Magnetite-Fluorite Rock:A New Rock Type of Hot Water Sedimentation

The new type hot water sedimentary rock -- magnetite-fluorite rock occurs as quasi-layers in flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata in Bamianshan of Changshan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The main mineral assemblage is fluorite＋magnetite＋cassiterite. The rock shows typical laminated structure and obvious mosaic texture. Its formation temperature is between 123℃-160℃, averaging at 142℃. The major chemical composition of the rock includes CaF2, SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, and Fe2O3; the high-content microelement association includes W, Sn, Be, Rb, Sr, S, and CI; and the total content of REE is low （∑REE between 35.34×10^-6-38.35×10^-6）, showing LREE enrichment type of distribution pattern. Diagenesis： driven by the tectonic stress, the formation water heated in the deep strata had moved along the fissures or fractures in strata and had extracted components from the strata on the way, and finally stagnated in the flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata. With drop in temperature, magnetite and fluorite were separated from the hot water and precipitated alternately, forming this hot water sedimentary rock with new type mineralogical composition, typical laminated structure, obvious mosaic texture and sub-horizontal occurrence. The characteristics of the new type mineralogical composition, sedimentary tectonic environment and chemical composition are different from that of the well-known traditional hydrothermai sedimentary rocks.     

Evaporation Stage of Paleo-saline Lake in the Sichuan Basin, China: Insight from Fluid inclusions in Halite

Sichuan Basin is one of the most important marine–salt forming basins in China. The Simian and Triassic have a large number of evaporites. The Triassic strata have found a large amount of polyhalite and potassium-rich brine. However, no soluble potassium salt deposit were found. In this study, the halite in well Changping 3 which is located at the eastern part of the Sichuan basin was studied using the characteristics, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the fluid inclusion in halite to reconstruct the paleoenvironment. The salt rocks in well Changping 3 can be divided into two types: grey salt rock and orange salt rock. The result shows that the isotopic composition of the halite fluid inclusion is distinct from the global precipitation line reflecting that the salt formation process is under strong evaporation conditions and the climate is extremely dry. At the same time, compared with the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of brine in the Sichuan Basin and the hydrous isotope composition of the inclusions in the salt inclusions of other areas in China, it is shown that the evaporation depth of the ancient seawater in the Sichuan Basin was high and reached the precipitation of potassium and magnesium stage.     

Study on frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions北大核心CSCD

At present,artificial freezing method has become one of the effective methods for coal mine shaft to pass through water-rich soft rock strata,which can stop the movement of groundwater and limit the deformation of surrounding rock. In order to study the frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions,frost heaving tests of saturated and dry Cretaceous red sandstone samples under different freezing rates （10 ℃·h-1,5 ℃·h-1,2 ℃·h-1,1 ℃·h-1）and different confining pressures（5 MPa,10 MPa,15 MPa,20 MPa,25 MPa）were carried out by using GCTS（Geotechnical Consulting & Testing Systems）servo-controlled low temperature and high pressure triaxial rock testing system. In this paper,based on the existing theory of physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil,we studied the frost heaving law of sandstone under different freezing conditions and explored the frost heaving mechanism. The result shows that in the process of cooling,the dry rock sample always produce cold shrinkage deformation,while the saturated rock sample first produce cold shrinkage deformation,then produce frost deformation,and finally the deformation tends to be stable. The deformation of saturated rock samples is much larger than that of dry rock samples. The larger the stress level of rock samples at the same temperature is,the smaller the frost deformation is,which shows a linear negative correlation,mainly because the high confining pressure limits the volume expansion of the water phase in the pore inside the rock samples when it becomes ice. The frost deformation of rock samples is mainly affected by confining pressure and water content,while the frost heaving rate is mainly affected by cooling rate. Under this test condition,the higher the cooling rate of sandstone is,the higher the frost heaving rate is,and the relationship between them is approximately linear. For saturated rock samples,the confining pressure reduces the rock frost heaving by limiting the expansion during the phase transformation of ice water,and the temperature affects the rock frost heaving by affecting the freezing rate of pore water and the thermal expansion and cold contraction of rock skeleton. For dry rock samples,the deformation is mainly due to the volume contraction of rock mineral particles caused by thermal expansion and cold contraction effect,and the greater the temperature change,the greater the deformation. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis method,a calculation formula of rock frost heaving considering the influence of confining pressure was established. By calculating the frost heave of sandstone samples under different confining pressures,it is found that the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover,according to the calculation formula of frost heaving,the influence factors of rock frost heaving during freezing can be divided into two categories：internal cause and external cause. The internal cause includes porosity,saturation,volume modulus of ice and rock skeleton,and the external cause includes temperature and confining pressure. For saturated rock,the frost heaving is mainly affected by factors such as confining pressure,temperature and porosity. When the saturation,porosity and freezing rate are low,the rock may only produce shrinkage deformation,because these indicators determine whether the rock produces frost heave or freeze shrinkage. The mechanism of rock frost heaving is very complicated due to the interaction and restriction between the internal and external factors and the dynamic changes of rock micro-structure and mechanical properties during the process of frost heaving. The research results can provide theoretical reference for freezing construction scheme design of deep coal seam mine construction,and also provide a theoretical basis for the study of physical and mechanical properties and engineering application of soft rock in frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Experimental Study Optimizing Hole Cleaning-Cuttings Transport in Oil Drilling Engineering

With a clear understanding of the drilling fluid techniques and the cutting-taking mechanism, a new advanced model is set up for analyzing field data and quantitative forecast of cutting-taking mechanism. Therefore, a number of values affecting the drilling rate and the hole cleaning are studied over a wide range of parameters. Drilling data obtained under high-borehole-pressure conditions are analyzed to determine the causes of the reduction in rate of penetration (ROP) as the borehole pressure increases, which in some cases is caused by the buildup of rock debris under the bit. The theoretical achievement and testing conclusions can be very instructional for horizontal well drilling. Much higher annular velocities are required for effective hole cleaning in directional wells than in vertical wells. Highviscosity muds are observed to provide better transport than low-viscosity muds.     

Geochemical characteristics and source analysis of inflow of mine water in Wang＇ershan Gold Mine, Shandong

Through a systematic observation of water level and temperature, and a comprehensive analysis of the data on major/trace elements, nitrite, hydrogen-oxygen isotopes, the conclusion has been drawn that there are two relatively independent groundwater systems （cool water and hot water）, and the geochemical indicators of hot/cool waters are described. The cool water system is relatively enriched in Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋ and HCO3^-. Its TDS is relatively low, about 1400-1800 mg/L. The hot water system is relatively enriched in K^＋, Na^＋, Cl^- and SO4^2-. Its TDS is relatively high, about 2200-2300 mg/L. The cool water system is enriched in Ba, Ga, Cd, and the hot water system is enriched in B, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Rb, and Cs, relatively. Especially, the contents of Rb and Cs in the hot water system are more than five times as high as those in the cool water system. The NO3^- contents of cool water discharged from the gold mine are relatively high, and those of hot water are extremely low. The 8D and 8-80 values follow an increasing order of surface water〉mine cool water〉mine hot water. The cool water comes mainly from the lateral supply of phreatic water, while the hot water comes mainly from the vertical supply of deeply circulating structure-fracture water. The ratio of cool water over hot water was estimated to be about 1：1 by a water quality model..     

Characteristics and origin of ore-forming fluids of Jinchangqing gold （copper） ore deposit （s） in Xiangyun, Yunnan Province

On the basis of results of the studies of primary fluid inclusions, and the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data, the authors concluded that the early-stage ore-forming fluid from the Jinchangqing gold(copper) ore deposit is a kind of sulfate type hot brine characterized by medium temperature and salinity,genetically related to the late-stage ore-forming fluid derived from an acidic and more reduetive environment. However, the late-stage ore-forming fluid is a sort of low temperature and low salinity chloride-type hot brine which originated from a lower pressure, acidic and more oxidative environment. In general, the ore fluids were derived from the late-stage, or largely from the early-stage groundwater-derived meteoric water, which has a 12‰-17‰ heavier oxygen isotopic composition than the original rain water (δ^18O=- 15.3‰), and were formed during gold mineralization as a product of oxygen isotope exchange during the reaction between ore-forming fluid and wall rocks under a lower water/rock ratio condition.     

无机气相色谱仪在气液包裹体成分研究中的应用

CXL-101 inorganic gas chromatography is eharacterised by its high sensitivity,high speed, small quantity of sample required, less adsorption and reliability of result. It is especially suitable for the determination of H2O and CO2 in fluid inclusions. H2O and CO2 contents in fluid inclusions of 41 samples were measured by this instrument from a number of types of tungsten and quarts deposits, Regular variation has heen found in the content of H2O, i.e., it decreases with decreasing distance toward the parent rock, or with increasing temperature, and vice versa. This regularity may be ascribed to the origin of fluid, distance between parent rock and ore deposit, temperature of form.ation, changes in the way of fluid movement as well Hs the nature of country rocks.     

Geochemical characteristics and source analysis of inflow of mine water in Wang’ershan Gold Mine, Shandong

Through a systematic observation of water level and temperature, and a comprehensive analysis of the data on major/trace elements, nitrite, hydrogen-oxygen isotopes, the conclusion has been drawn that there are two relatively independent groundwater systems (cool water and hot water), and the geochemical indicators of hot/cool waters are described. The cool water system is relatively enriched in Ca2 , Mg2 and HCO3-. Its TDS is relatively low, about 1400–1800 mg/L. The hot water system is relatively enriched in K , Na , Cl- and SO42-. Its TDS is relatively high, about 2200–2300 mg/L. The cool water system is enriched in Ba, Ga, Cd, and the hot water system is enriched in B, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Rb, and Cs, relatively. Especially, the contents of Rb and Cs in the hot water system are more than five times as high as those in the cool water system. The NO3- contents of cool water discharged from the gold mine are relatively high, and those of hot water are extremely low. The δD and δ18O values follow an increasing order of surface water>mine cool water>mine hot water. The cool water comes mainly from the lateral supply of phreatic water, while the hot water comes mainly from the vertical supply of deeply circulating structure-fracture water. The ratio of cool water over hot water was estimated to be about 1:1 by a water quality model..     

Research on Formation Mechanisms of Hot Dry Rock Resources in China

As an important geothermal resource, hot dry rock(HDR) reserves have been studied in many countries. HDR resources in China have huge capacity and have become one of the most important resources for the potential replacement of fossil fuels. However, HDR resources are difficult to develop and utilise. Technologies for use with HDR, such as high–temperature drilling, reservoir characterisation, reservoir fracturing, microseismic monitoring and high–temperature power stations, originate from the field of oil and drilling. Addressing how to take advantage of these developed technologies is a key factor in the development of HDR reserves. Based on the thermal crustal structure in China, HDR resources can be divided into four types: high radioactive heat production, sedimentary basin, modern volcano and the inner–plate active tectonic belt. The prospective regions of HDR resources are located in South Tibet, West Yunnan, the southeast coast of China, Bohai Rim, Songliao Basin and Guanzhong Basin. The related essential technologies are relatively mature, and the prospect of HDR power generation is promising. Therefore, analysing the formation mechanisms of HDR resources and promoting the transformation of technological achievements, large–scale development and the utilisation of HDR resources can be achieved in China.     

Research on Diageneses of Cambrian Shoal Facies Carbonate Rocks in the Xiadong Area, Hubei Province

With continuous outcrops, developed shoal fades rocks, complete types of diagenesis and changeable diagenetic environments, Cambrian strata are well developed in the Xiadong area, Yichang, Hubei Province. Under the combined influence of numerous diageneses, secondary pores can be formed, which result in better reservoir properties of the rock strata.The Cambrian rocks in this area consist of mainly carbonate rocks and secondarily detrital rocks. The carbonate rocks are dominated by grainstones including wormkalk, calcirudite-calcarenite, oolitic limestone and oncolitic limestone. Graded bedding and cross bedding are well developed in the strata, which indicates that the formation environment is of a high-energy shoal facies.In this area, there has developed a sequence of stable Cambrian platform carbonate deposition. The evolution trend is as follows: open sea shelf facies→intertidal low-energy restricted sea facies→Hntertidal high-energy shoal facies→coastal shoal facies→evaporite tidal-flat facies     

煤层气钻井中的几个关键技术问题浅析

在煤层气钻井施工中,基本上采用石油钻井工艺。根据煤层气开采要求及相关技术标准,对钻井中的几个关键问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的技术措施：如针对井斜因素的防斜措施,在工开钻进时的井液控制,煤层钻进时的钻进参数调整;下套管深度及接箍位置以及固井方法。这些措施,可有效提高钻效,提高成井质量。     

松科1井（主井）取心钻进钻井液技术

松科1井是全球第1口陆相白垩纪科学探井,由主井(又称北井)和南井组成,主井164.77~1 792 m井段连续取心。分析了主井取心钻进存在的钻井液技术难点;经过室内钻井液体系优选,根据不同地层分别采用了PAM钻井液体系、DFD-LG-CMC钻井液体系和DFD-NH₄HPAN-SAKH钻井液体系;同时结合钻井液粘度的合理控制技术、降低循环压降的钻井液技术等,先后解决了松散砂层、水敏性泥岩和硬脆性泥岩中的取心钻进技术难题,探索出了一条用低成本钻井液进行类似科学钻探工程的成功之路。      

超深井高温钻井液技术概况及研究方向的探讨

[摘 要] 我国未来深部大陆科学钻探深度为12000m ～ 13000m,井底温度将达到350℃以上,钻井液将面临超高温高压环境,钻井液技术将面临严峻考验。本文重点介绍了国内外典型深井及超深井钻探和高温地热井钻探钻井液使用情况,提出了抗高温钻井液的主要技术难点是高温高压及污染条件下钻井液流变性、滤失量、润滑性控制。耐温250℃以上钻井液处理剂及体系、耐高温钻井液试验仪器和地面循环降温系统是超高温钻井液技术研究方向。     

贵州省页岩气调查井施工工艺

以“贵州省页岩气资源调查评价”项目部分调查井施工过程为依托,简要介绍了目前贵州省页岩气钻井工程和测井技术基本工艺情况,总结页岩气钻井和测井工作中存在的问题,可为同类工程提供借鉴。     

自动降解钻井液在水井钻进中的应用

概括了国内外最新的环保型钻井液体系,并提出一种新型环保型钻井液———自动降解钻井液,这种钻井液能在钻进时有效地护壁堵漏,而在钻进结束后自动降解,从而达到环保的要求。在甘肃张掖和广西柳州等多处水井钻进的实践证明,这种自动降解钻井液能解决钻进时护壁堵漏与恢复地层渗透性的矛盾。      

小口径油气地质调查井的问题与工程实践

小口径油气地质调查井作为一种地质调查的工作手段,在施工过程中遇到很多问题。以已完成施工的羊D1井、黑富地1井、黑富地2井为背景,对油气地质调查井钻井特点、施工要求和施工难度进行分析,阐述了由于配套设备、钻井工艺方法和相关安全规范等因素不健全,对油气地质调查工程带来的风险和对油气赋存情况评价造成的影响。     

X92井长裸眼井段钻井液技术措施

X92井是胜利油田在某地区布置的一口预探井。为节约投资,二开睨15．90mm井眼段采用长裸眼钻井施工,裸眼长度达3771m。该井地质条件复杂,除具有一般长裸眼井钻进的难度外,还具有多压力层系并存并且对地层压力系数不明确等难点,如果处理不好容易造成钻井事故。通过合理的控制钻井液性能,再加上钻井液维护和处理等配套技术,较好地解决了该井技术难题,形成了一套适合该井的优快钻井技术及施工措施。该井的顺利完成,为以后在该地区进行长裸眼钻井优化设计及施工提供了相关经验。     

胜利油田页岩油藏钻井液技术

胜利油田相继在罗家等区块部署了页岩油藏水平井,用于页岩油的开发。页岩地层层理和微裂缝发育,钻井过程中极易引起井壁失稳问题。同时,由于水平段较长,也存在着润滑、井眼清洁等难题。针对施工难点和风险,研究制定了页岩油藏钻井液方案,二开采用胺基钻井液体系,三开采用油基钻井液,顺利地完成了钻井施工。就胜利油田页岩油藏钻井液技术进行了介绍和分析,针对应用过程中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,对页岩油藏的勘探开发有一定的启示作用。     

充气欠平衡钻井液技术在DP4井水平段的应用

DP4井是中石化华北分公司在鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田布置的一口充气欠平衡水平井,该井目的层为盒1段,地层压系数较低,压力系数范围0．83—0．99（平均0．93）,为了有效保护气层,DP4井水平段全过程采用了充气欠平衡钻井工艺技术。欠平衡钻井工艺采用充气钻井液技术,通过该工艺在DP4井的实施,在盒1气层保护上取得较大成功。主要介绍了充气欠平衡钻井液技术的技术工艺、实施过程和现场实施情况,并对充气欠平衡钻井液技术在该井实施效果进行了分析评价。     

煤层气定向井的施工工艺

沁煤盆地郑庄区煤层气井设计为丛式定向井，井身结构设计为直井段、造斜段、稳斜段。其中丛式井直井段设计为二开结构。在不同井段采用不同钻具组合，钻进参数及成井工艺也各不相同。在钻进过程中，为最大限度地发挥煤层气的开采效果，全孔采用清水作为钻井液，并使用了有线随钻测量系统和大功率钻探设备，钻进效果明显，全孔满足设计要求。