雄安新区容城地热田热储空间结构及资源潜力

雄安新区地热条件优越,尤其是牛驼镇凸起和容城凸起具有多年的地热开发历史。容城地热田绝大部分地区适合地热的规模化开发,同时容城地区也是新区建设初期主要的规划开发区,地热资源在服务新区生态文明建设和清洁供暖方面具有重要的意义。容城地热田主要热储层包括新近系明化镇组孔隙型砂岩热储,寒武系、蓟县系以及长城系基岩热储。蓟县系为区域主要的热储层,埋深700～3000 m,厚度500～2000 m,热储温度50～98℃,具有水量大、水质好、储层易于回灌的特点;长城系热储在凸起中心部位仍具有较大的开采潜力,D14钻孔显示长城系热储单位涌水量达到2.6 m~3/h·m,井口水温63.7℃,可作为新区的后备资源。容城地热田按照主要热储层上部覆盖地层构造差异由西向东分别为西部斜坡区、中央隆起区、东部断陷区,由西向东热储开发潜力逐渐变大。本文通过热储法计算了容城地热田年地热可采资源量折合标准煤76.3万t;数值法模拟了水位下降不低于150 m,开采井温度下降小于2℃条件下,年地热可采资源量折合标准煤81.09万t,两者结果相近,评价结果可为容城地热资源规划开发提供参考。     

雄安新区深部岩溶热储探测与高产能地热井参数研究

河北雄安新区地热资源条件优越,以往的勘查开发层位主要在1 800 m以浅,探测深部岩溶热储,寻找高品质地热资源是支撑服务新区规划建设的迫切需要。本文以位于容城—牛驼镇地热田中南部的D18孔为依托,阐明了3 500 m深度的岩溶热储探测方法、重要发现和主要参数。主要结论为:(1)容城—牛驼镇地热田中南部地质构造复杂,是地热资源勘查开发的有利目标区,深部岩溶热储由蓟县系雾迷山组含燧石条带、巨厚叠层石白云岩组成;(2)D18孔在2 120~3 500 m深度共发育115个岩溶裂隙带,岩溶裂隙总厚度353 m,孔隙率3.44%~39.8%,其中2 120~2 300 m为主要出水层,平均孔隙率12.9%;(3)D18孔孔口水温93.1℃,孔内实测最高温度95.05℃,温度峰值出现在高孔隙率发育的2 120~2 300 m孔段,推测由深部热对流机制造成;(4)D18孔抽水试验曲线具有水-汽二相混合特征,完井抽水流量140 m3/h,单井供暖潜力达20万m2,为目前发现的雄安新区范围内产能最大地热井。     

雄安新区高阳低凸起区雾迷山组热储特征与高产能地热井参数研究

雄安新区范围内高阳低凸起地热资源条件优越,以往对高阳低凸起勘查开发利用较少。目前利用热储主要为浅部馆陶组砂岩,对于雄安新区规划建设迫切需要探测高阳低凸起深部热储,寻找高品质地热资源。本文以位于高阳地热田中北部的D35孔为依托,通过抽水试验、水样测试分析,研究雾迷山组热储岩溶热储的热储特征、主要参数等。主要结论为:①D35孔蓟县系雾迷山组裂隙岩溶热储,岩性主要为白云岩、泥质白云岩。裂隙(水层)总厚度43m,占地层总厚度的19.68%(裂隙率),孔隙度平均值为3.93%,渗透率平均值为3.16×10~(-3)μm~2;②D35孔在3600～3850 m深度共发育10个岩溶裂隙带,岩溶裂隙总厚度250 m,D35孔孔口水温106.6℃,孔底最高温度116℃;③D35孔抽水试验曲线具有水-汽二相混合特征,完井抽水流量170 m~3/h,单井供暖潜力达38.5万m~2,为目前发现的雄安新区范围内产能最大地热井。     

雄安新区容东片区地热资源赋存特征及潜力评价

雄安新区容东片区是新区规划建设的第一个安置区, 具有较好的地热资源赋存潜力。查明该地区地热地质条件, 准确评估其地热资源量, 可为雄安新区地热资源的开发利用、能源结构转型提供理论支撑。本文综合分析深部地质结构、断裂分布、地温场与水化学场等, 揭示了容东片区地热资源赋存特征和形成机理, 采用采灌均衡法综合评价了蓟县系碳酸盐岩热储地热资源量。主要结论: (1)本区的主要热储层包括新近系明化镇组孔隙型砂岩热储、蓟县系雾迷山组及高于庄组碳酸盐岩热储、长城系碳酸盐岩热储; 其中, 蓟县系热储为地热勘查开发主要目标层段, 其水温约为50 ℃, 储厚比为20%~40%, 储层最大孔隙度为11.3%。(2)西北部太行山地区大气降水是本区地热资源的补给水源, 地下水沿断裂经深循环被深部热源加热, 而后沿导水断裂带运移至凸起处强岩溶裂隙发育区, 形成水热型地热系统。(3)容东片区蓟县系碳酸盐岩热储在采灌均衡条件下热储地热流体可开采量为1.33×104 m3/a, 地热流体可开采热量为0.95×1015 J/a, 折合标准煤3.23万吨/年。以上研究助力构建雄安新区清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系。     

雄安新区地层及主要热储空间结构特征与地热水资源潜力

雄安新区中深层白云岩热储地热资源丰富,为了提高对该区主要热储白云岩热储特征及地热水资源潜力的认识程度,指导新区中深层白云岩热储地热水资源的规模化开发,基于钻井、地震、地质等资料,研究了该区白云岩热储的地层空间分布、构造特征、储集空间特征和主建设区白云岩热储地热水资源潜力。研究表明：雄安新区主要热储雾迷山组、高于庄组除在断裂面部分地区外基本全区分布;雾迷山组埋深在容城凸起、牛驼镇凸起相对较浅,在高阳低凸起相对较深;高于庄组有类似的分布特征,总体埋深更深,温度更高;其它地层除第四系、新近系明化镇组外分布都比较局限;区内发育众多以NNE向为主的正断层,与少数其它方向断裂交会,将深部地热通过流体传输到浅部,并造就断裂两侧大量的裂缝和控制岩溶发育方向及规模,形成众多溶蚀孔洞;同时构造演化中雾迷山组古地貌中高地貌部分,在喜山期大多剥蚀与新生界形成不整合面,共同构成本区重要的输导通道和储集空间,岩溶孔洞和裂缝结合型复合空间是本区雾迷山组主要热储空间,单独的裂缝、孔洞是次要热储空间,大型溶洞一旦发育往往是主力产水层;新区主建设区顶面在5 000 m(底部埋深可达6 000 m)及以浅的白云岩岩溶裂缝热...     

河北保定容城凸起地热田储层属性与资源潜力

21世纪人类将面临资源、环境与灾害的严重挑战。地热资源作为绿色新型能源,可减少传统燃料的消耗,实现CO₂减排,日益受到人们的青睐。河北保定市容城凸起地热田为我国东部代表性中低温地热田,其热储类型为基岩岩溶裂隙热储(主要为蓟县系雾迷山组及长城系高于庄组),具有储量大,可回灌等特点。根据现有数据和地质资料进行的地热资源潜力评估表明:容城凸起(56 km²研究区范围)基岩(3 000 m以浅)热储地热资源量为416×10¹⁶ J, 相当于标准煤239×10⁶ t,折合热能1 320 MW,可采地热资源量为62×10¹⁶ J,相当于标准煤36×10⁶ t,折合热能198 MW。     

雄安新区高阳地热田蓟县系热储特征及资源量评估

雄安新区高阳低凸起区钻获华北盆地温度和产能最高的地热井, 揭示雄安新区3000 m以深存在地热开发的第二空间——蓟县系碳酸盐岩热储。高阳低凸起区深部碳酸盐热储规模化开发在服务雄安新区生态文明建设和清洁供暖方面具有重要的意义。本文建立雄安新区范围高阳低凸起热储空间结构, 初步查明了地热田雄安新区范围5000 m深度内的热储分布和性质。结果表明雄安新区高阳地热田深部主要为碳酸盐热储包括蓟县系雾迷山组、高于庄组。蓟县系雾迷山组顶界埋深3000～3500 ｍ, 厚度300～1000 ｍ, 热储温度100～120 ℃, 出水量90～170 m3 /h, 具有温度高、水量大、热储易于回灌的特点; 高于庄组热储顶深3500～4200 m, 一般厚度不低于800 m, 热储温度一般在110~140 ℃, 出水量50~100 m3/h, 可作为新区的后备资源。文章分析了深部碳酸盐热储空间结构, 整个地热田分为三段, 由西向东分别为西部凹陷区、中央隆起区、东部斜坡区。西部凹陷区西向东逐渐覆盖了寒武系、石炭二叠系; 中央隆起区造上为雁翎潜山; 东部斜坡区雾迷山组上部为古近系地层覆盖。本文通过热储法计算了雄安新区高阳地热田蓟县系热储年地热可采资源量折合标准煤86.72万t; 数值法模拟了水位下降不低于150 m, 开采井温度下降小于２ ℃条件下, 蓟县系热储年地热可采资源量折合标准煤89.86万t 热储法与数值法结果相近, 评价结果可为高阳地热资源规划开发提供参考。     

雄安新区D21地热勘探井钻探施工技术及成果

为探查容城西部斜坡带地热田地热资源,揭露容城西部寒武系、蓟县系完整地层,中国地质调查局在雄安新区容城部署了地热勘探井D21井。该井设计井深3000 m,完钻井深3083.74 m。本文介绍了D21井钻遇地层情况、井身结构、钻探施工技术和抽水试验过程。总结了取得的钻探技术及成果。D21井获取了寒武系和蓟县系热储层水文地质参数,为容城西部斜坡带热储构造发育提供地质依据,服务于雄安新区地热开发规划。     

河南省沉积盆地水热型地热资源特征及潜力评估研究

通过对河南省沉积盆地水热型地热资源特征梳理,结合河南省地热地质背景条件和主要热储层水文地质特征,对河南省沉积盆地地热资源特征进行分析。同时选取地热资源可开采量、可采资源模数、单井单位涌水量、热储埋深和热储温度等5个指标,采用主成分分析法建立评估模型,对盆地新生界热储和下古生界热储资源潜力进行评估,并对各构造单元热储层地热资源潜力进行排序。结果可知:(1)河南省沉积盆地水热型地热资源依据热储层时代及储水介质特征,主要分为新近系孔隙热储、古近系裂隙孔隙热储、下古生界岩溶热储,分布在黄淮海平原及山间盆地,为河南省主要地热资源类型,其中以新近系热储层储存的热水量最大。(2)从盆地各构造单元热储分区潜力评估和排序结果来看,河南省地热资源潜力排在前3位的依次为汤阴断陷O-∈热储层、济源-开封凹陷E热储层和通许凸起O-∈热储层。本次研究结果为下一步河南省地热资源勘查开发提供了科学依据。     

高阳地热田及邻区地热资源形成机制

临近雄安新区的高阳地热田处于渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷,区内发育以中元古界长城系、蓟县系及下伏的太古界为主的潜山地层,其中蓟县系雾迷山组为地热田主要热储层,地热资源丰富。以岩溶热储顶面埋深3600 m线作为高阳地热田的边界,地热田主体位于高阳低凸起、蠡县斜坡内,并涵盖保定凹陷、饶阳凹陷的少量地区。高阳地热田位于区域岩溶顶板温度较高地区,其中高阳低凸起中北部及其西侧边界、蠡县斜坡与饶阳凹陷交界处为温度最高区域,可达120 ℃左右,地热田南部、中东部属蠡县斜坡区域温度低于100 ℃。潜山热储温度等值线整体呈椭圆形态,长轴为NNE向。蓟县系雾迷山组地热水在博野地区水化学类型为Cl-Na型,溶解性总固体约5 000 mg.L-1,Cl-（约2 300 mg.L-1）含量明显高于雄县、容城等其它地区,SO42-含量（123~133 mg.L-1）高于同属冀中坳陷的雄县、容城、霸州地区,但低于天津地热田和良乡地热田,表明冀中坳陷与天津、良乡地区分属不同的地热系统。高阳地热田形成的概念模式为来自西部太行山地区的大气降水作为地下水的补给水源,太行山前断裂沟通了地表水与深部基岩地层,大气降水在基岩内经衡水断裂、安国断裂、百尺断裂、出岸断裂及不整合面向东侧渤海湾盆内运移,经断层与基岩发生热对流被加热,随着水动力条件减弱,在高阳低凸起、蠡县斜坡、深泽低凸起等区域聚集形成具有勘探开发价值的高阳地热田。      

贵阳市乌当背斜热储层的初步研究

课题在前人工作的基础上侧重研究乌当背斜的热储层,估算热储层（娄山关群）含水量,探索合理开发利用方案,为乌当区热水资源的绿色开发和循环提供依据。     

土体导热系数的评价与计算

土体的导热系数是土木工程热工计算的重要参数.土体的多孔介质性质决定了土体的导热性质与干土、气体及孔隙充填物(水)的含量有密切关系.实验测试结果表明,土体不论处于冻结还是融化状态,其导热系数均随干容重以及含水量的增加而增大.采用土体的物理性质指标,对土体的导热系数进行了分析,给出土体导热系数较为方便的计算方法,有利于工程设计计算参数的选取,同时与实验测试结果对比,有较好的吻合度.     

一种约束盆地低温热历史的裂变径迹技术

裂变径迹(FT)技术是根据矿物中铀裂变产生的辐射损伤特性进行分析的低温热年代技术。随着对FT退火行为和实验退火模型研究的深入,使得这一技术成为约束沉积盆地低温热历史的重要手段。Laslett等、Crowley等和Ketcham等先后提出3个重要的磷灰石FT实验退火模型,其中以Ketcham等的退火模型研究最为深入,它分析了磷灰石类型、时间、温度和化学成分对其径迹退火的影响,使用c轴投射径迹长度和Dpar等参数,形成了描述磷灰石FT多元动力学退火的数学模型。锆石FT与U-Th/He技术、Ro值、地表温度和地层年龄等,均是约束磷灰石FT热历史重建的重要约束条件,HeFTy(2009)是进行低温热历史模拟的主要软件之一。     

Thermal History of the Horoman Peridotite Complex: A Record of Thermal Perturbation in the Lithospheric Mantle

The ascent history of the Horoman peridotite complex, Hokkaido,northern Japan, is revised on the basis of a detailed studyof large ortho- and clinopyroxene grains 1 cm in size (megacrysts)in the Upper Zone of the complex. The orthopyroxene megacrystsexhibit distinctive M-shaped Al zoning patterns, which werenot observed in porphyroclastic grains less than 5 mm in sizedescribed in previous studies. Moreover, the Al and Ca contentsof the cores of the orthopyroxene megacrysts are lower thanthose of the porphyroclasts. The Upper Zone is inferred to haveresided not only at a higher temperature than previously suggestedbut also at a higher pressure (1070°C, 2·3 GPa) thanthe Lower Zone (950°C, 1·9 GPa), in the garnet stabilityfield, before the ascent of the two zones. The Horoman complexprobably represents a 12 ± 5 km thick section of lithosphericmantle with an 10 ± 8°C/km vertical thermal gradient.The current thickness of the Horoman complex is 3 km, whichis a result of shortening of the lithospheric mantle by 0·25± 0·1 during its ascent. The Upper Zone appearsto have experienced a heating event during its ascent throughthe spinel stability field, with a peak temperature as highas 1200°C. The effect of heating decreases continuouslytowards the base of the complex, and the lowermost part of theLower Zone underwent very minor heating at a pressure higherthan 0·5 GPa. The uplift and associated deformation,as well as heating, was probably driven by the ascent of a hotasthenospheric upper-mantle diapir into the Horoman lithosphere. KEY WORDS: Horoman; P–T trajectory; thermal history; Al diffusion in pyroxene; geothermobarometry     

Thermal effects of normal faulting during rifted basin formation, 1. A finite difference model

A finite difference model is presented, describing the thermal structure of a region undergoing fault-controlled extension. The model is two-dimensional and time-dependent. We combine temperature changes resulting from conduction, advection due to fault movements, sediment blanketing and heat production. Cooling curves can be derived at chosen points in the area. This study mainly investigates the effect of the extension rate on the thermal field, which turns out to be very important. 20 km of extension with extension rates of 0.2, 2.0 and 20 mm/yr yield maximum deviations in temperatures from the steady-slate situation of 2, 26 and 84%. The sediment blanketing effect can even be reversed by variations in the sedimentation rates. Fast sedimentation leads to crustal cooling, slow sedimentation to crustal heating. The turning-point value is lithology-dependent and corresponds to 2.0 mm/yr for shale, 2.2 mm/yr for clay, and 1.4 mm/yr for sand; a sandstone will cause an increased cooling at both high and low velocities.

Our modelling shows that footwall cooling during or immediately after a rifting event cannot be explained by the downwards movement of the adjacent, relatively cold hanging wall. Consequently, in areas where such a cooling is observed, other cooling mechanisms must play an important role. These can be phenomena like footwall uplift or the fading out of an older thermal anomaly.     

Metamorphic, Thermal, and Tectonic Evolution of Central New England

A new, detailed tectonic model is presented for the Acadianorogenic belt of central New England (Vermont and New Hampshire)that accounts for a wide range of petrological and structuralobservations. Three belts are considered: the Eastern Vermont,Merrimack, and intervening Bronson Hill belts. Specific observationsin eastern Vermont that are accounted for in the model includethe following. P–T paths are clockwise with maximum pressuresnear the Athens, Chester, and Strafford domes of 8–11kbar, but with maximum pressures decreasing to 3–5 kbarat the boundary with the Bronson Hill belt. Differential exhumationof the Vermont domes relative to the rocks in easternmost Vermontis required by the recorded differences in maximum pressure(5–6 kbar; 15–20 km) and the present-day geographicalseparation (7–10 km). Specific observations in New Hampshirethat are explained include the following. P–T paths inthe Merrimack belt are counter-clockwise with maximum pressuresof 4–5 kbar and are related to high regional heat flowand heat transfer by early Acadian plutons. P–T pathsin the Bronson Hill belt are intimately associated with structuralposition. An early contact metamorphism is evidenced in theSkitchewaug and Fall Mountain nappes near contacts with theearly Acadian Bethlehem gneiss (     

Thermal expansion coefficients for indialite,emerald, and beryl

Thermal expansion coefficients ?₁ and ?₃ calculated for the hexagonal minerals indialite, emerald and beryl are, in general, small with ?₃ being negative near room temperature. This unusual behavior leads to low volume coefficients of thermal expansion (β=2?₁+?₃) making these materials ideal ceramic bodies for catalyst carriers in air-pollution control. The temperature at which the c-cell edge length of beryl is a minimum is strongly dependent upon the presence of trace amounts of impurity atoms. This effect is ascribed to changes in the Grüneisen parameters.     

Thermal expansion of fayalite,Fe2SiO4

Thermal expansion of single-crystal fayalite has been measured by a dilatometric method at temperatures between 25 °C and 850 °C. The results show the presence of anomalous expansion in the b axis, which is correlated to the anomalous variation of elastic moduli with temperature. Grüneisen's parameter is 1.10 and the thermal Debye temperature is 565 K, which is close to the acoustic Debye temperature of 511 K.     

Thermal diffusivity of upper chalk from Hampshire,England

The thermal diffusivity of Upper Chalk from the Micraster coranguinum zone had been calculated from 8 year temperature data obtained from depths between 30 cm and 21.34 m at Harestock, near Winchester, Hampshire.Amplitudes and phase lags were calculated from these data using Fourier analysis.Values of thermal diffusivity were calculated from the variation of amplitude with depth and phase lag with depth for the first harmonic using the Fourier heat flow equation.Agreement between the two methods was very good between 30 cm and 914 cm depth. An overall mean value is 0.004489 ± 0.00052cm^?2s^?1.Using appropriate values of porosity (47%) and density the mean thermal conductivity is 1.519W m^?1°C^?1± 0.326, for the water saturated state.