、具蒙皂石转化特征的伊利石、交代长石的伊利石、具高岭石过渡形貌的伊利石以及其他的自生伊利石。根据研究区太原组浅海沉积背景以及砂岩样品的组构、矿物学特征,认为一部分伊利石的成因与浅埋藏开放体系中大量外部来源的钾有关。而太原组砂岩中高岭石在数量上的缺失以及相关的岩相学特征则表明大部分伊利石应来自于深埋藏条件下钾长石与高岭石之间的反应。该过程是受到热力学与动力学控制的,早成岩期高K+/H+活度比的流体对钾长石的保存、伊利石化作用发生前长石向高岭石的转化以及相对较高的地层温度是其重要的控制条件。     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Partitioning of Hf,Lu, Ti,and Mn between olivine,clinopyroxene and basaltic liquid

The crystal/liquid partition coefficients of Lu, Hf, Ti, Mn and Ca have been measured between olivine, clinopyroxene and basaltic melt. The Ti, Mn, and Ca partition coefficients were determined at natural abundance levels. The Lu and Hf partition coefficients were determined at doping levels ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 wt% “trace element” as oxide in order to allow analysis by electron microprobe. Olivine/liquid partition coefficients for Lu, Hf, Ti, Mn, and Ca were determined at 1 bar and temperatures from 1150 to 1177° C. Clinopyroxene/liquid partition coefficients were determined for Lu, Hf, Ti, and Mn at pressures of 10, 15, and 20 kbars and temperatures from 1250 to 1290° C. The olivine/liquid partition coefficients of Hf, Lu, Ti, and Ca are small. D(Hf-ol) is zero within the analytical uncertainty. Both D(Lu-ol) and D(Mn-ol) decrease with increasing temperature, but D(Ti-ol) and D(Ca-ol) are constant over the narrow temperature range studied. The partition coefficient results are summarized below.

Distribution of copper,cobalt and nickel in ores and host-rocks,Ingladhal, Karnataka,India

Stratiform quartz-sulphide lodes in Ingladhal occur in a typical Precambrian green-stone-belt environment comprising metabasalts, tuff, chert and cherty iron-sulphide formation. Unusually high cobalt contents of metavolcanics and of sulphide minerals in orebodies suggest a consanguinity between ores and rocks. 90% of total nickel, 70% of total cobalt but only 30% of total copper in rocks occur in silicate phases and thus indicate an early separation of copper from cobalt and nickel. Unusually high non-sulphide copper in barren bedded cherts implies availability of Cu-rich solution prior to their lithification. Pyrite in sediments, in volcanics, and in orebodies is characterized by a distinctive pattern of Co-Ni distribution in each case. Partitioning of Co and Ni between coexisting sulphide pairs is complex, but gross equilibrium is indicated. Very high trace metal content of orebody pyrite sharply contrasts with very low such values in pyrite from adjacent sediments and points to a higher temperature of formation of orebodies.