扬子西缘荥经地区三叠纪碎屑物源分析

扬子西缘早三叠世处于伸展环境,而晚三叠世为前陆盆地。扬子西缘三叠系保存较好,是研究三叠纪构造转换物源响应方面的理想场所。本文根据重矿物电子探针和碎屑锆石测年,分析三叠系的物质来源,进而探讨与构造环境的对应关系。电气石探针结果显示,下三叠统主要源自贫锂花岗岩类伴生伟晶岩和细晶岩、变质板岩、变质砂岩、钙质硅酸盐岩和电气石石英岩,上三叠统主要来自贫锂花岗岩类伴生伟晶岩和细晶岩、贫钙变质板岩、变质砂岩和电气石石英岩,且自下三叠统至上三叠统变板岩和变砂岩的物源区比重逐渐增加;尖晶石显示,下三叠统砂岩主要来自大火成岩省、洋岛玄武岩和岛弧玄武岩类,上三叠统主要来自岛弧玄武岩类。碎屑锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,早三叠世碎屑锆石峰值为251～265 Ma、460～535 Ma和544～987 Ma,晚三叠世碎屑锆石峰值为228～251 Ma、255～387 Ma、429～523 Ma、573～954 Ma、1720～2004 Ma和和2453～2494 Ma。综合分析表明,下三叠统沉积物主要来自峨眉山玄武岩、康滇古陆,少量来自南秦岭造山带,而上三叠统的物源区主要为峨眉山玄武岩、康滇古陆、秦岭造山带和华北板块。三叠系物源的差异,主要与晚三叠世秦岭造山带与扬子板块碰撞有关。     

上扬子会泽地区晚三叠世须家河组砂岩物源特征:基于重矿物分析和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年

上扬子会泽地区晚三叠世须家河组主要由辫状河-浅湖的砂岩和泥岩组成,交错层理校正恢复的物源主要来自东南方向。碎屑重矿物钛铁矿、锐钛矿、铬尖晶石和磁铁矿组合表明物源主要来自岩浆岩,部分为基性岩,且重矿物中发现大量碎屑电气石和锆石。运用电子探针成分分析和碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年方法,分别对须家河组砂岩中电气石和碎屑锆石进行测试分析。电气石化学成分显示主要为镁电气石和黑电气石,来自变质板岩和变质砂岩以及贫锂花岗岩类、伟晶岩和细晶岩。砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱分析表明,须家河组的物源主要来自257~362 Ma、420~492 Ma、782~876 Ma和1 690~2 176 Ma岩石。物源方向、重矿物以及电气石和碎屑锆石综合分析表明,须家河组物源主要来自滇黔桂古陆。其中,257~362 Ma的物源岩石主要为峨眉山玄武岩同期侵入岩;420~492 Ma来自东南源岩为花岗岩和砂岩,782~876 Ma主要为研究区周缘同期的花岗岩和砂岩,1 690~2 176 Ma物源也是源岩为岩浆岩的砂岩。与飞仙关组物源对比,须家河组物源区明显不同,可能与区域构造运动有关。同时,碎屑锆石指示古元古代发育岩浆作用,且存在古老的新太古代结晶基底。这些资料为上扬子构造演化提供了沉积学证据。     

川东北米仓山寒武系苗岭统陡坡寺组沉积特征、物源分析及构造意义——沉积记录的限定

川东北米仓山寒武系苗岭统陡坡寺组主要由碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩的混合沉积物组成,多数学者认为其形成于克拉通盆地。笔者等通过对陡坡寺组的野外地质调查,综合分析其沉积环境和物源区,探讨陡坡寺组的构造环境。米仓山地区苗岭统陡坡寺组主要为灰白色中—厚层灰岩和白云岩、紫红色薄层粉砂岩、泥岩及少量灰白色薄层细砂岩等,发育水平层理、结核等沉积构造,沉积环境为潮上带和潮间带。陡坡寺组砂岩中重矿物主要由锆石、电气石、金红石、白钛矿、重晶石等组成,指示沉积岩和岩浆岩的物源母岩类型。碎屑电气石电子探针结果显示,母岩主要为贫锂花岗岩类及伴生伟晶岩和细晶岩、变质板岩、变质砂岩等。碎屑锆石的物源分析表明主要来自于542～520 Ma和993～731 Ma的岩石,来自于冈瓦纳大陆以及康滇古陆等。根据陡坡寺组的沉积序列、重矿物、锆石年代学等综合分析,陡坡寺组形成于与碰撞相关的构造环境。     

扬子西南缘晚三叠世-早侏罗世盆山格局演化过程：来自楚雄盆地碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学的证据

印支期扬子西南缘沉积盆地大地构造性质及盆山格局演化过程长期存在较大分歧.对楚雄盆地西侧祥云剖面上三叠统-下侏罗统砂岩样品进行碎屑锆石U-Pb定年和碎屑物源分析.结果显示,上三叠统云南驿组和罗家大山组碎屑物源主要来自上扬子地区的中-下三叠统和二叠系,而上三叠统白土田组和下侏罗统冯家河组碎屑物源主要来自松潘-甘孜地体和康滇古陆.结合沉积环境演变和区域地质背景,认为在晚三叠世早期,区域内造山作用相对较弱,楚雄盆地碎屑物源供给不足,为欠补偿盆地;晚三叠世晚期-早侏罗世,虽然楚雄盆地的构造演化受哀牢山造山带逆冲推覆作用的控制,但是楚雄盆地的沉积充填过程主要受控于快速崛起的松潘-甘孜造山带.     

四川仁寿牛角寨石窟盐风化作用机理与气候响应

川东北米仓山寒武系苗岭统陡坡寺组主要由碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩的混合沉积物组成,多数学者认为其形成于克拉通盆地。笔者等通过对陡坡寺组的野外地质调查,综合分析其沉积环境和物源区,探讨陡坡寺组的构造环境。米仓山地区苗岭统陡坡寺组主要为灰白色中—厚层灰岩和白云岩、紫红色薄层粉砂岩、泥岩及少量灰白色薄层细砂岩等,发育水平层理、结核等沉积构造,沉积环境为潮上带和潮间带。陡坡寺组砂岩中重矿物主要由锆石、电气石、金红石、白钛矿、重晶石等组成,指示沉积岩和岩浆岩的物源母岩类型。碎屑电气石电子探针结果显示,母岩主要为贫锂花岗岩类及伴生伟晶岩和细晶岩、变质板岩、变质砂岩等。碎屑锆石的物源分析表明主要来自于542~520 Ma和993~731 Ma的岩石,来自于冈瓦纳大陆以及康滇古陆等。根据陡坡寺组的沉积序列、重矿物、锆石年代学等综合分析,陡坡寺组形成于与碰撞相关的构造环境。     

上扬子西南缘早三叠世嘉陵江组物源分析和构造环境:沉积学、重矿物电子探针和U- Pb年龄的限定

上扬子西南缘地区广泛分布峨眉山玄武岩,受其影响在中带金阳和外带荥经地区嘉陵江组发育滨岸和潮坪环境沉积物。本文在交错层理恢复的物源方向基础上,根据重矿物组成、重矿物电子探针和碎屑锆石测年结果,综合分析不同区域嘉陵江组物源区,进而探讨嘉陵江组形成的构造环境。嘉陵江组砂岩碎屑重矿物锆石、磷灰石、铬尖晶石等指示物源主要来自于岩浆岩,且自中带至外带基性岩浆岩所占比重逐渐减少。电气石电子探针分析显示,二者物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩和变质砂岩、板岩。铬尖晶石显示,金阳地区物源来自峨眉山玄武岩和洋岛岩浆岩类岩石,荥经物源主要来自洋岛岩浆岩类岩石,个别为峨眉山玄武岩。碎屑锆石表明,嘉陵江组物源主要来自于新元古代岩浆岩和晚二叠世峨眉山玄武岩,前者经历再搬运。综合物源分析表明,嘉陵江组物源主要来自康滇古陆,岩石类型主要为峨眉山玄武岩和砂岩等。沉积序列和物源分析表明,嘉陵江组反映了沉积物蚀顶过程。结合地震资料、大火成岩省的分析成果表明,嘉陵江组形成于火山型裂谷边缘。     

青藏高原东北缘祁连山三叠系砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其物源分析

三叠系沉积物广泛覆盖青藏高原东北缘,其中松潘—甘孜地区三叠系的沉积物得到了较系统的研究,但是青藏高原北缘的祁连山三叠系盆地的研究却较为缺乏。为了丰富相关研究和揭示区域构造演化的特点,通过古水流方向统计、砂岩中碎屑矿物统计和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年等方法对祁连山三叠纪盆地物源进行系统研究。结果表明,祁连山三叠系盆地的古流向主要有南东向、正南向、南西向,物源来自岩浆弧和大规模褶皱造山作用的混合区。祁连山三叠系砂岩中的碎屑锆石的年龄谱主要峰值集中在250~290 Ma、360~460 Ma、1 600~2 000 Ma和2 200~2 600 Ma这4个年龄段。通过对比分析华北板块、华南板块中和秦祁昆中央造山带中岩浆锆石年龄谱特征可知:1 600~2 000 Ma和2 200~2 600 Ma年龄段的锆石来自华北板块,360~460 Ma年龄段的锆石来自北祁连造山带,250~290 Ma年龄段的锆石来自东昆仑的火山岛弧。此外,600~1 000 Ma年龄段锆石很少,这些锆石来自扬子板块,表明在三叠纪扬子克拉通和华北克拉通发生碰撞形成了秦岭造山带,阻断了来自扬子克拉通的物源。     

扬子陆块西缘寒武系砂岩的物源分析：对古地理位置重建和构造背景的指示

扬子陆块西缘寒武系主要为一套碎屑岩- 碳酸盐岩的岩石组合,前人研究多认为形成于相对稳定的克拉通盆地。但同时期出现的大陆岩浆作用显然与前期认定的克拉通盆地性质不符,需要借助扬子西缘的物质来源探讨构造背景。基于野外露头等资料,本文通过对扬子陆块西缘会泽和会东附近寒武系3件砂岩样品进行重矿物分析、电气石电子探针和碎屑锆石U- Pb测年分析,确定扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物的源区;并结合沉积序列等综合探讨扬子陆块西缘寒武纪的构造背景。沉积序列表明,扬子西缘寒武系沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要由砂岩和白云岩等组成,沉积环境为滨岸—潮坪。细—粗砂岩碎屑颗粒为次棱角状—次圆状,分选较差;碎屑组分主要为石英,岩屑几乎全部为燧石,长石含量较少。测试分析结果表明：重矿物分析指示扬子西缘寒武系砂岩重矿物主要由锆石、赤—褐铁矿、电气石、钛铁矿、金红石、磷灰石等组成,重矿物组合指示岩浆岩为其主要母岩;电气石电子探针分析结果表明,物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩和变砂岩、变泥岩;碎屑锆石测年分析表明物源区母岩主要为983~540 Ma岩浆岩。碎屑锆石年龄对比等综合分析表明,寒武系沉积物部分源自康滇古陆983~708 Ma的岩浆岩和变沉积岩,部分源自冈瓦纳大陆东非造山带663~540 Ma的岩石,物源区岩石经历再旋回产物作用。扬子西缘寒武系的沉积序列、碎屑锆石年龄谱图和碎屑组成等特征综合分析表明,扬子陆块西缘寒武系形成于前陆盆地。     

川西甲基卡地区侏倭组沉积物源分析—来自碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄证据

松潘- 甘孜造山带是青藏高原东北部的重要组成单元，是华北板块、扬子板块和羌塘块体的主要汇聚地区，主要由中生代浅变质沉积地层和一系列岩浆岩组成，记录了印支期以来块体之间的收敛汇聚等构造活动。其中，雅江残余盆地发育一套厚度巨大的中生代碎屑岩和岩浆岩地层组合，是研究松潘- 甘孜造山带地质构造演化的理想地区之一。本文对川西甲基卡地区侏倭组的样品进行了碎屑锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄测试，碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄存在四个峰值，分别为231~281Ma、424~502Ma、707~983Ma、1539~1850Ma，表明扬子克拉通西缘及松潘甘孜造山带南部至少经历了四期强烈的构造—岩浆热事件，这四期事件在三叠系沉积地层中有非常清楚的记录。231~281Ma的锆石来自东昆仑，这一年龄段的锆石最可能来自北部晚二叠世松潘洋向北俯冲于华北板块之下所形成的东昆仑岛弧花岗岩。424~502Ma的锆石来自北秦岭，代表了加里东期南秦岭与北秦岭和华北板块的拼合事件。722~983Ma的锆石来自扬子板块，这一年龄段的锆石最可能来自盆地东部新元古界拉伸系上扬子克拉通盆地向北西俯冲于华北板块之下所形成的南秦岭花岗岩，形成于扬子板块晋宁期陆壳增生事件。1539~1850Ma与华北板块基底年龄特征值正相对应，是吕梁期华北克拉通东西两大块体在中部发生碰撞，华北古陆进一步固结、扩大的时间，这其中包含了继承东西块体的太古宙物质和新生的火成岩和沉积岩，在中- 晚三叠世，随着秦岭洋的关闭和碰撞造山，将大量碎屑物质经华北板块南缘东西向的疏导体系注入松潘甘孜盆地。说明松潘甘孜三叠纪复理石盆地侏倭组主要接受来自东昆仑、华北板块和秦岭造山带的物质。最年轻碎屑锆石可以限定沉积岩的最大沉积年龄，侏倭组4颗年轻碎屑锆石加权平均计算得出241. 8±4. 5Ma（n=4），推测侏倭组沉积年龄介于231. 6~249. 9Ma之间。     

上扬子会泽地区早三叠世飞仙关组砂岩物源特征:来自重矿物铬尖晶石和碎屑锆石的限定

上扬子会泽地区早三叠世飞仙关组主要为河流相的紫红色砂岩,物源主要来自于西部和西北部。碎屑重矿物组合表明物源主要来自于岩浆岩,且重矿物中发现大量碎屑铬尖晶石和锆石。本文运用电子探针微区成分分析和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年方法,对上扬子早三叠世飞仙关组砂岩中铬尖晶石和碎屑锆石进行分析。铬尖晶石电子探针化学成分分析显示,其具有高铬、低Fe~(3+)和高TiO_2含量的特征,源岩分析指示这些铬尖晶石来源于与洋岛/板内、岛弧以及大火成岩省相关的火成岩。同时,碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定表明,飞仙关组的物源主要来自于248~272Ma和715~997Ma的岩浆岩。铬尖晶石和碎屑锆石综合分析表明,248~272Ma的物源岩石具有大火成岩省玄武岩特征,主要为峨眉山玄武岩及同期基性侵入岩;715~997M的物源为洋岛/板内玄武岩类,主要为研究区周缘与新元古代苏雄组及其同期的岩浆岩;铬尖晶石指示的岛弧性质物源则可能源自1000~1100Ma的岩浆岩。同时,碎屑锆石还指示古元古代和早寒武世发育岩浆作用,且存在古老的新太古代结晶基底。这些资料为上扬子地区构造演化提供了沉积学的证据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.