西藏松多古特提斯洋研究进展与存在问题

青藏高原古特提斯构造域的演化过程一直是国内外地学研究关注的前沿和热点,冈底斯中部松多地区因榴辉岩带的发现,使其成为近年来国内外研究者关注的焦点地区之一。为了更好认识青藏高原古特提斯洋的构造演化历史,本文在综述前人研究的基础上,系统地总结了近年来1∶5万区域地质调查中取得的最新研究进展,初步讨论了唐加-松多地区俯冲增生杂岩带的物质组成和时代。研究表明,西藏冈底斯中部唐加-松多地区保存了相对完整的与古特提斯洋演化以及洋陆转换密切相关的混杂岩,是恢复和反演古特提斯洋演化的理想靶区。松多古特提斯洋洋壳及其消亡的地质记录主要包括晚古生代唐加-松多蛇绿岩、中二叠世洋岛残片、高压变质带、晚三叠世—早侏罗世岩浆作用以及晚三叠世—早侏罗世磨拉石建造。在上述工作基础上,初步探讨了松多古特提斯洋的演化过程,这些地质记录对恢复和反演青藏高原古特提斯构造演化研究具有重要意义。     

青藏高原松多中三叠世洋壳的识别及其对松多古特提斯洋演化的制约

松多绿片岩分布于拉萨地块中部的松多地区,因对其时代及构造属性研究程度一直较低,严重制约了对松多古特提斯洋演化的认识.在详细野外地质调查基础上,对松多附近的绿片岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测试,以及锆石Hf同位素分析,并开展了岩石学和全岩地球化学研究.在松多绿片岩中获得锆石U-Pb年龄约为232 Ma,为中三叠世,代表了绿片岩的原岩成岩时代.其锆石ε_Hf(t)平均为3.6,显示弱亏损地幔的特征.岩石学和地球化学研究揭示,绿片岩原岩具有拉斑质基性岩特征,在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线和原始地幔标准化多元素蛛网图中均为平坦型,与N-MORB相似.在各类判别图解上,也都落入N-MORB区域,表明松多绿片岩原岩可能为松多古特提斯洋壳残片.松多中三叠世绿片岩的识别,说明松多古特提斯洋可能在中三叠世时还存在洋盆.      

西大别浒湾变质带洋壳和陆壳耦合俯冲的锆石U-Pb年龄记录及其动力学意义

西大别浒湾高压变质带是研究秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带演化的关键区域.本文对该变质带熊店和学河两地的两个榴辉岩样品进行了LA-(MC)-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素分析及Hf同位素测定.熊店榴辉岩岩浆锆石得到的年龄为406±14Ma,具有高的εHf(t)值(εHf(t)=11.3±1.3),年轻的亏损地幔模式年龄(tDM=578±52Ma),其来源可能为亏损地幔,进而说明它们的原岩可能为古特提斯洋壳物质;学河榴辉岩岩浆锆石的年龄为703±8Ma,具有略低的εHf(t)值(εHf(t)=4.11±0.94),较老的亏损地幔模式年龄(tDM=1105±37Ma),其原岩可能为扬子克拉通新元古代裂谷岩浆作用产生的新生陆壳物质.这些结果表明浒湾地区存在原岩形成于新元古代和志留纪两个时期的榴辉岩.熊店榴辉岩中变质锆石的微量元素特征与岩浆锆石类似,可能为完全重结晶成因锆石,其206Ph/238U加权平均年龄为316±1Ma,代表了洋壳榴辉岩榴辉岩相峰期变质的最早时间.学河榴辉岩变质锆石以低Th/U、Nb/Ta比值为特征,其REE组成模式为不明显的Eu负异常,HREE呈平坦型.这些特征反映了这些锆石形成时出现了较大数量的石榴子石与金红石,而缺乏长石.根据锆石Ti温度计计算学河榴辉岩变质锆石形成的温度范围是704～741℃,与榴辉岩相变质温度一致.它们对应的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为312±3Ma,可作为浒湾变质带榴辉岩相峰期变质年龄,这一结果表明浒湾变质带陆壳成因榴辉岩存在石炭纪榴辉岩相变质事件.空间上相近的古生代洋壳和新元古代陆壳具有相同的榴辉岩相变质年龄表明,浒湾变质带的洋壳和陆壳榴辉岩可能存在石炭纪的耦合俯冲作用.     

西藏松多榴辉岩变质作用研究

西藏拉萨地块松多附近新发现一条榴辉岩带,长约100 km,宽约2~3 km。松多榴辉岩主要经历了进变质的绿帘石榴辉岩相-峰期的榴辉岩相-退变质的角闪岩相3个阶段。岩石学研究表明,峰期的特征矿物组合是石榴子石绿辉石多硅白云母金红石,峰期温压条件是760~800 ℃,33~39 GPa。这表明松多地区可能曾经历超高压变质作用,之后快速返回,p T轨迹呈“发卡”状,后期退变质经历了角闪石榴辉岩相阶段。研究松多榴辉岩表明,拉萨地块内部有一条新的缝合带,这对于了解拉萨地块和古特提斯洋的演化有重要意义。     

西藏松多地区早侏罗世变质辉长岩的成因及其构造意义

冈底斯岩浆岩带中东部松多地区新发现的变质辉长岩对于讨论松多古特提斯洋演化历史具有重要约束意义。在详细野外地质调查基础上,本文报道了松多变质辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、锆石Hf同位素成分分析和全岩地球化学组成,并探讨了岩石的成因及其对松多古特提斯洋构造演化的启示。结果表明,松多变质辉长岩原岩形成于195±6Ma～202±2Ma之间; Si O2含量为45. 56%～53. 69%,MgO含量较高为6. 04%～11. 75%,Mg#为66～77;高Cr(209×10-6～746×10-6)和Ni(80×10-6～234×10-6)含量。该岩石富集轻稀土元素,平滑右倾的稀土配分模式介于E-MORB和OIB之间;富集大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta等高场强元素;具有较低的(La/Yb)N=2. 06～4. 81、(La/Sm)N=1. 50～2. 48、(Gd/Yb)N=1. 21～1. 67和(Ce/Y)N2。锆石εHf(t)值为-1. 9～3. 9,具相对古老Hf模式年龄(988～1361Ma)。综合对区域地质、年代学、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素等资料的全面分析,认为松多早侏罗世变质辉长岩原岩的岩浆可能起源于下地壳改造的亏损岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,形成于松多古特提斯洋壳板片断离事件所引发岩石圈减薄的伸展构造背景。     

拉萨地块松多高压变质带不同类型榴辉岩的变质演化过程及其限定方法探讨

拉萨地块中东部松多高压变质带是揭示拉萨地体形成与演化过程的重要研究对象。松多变质带记录了古特提斯洋的俯冲和闭合过程。前人对松多地区出露的榴辉岩及围岩开展了大量的岩石学工作,但变质峰期温压条件没有得到很好的限定,温压分布范围较广,且变质演化过程仍存争议。笔者等总结了松多变质带不同地区榴辉岩的岩石学和矿物学特征,汇总了不同计算方法得到的温压条件。通过对比发现,松多高压变质带内榴辉岩的峰期温压条件处于465~880℃,2.5~3.9 GPa的范围,其宽泛的峰期温压条件是由于不同计算方法和折返机制造成的。与传统矿物对温压计相比,变质相平衡模拟方法更适合低温榴辉岩的峰期温压条件及变质过程的限定。     

拉萨地块松多高压变质带不同类型榴辉岩的变质演化过程及其限定方法探讨

拉萨地块中东部松多高压变质带是揭示拉萨地体形成与演化过程的重要研究对象。松多变质带记录了古特提斯洋的俯冲和闭合过程。前人对松多地区出露的榴辉岩及围岩开展了大量的岩石学工作,但变质峰期温压条件没有得到很好的限定,温压分布范围较广,且变质演化过程仍存争议。笔者等总结了松多变质带不同地区榴辉岩的岩石学和矿物学特征,汇总了不同计算方法得到的温压条件。通过对比发现,松多高压变质带内榴辉岩的峰期温压条件处于465~880℃,2.5~3.9 GPa的范围,其宽泛的峰期温压条件是由于不同计算方法和折返机制造成的。与传统矿物对温压计相比,变质相平衡模拟方法更适合低温榴辉岩的峰期温压条件及变质过程的限定。     

西大别西北部浒湾变质带榴辉岩的年龄和性质及其对秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带多期演化的制约

浒湾高压变质带位于大别造山带的西北部,是研究秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带演化过程和时间的关键地区。我们对产于该高压变质带的三个榴辉岩样品进行了LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素和Hf同位素组成分析,以限定榴辉岩相变质作用及原岩形成的时间和原岩性质。苏家河榴辉岩中的变质锆石颗粒具低Th/U值、弱的Eu负异常、较平坦的重稀土(HREE)配分模式,以及低的176Lu/177Hf值。表明这些锆石形成过程中有石榴子石的存在而缺乏斜长石,因此形成于榴辉岩相变质条件。Ti含量温度计计算表明,这些变质锆石的形成温度约为655°C和638°C,与在榴辉岩相变质作用温度条件下形成一致,206Pb/238U年龄加权平均结果为309±4Ma(2σ),代表了榴辉岩相变质作用时间的最佳估计值。胡家湾变质锆石可能形成于前进变质作用阶段,206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为312±11Ma(2σ),这一结果在误差范围内与苏家河的年龄结果一致。锆石U-Pb年龄和微量元素分析结果表明,榴辉岩核部的锆石属岩浆型,年龄为406±5～420±7Ma(2σ),表明原岩晚于中古生代华北与秦岭地体的碰撞时间。三个榴辉岩样品的锆石颗粒εHf(t)值的变化范围较大(-4.9～21.3)。变质锆石与岩浆锆石的Hf同位素的变化范围相近,少数变质增生边部锆石与核部残留岩浆锆石给出较一致的Hf同位素组成,表明变质增生锆石可能是原岩岩浆锆石溶解再结晶作用的结果,因此保留了原岩的初始Hf同位素组成。高的εHf(t)值表明它们的原岩来自亏损的地幔源区,可能是古特提斯洋壳;而低εHf(t)值则归因于地壳混染作用。少量继承核锆石的出现表明榴辉岩的原岩形成过程中有古老地壳物质的加入。浒湾地区一些榴辉岩具明显的来自扬子板块大陆地壳的年代学和地球化学特征。该区古生代的洋壳和新元古代的陆壳在石炭纪共同经历了榴辉岩相变质作用,表明古生代古特提斯洋壳形成于扬子板块北缘边缘盆地的环境。高压变质作用的陆壳岩石可能在洋壳岩石的折返和保存过程中起到了浮力牵引的作用。扬子和华北克拉通的聚合可能经历了超过200Ma的多阶段过程。     

西藏工布江达县龙崖松多榴辉岩的发现及意义

唐加-松多榴辉岩高压变质带位于冈底斯板块中部,对研究古特提斯构造演化具有至关重要的意义,但是榴辉岩的出露范围和规模尚不清楚。在龙崖松多地区新发现榴辉岩的出露点,通过详细的野外地质调查、岩石学及矿物学研究,发现其岩性为金红石榴辉岩和石英榴辉岩,以透镜体的形式产出,围岩以低绿片岩相岩石为主,少部分为石英白云母片岩。龙崖松多榴辉岩的主要矿物组合为石榴子石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、角闪石、金红石、石英及少量榍石、钛铁矿等,石榴子石的电子探针分析结果显示,从核部到边部,镁铝榴石和铁铝榴石含量逐渐增加,锰铝榴石含量显著减少,具有典型的进变质环带特征,同时榴辉岩边部石榴子石角闪岩的发现,说明该露头的榴辉岩可能经历了后期退变质作用改造。该榴辉岩的发现对探讨唐加-松多蛇绿混杂带的构造演化具有重要意义。     

三江昌宁-孟连带原-古特提斯构造演化

昌宁-孟连特提斯洋的构造演化及其原特提斯与古特提斯的转换方式一直是青藏高原及邻区基础地质研究中最热门的科学问题之一.根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合分析数据,系统总结了三江造山系不同构造单元地质特征,讨论了昌宁-孟连特提斯洋早古生代-晚古生代的构造演化历史.通过对不同构造单元时空结构的剖析和对相关岩浆、沉积及变质作用记录的分析,认为昌宁-孟连结合带内共存原特提斯与古特提斯洋壳残余,临沧-勐海一带发育一条早古生代岩浆弧带,前人所划基底岩系"澜沧岩群"应为昌宁-孟连特提斯洋东向俯冲消减形成的早古生代构造增生杂岩,滇西地区榴辉岩带很可能代表了俯冲增生杂岩带发生了深俯冲,由于弧-陆碰撞而迅速折返就位,这一系列新资料及新认识表明昌宁-孟连结合带所代表的特提斯洋在早古生代至晚古生代很可能是一个连续演化的大洋.在此基础上,结合区域地质资料,构建了三江造山系特提斯洋演化的时空格架及演化历史,认为其经历了早古生代原特提斯大洋扩张、早古生代中晚期-晚古生代特提斯俯冲消减与岛弧带形成、晚二叠世末-早三叠世主碰撞汇聚、晚三叠世晚碰撞造山与盆山转换等阶段.      

The Metamorphic Evolution and Tectonic Significance of the Eclogite in the Sumdo Complex,Tibet, China

As the main tectonic component of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, the Lhasa terrane has received much attention as it records the entire history of the orogeny. The occurrence of high pressure eclogite in the Sumdo complex in central Lhasa terrane has a significant bearing on the understanding of the Paleo‐Tethys subduction and plate itineration processes in this area. The petrological, geochemical and geochronological data from eclogite and associated blueschist and garnet‐bearing mica schist from Sumdo, Jilang and Bailang area have been briefly review to explore the origin and metamorphic evolution of this suture. Eclogites from the Sumdo complex have experienced low temperature, high pressure to ultrahigh pressure metamorphism, revealing a fast subduction and exhumation process in a typical oceanic subduction zone. The large P‐T span between different eclogites in the literature may be affected by the big error of unappropriated using geothermobarometry and may also because of slices of subducted blocks derived from different depths juxtapose together during exhumation. By summarizing the U‐Pb, Lu‐Hf and Sm‐Nd ages of eclogites, the eclogite facies metamorphism is likely to occur in early Triassic during 245‐225 Ma, but not the previously accepted late Permian at ca. 260 Ma by the reinterpretation of the former geochronological data from literature. The opening of Paleo‐Tethys Ocean between the Lhasa terrane initiate prior to ca. 280 Ma and ultimate closure to integrate the Lhasa terrane was no earlier than 225 Ma and may triggered by the initial subduction of Bangong‐Nujiang Tethys Ocean in the north.     

Petrology,geochemistry and Ar-Ar geochronology of eclogites in Jinshajiang orogenic belt,Gonjo area,eastern Tibet and restriction on Paleo-Tethyan evolution

As one of the important Paleo-Tethys suture zones in eastern Tibet, the Jinshajiang orogenic belt is of great significance to study the tectonic evolution of the main suture zone of Paleo-Tethys. In this paper, eclogites developed in the Jinshajiang suture zone in Gonjo area, eastern Tibet, are selected as specific research objects, and petrological, geochemical and Ar-Ar geochronological analyses are carried out. The major element data of the whole rock reveals that the eclogite samples have the characteristics of picritic basalt-basalt and belong to the oceanic low potassium tholeiites. The results of rare earth elements and trace elements of the samples show that the protoliths of eclogites have characteristics similar to oceanic island basalt (OIB) or normal mid ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB). Muscovite (phengite) from two eclogite samples yield the Ar-Ar plateau ages of 247±2 Ma and 248±2 Ma respectively, representing the peak metamorphic age of eclogite facies and the timing of complete closure of the Jinshajiang Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Muscovite and biotite selected from the hosting rocks of eclogite yield the Ar-Ar plateau ages are 238±2 Ma and 225±2 Ma respectively, reflecting the exhumation age of eclogites and their hosting rocks. Combined with the zircon U-Pb dating data (244 Ma) of eclogites obtained in previous work, it can be concluded that the Jinshajiang Paleo-Tethys ocean was completely closed and arc-continent collision was initiated at about 248–244 Ma (T₂¹). Subsequently, due to the large-scale arc (continent)-collision orogeney between Deqin-Weixi continental margin arc and Zhongza block (T₃¹–T₃²), the eclogites were rapidly uplifted to the shallow crust.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Structural Seismology: Exploring the Correspondence between Surface Geological Features and Heterogeneities in the Earth’s Crust and Mantle

The North Qaidam is an Early Paleozoic UHP metamorphic belt located at the north margin of the Tibet plateau. Eclogites in this belt contain both continental‐and oceanic‐type ones. In which, the continental‐type eclogites have protolith ages of 750–850 Ma and WPB or CFB geochemical signatures and are believed to have formed in a continental rift or an incipient oceanic basin setting related to the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent, their metamorphic ages (421–458 Ma) and P–T paths are comparable to their host gneisses; oceanic‐type eclogites have cumulate gabbro or E‐MORB geochemical signatures, their protolith and metamorphic ages are 510–516 Ma and 425–450 Ma, respectively(Zhang et al., 2008). Therefore, the North Qaidam UHP belt was thought to record the whole Neoprotoerozoic–Paleozoic Wilson cycle (Song et al., 2014). In this study, we reported three new kinds of eclogites: kyanite‐bearing eclogite, lawsonite pseudomorph‐bearing eclogite and double mineral eclogite. They occur as big lentoid blocks in regional granitic gneiss in the western part of the belt. Phase equilibrium modelling and zircon LA‐ICPMS U‐Pb dating show that all these three eclogites experienced a clockwise P–T path with peak metamorphic conditions close to or fall in the coesite stability field, and their peak metamorphic age were around 436‐439 Ma, similar to those continental‐type eclogites in this belt. But their protolith ages are between 1273 and 1070 Ma, and some of them recorded an amphibolite facies metamorphic age of 927 Ma, and geochemical data and zircon Lu‐Hf and O isotope analysis indicate these eclogites have features of present day N‐MORB. Combined with the existing results, we propose that the North Qaidam is a polycyclic composite orogenwhich recorded tectonic evolution of Mesoproterozoic ocean floor spreading, assembly and breakup of Rodinia supercontinent, Early Paleozoic oceanic deep subduction and subsequently continental deep subduction.     

Petrological sStudies of Jilang Eclogite and Constraints on the Subduction and Exhumation Processes of the Paleo‐Tethys Oceanic Crust

The (ultra‐) high pressure eclogites from Sumdo area, recorded the subduction and exhumation process of the Paleo‐Tethys oceanic crust. Previous studies showed that there are significant differences in temperature and pressure conditions of the eclogites in four regions, e.g. Sumdo, Xindaduo, Bailang and Jilang. The cause of this differences remains unclear. Studying the peak metamorphic conditions and P‐T path of Sumdo eclogite is of great significance to reveal the subduction and exhumation mechanism of Paleo‐Tethys ocean. In this paper, we choose the Jilang eclogite as an example, which has a mineral assemblage of garnet, omphacite, phengite, hornblende, rutile, epidote, quartz and symplectit (diopside + amphibole + plagioclase), and minor biotite. Garnet has a “dirty” core with abundant mineral inclusions and a “clear” rim with less mineral inclusions, showing typical growth zoning. From the core to the rim, Prp content in garnet increasing while Grs content decreasing. P‐T pseudosection calculated with Domino constrained peak P‐T conditions of Jilang eclogite as 563°C, 2.4 GPa. Combined with petrographical observation, four stages of metamorphism have been recognized: (1) early stage prograde metamorphism represent by the core of garnet and mineral inclusions therein; (2) peak metamorphism represent by the rim of garnet, omphacite, phengite, glaucophane, rutile and quartz; (3) first stage of retrograde metamorphism characterized by decomposition of lawsonite to zoisite; (4) second stage of retrograde metamorphism characterized by symplectites surrounding omphacite and cornona rimmed garnet. Jilang eclogite shows a clockwise P‐T path, and near isothermal decompression during exhumation. It differs from eclogites in other area, which are hosted by garnet‐bearing mica schists or serpentinites. Jilang eclogites are enclosed in metamorphic quartzites, with relatively low P‐T conditions. We infer that the Jilang eclogite was derived from the shallow part of the subduction zone, and was exhumated by low density materials in the subduction channel.     

三江南段景洪大勐龙地区基性高压变质岩岩石地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

本文以三江南段景洪大勐龙地区新发现的退变榴辉岩和蓝片岩为研究对象,对其进行了系统的地球化学、原岩性质及锆石U-Pb定年的综合研究。大勐龙地区退变榴辉岩呈透镜状产于白云钠长石英片岩、白云母片岩和斜长角闪(片)岩中,其原岩为亚碱性拉斑玄武岩,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线呈轻稀土弱亏损、重稀土平坦型的分布特征,不具有Nb、Ta、Ti的亏损,与典型的N-MORB(正常型洋中脊玄武岩)地球化学特征一致,表明其原岩可能来源于亏损的地幔区,形成于洋中脊环境;变质锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为230.3±1.7Ma,可能代表榴辉岩峰期的变质时代。蓝片岩的原岩为亚碱性拉斑玄武岩,具有较高Ti玄武岩的特征(TiO₂含量2.55%~2.88%,均大于2%),稀土元素总量变化范围小,比典型的N-MORB稀土总量偏高,轻稀土元素(LREE)亏损,无明显负Eu异常,地球化学性质与N-MORB类似。结合以往区域研究成果,进一步确定研究区退变榴辉岩和蓝片岩的原岩属于典型N-MORB型,该项研究不仅在昌宁-孟连缝合带的南段发现典型的特提斯洋壳残片,而且为进一步深入探讨滇西地区特提斯洋消减-闭合的动力学背景及其复杂的构造演化过程提供了重要的科学依据。     

西南三江金沙江弧盆系时空结构及构造演化

金沙江(-哀牢山)弧盆系是西南三江多岛弧盆系的重要组成部分,恢复其时空格架及其形成演化过程对理解古特提斯多岛弧盆系的时空格局具有重要意义。根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合分析数据,系统总结了金沙江弧盆系不同构造单元的物质组成及其构造属性,讨论了其构造演化过程及其对VMS型矿床的控制作用。金沙江洋壳发育时限主要为晚志留世—二叠纪,古洋壳地幔受到了早期俯冲带物质富集组分的影响,主体形成于弧后盆地的构造环境。江达-德钦-维西岩浆弧为一复杂的陆缘弧,经历了俯冲消减(300～260 Ma)、早碰撞聚合(255～250 Ma)、同碰撞伸展(249～237 Ma)和晚碰撞造山(236～212 Ma)等构造事件叠加改造,形成了不同类型、不同环境的岩浆活动及其盆地。金沙江带新发现的贡觉榴辉岩、维西退变榴辉岩等高压变质带,为恢复金沙江古特提斯洋的俯冲-碰撞造山的复杂演化过程提供了重要证据。在此基础上,结合区域地质资料,构建了金沙江弧盆系的演化历史,认为经历了晚志留世—早二叠世金沙江(-哀牢山)弧后洋盆扩张、早二叠世晚期—晚二叠世洋壳俯冲消减、早三叠世—晚三叠世弧-陆碰撞造山与盆-山转换、晚三叠世末期后碰撞陆内造山至陆内汇聚-走滑转换等阶段的演化过程,每个阶段控制着不同类型的VMS型矿床。     

变质地质学新领域——超高压变质作用与地球动力学

简要总结了近年在欧亚大陆发现的超高压变质岩地质产状，岩石类型，结晶条件和构造位置等基本特片，对超高压变质作用及其地球动力学机制的研究现状及存在的问题进行了评述，基于对大别－苏鲁超高压变质带的研究成果，认为超高压变质作用可能是新型的区域变质作用，而目前所建立的任何一种地球动力学模型都不完善，建议今后在岩石学和矿物学研究基础上，加强对超高压变质杂岩的地球化学，构造地质学，实验岩石学及地球物理学等方面的