重庆雪玉洞地下河水文地球化学特征及其影响因素

以重庆市丰都县雪玉洞为研究对象,对地下河的水化学指标进行长期监测,并选取水鸣洞做平行研究,二者都属于雪玉洞群。通过对2011年11月-2013年2月的水化学结果进行分析得知：雪玉洞地下河的水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型,属于低矿化度岩溶水,水鸣洞水化学类型与雪玉洞相同;其主要水化学指标均表现出明显的季节变化趋势,pH值雨季低,旱季高,与降水变化趋势相反。地下河水 Ca2＋、Mg2＋、HCO3-浓度和电导率在雨季升高而旱季降低,旱季水鸣洞的HCO3-、Ca2＋、Mg2＋和Ec值高于雪玉洞;[ Mg2＋]/[ Ca2＋]表现出旱季较高而雨季较低的季节变化特征,可以反映外界干湿变化,其值受控于洞穴水运移过程中的的水土-水岩作用过程,旱季水鸣洞的值高于雪玉洞;SIc值旱季高雨季低,pCO2的变化趋势与pH相似、和SIc相反,旱季低雨季高,全年的SIc值大部分都在0之上,有利于碳酸盐的沉积,水鸣洞的SIc除2013年1月低于雪玉洞以外,其他月份略高于雪玉洞,相对应的 pCO2低于雪玉洞各监测点。     

贵州麻黄洞空气CO2与上覆土壤空气CO2相关性研究

CO₂作为岩溶作用的驱动力,在岩溶作用中起着关键作用。岩溶区特有的地上地下二元结构表明,洞穴系统作为地下空间的窗口,对其CO₂及δ¹³C_CO2研究是十分必要的。本研究对贵州绥阳麻黄洞上覆土壤空气CO₂、洞穴内部和外部大气参数以及CO₂浓度和δ¹³C_CO2进行了为期12个月的监测,监测结果表明:（1）麻黄洞洞穴空气和上覆土壤空气CO₂与δ¹³C_CO2均呈现出明显的时空变化规律,表现出雨季CO₂浓度高、δ¹³C_CO2偏轻,旱季CO₂浓度低、δ¹³C_CO2偏重的特征。（2）土壤CO₂是内源性CO...     

重庆丰都雪玉洞水文地球化学指标的时空变化研究

自2006年11月到2007年12月对重庆丰都雪玉洞地下河水和滴水进行了近1年的观测,结果表明其主要水化学指标均表现出明显的季节变化趋势.地下河水Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-浓度和电导率在雨季升高而旱季降低,pH值在雨季降低而旱季升高.在地下河径流路径上,由于溶蚀效应与沉积效应的相互制约以及受采样点水动力条件和水气CO2交换程度的影响,水化学指标的空间变化较为复杂.位于洞穴顶部的滴水由于受顶板覆盖层厚度的影响,洞穴上层滴水点Ca2+、Mg2+年平均浓度分别为95.1mg/L、7.87mg/L,而下层滴水点分别为110.1mg/L、9.68mg/L,表现出上层高、下层低的空间变化特征.由于[Mg2+]/[Ca2+]值具有雨季低而旱季高的变化特征.所以可用之来指示洞穴所在地区降雨条件的变化.     

从碳源到碳汇：大陆弧演化过程中岩浆与剥蚀作用对长期碳循环的影响

在百万年时间尺度上,大气、海洋中的二氧化碳浓度(P_CO2,二氧化碳分压)和长期变化主要受岩浆-变质脱碳作用和硅酸盐风化作用(消耗二氧化碳)控制。因此,地球表层主要构造活动带的构造-岩浆活动对长期碳循环具有重要的驱动作用。本文在总结已发表文献的基础上,系统评估了大陆弧,尤其是晚白垩世大陆弧的岩浆作用和剥蚀作用的碳通量,并以此为依据探讨了大陆弧演化对于全球长期碳循环的影响。大陆弧岩浆作用以周期性(几十万年至一百百万年)岩浆爆发(magmatic flare-ups)为特征。在一个周期内,大规模岩浆喷发会导致CO₂排放量大幅度增加,促进温室效应。但同时,大规模的岩浆作用又会导致地壳增厚和和地表抬升,从而促进剥蚀作用、提高化学风化通量,进而增加CO₂消耗量。对于单个的大陆弧来说,在其演化的不同阶段对于碳循环扮演着不同的角色：演化早期由于岩浆作用起主导作用,表现为净碳源;而在岩浆作用减弱或停止后,由于剥蚀作用的持续进行,表现为净碳汇。因此,从长周期和全球尺度上讲,大陆弧岩浆活动表现的“碳源属性”受到化学风化作...     

CO2/N2二元气体对甲烷在煤中吸附影响的分子模拟研究

二元气驱技术(CO₂/N₂-ECBM)已成为煤层气增产的重要手段,明确CO₂/N₂在煤层中的竞争吸附规律以及对煤层物性的影响具有重大意义。利用分子模拟软件Materials Studio建立延川南煤层气实际区块温度、压力条件下的煤分子模型。基于巨正则蒙特卡洛(GCMC)方法研究CO₂/N₂交替驱替煤层气技术中各注入阶段对CH₄吸附的影响,明确CO₂、N₂对煤层孔渗物性的影响规律。结果表明:在CO₂注入阶段,煤层中甲烷迅速解吸;煤中气体吸附总量上升,煤基质膨胀效应增强,导致煤的孔隙体积降低。而转N₂注入后,由于N₂分压作用使得CH₄、CO₂吸附量呈现出不同程度的降低;当ω_N2/ω_CO2≤0.6时煤分子中气体总吸附量迅速降低,而当N₂饱和吸附后气体总吸附量保持稳定。煤层孔渗物性随着气体吸附总量呈现出迅速增大后趋于平缓的趋势。此外,ω_N2/ω_CO2>0.6后N₂吸附率迅速降低,这会使得产出气中CH₄纯度较低,导致后期提纯成本大大增加。因此,当ω_N2/ω_CO2=0.6左右时,CH₄解吸量为最大值,煤孔隙率较高,最有利于煤层气的开发。      

硫和氧同位素示踪黄河及支流河水硫酸盐来源

为了准确识别河水硫酸盐受自然风化和人为活动影响的过程,做好地表水资源管理,选择黄河小浪底水库以下干流和支流河水为主要研究对象,分期采集河水样品,采用硫酸盐硫和氧同位素,结合水化学组成及潜在硫酸盐来源硫和氧同位素范围,判定黄河及支流河水硫酸盐的来源及混入比例。结果表明:① 研究区黄河河水硫酸盐主要来源于第四纪黄土中易溶硫酸盐,干流河水SO₄2-含量均值为2.23 mmol/L,δ34S_SO4和δ18O_SO4均值分别为+8.9‰和+10.4‰;② 研究区沁河丰水期河水硫酸盐24%来源于大气降水,61%来源于土壤硫酸盐溶解,15%来自于石膏溶解;平水期河水硫酸盐39%来源于大气降水,36%来源于土壤硫酸盐溶解,25%来源于石膏溶解。沁河河水SO₄2-含量均值为2.44 mmol/L,δ34S_SO4和δ18O_SO4均值分别为+9.8‰和+9.7‰;③ 研究区洛河河水硫酸盐受生活污水影响较大,伊河河水硫酸盐受到土壤硫酸盐溶解和化学肥料溶解的共同影响,伊洛河河水SO₄2-含量均值为1.27 mmol/L,δ34S_SO4和δ18O_SO4均值分别为+10.4‰和+6.5‰。蒸发盐类矿物溶解以及土壤硫酸盐溶解等自然风化过程是控制区域河水硫酸盐来源的重要过程,人为活动对伊洛河河水硫酸盐的贡献不容忽视。     

重庆丰都雪玉洞群洞穴现代监测与古环境研究回顾和展望

重庆丰都雪玉洞群包括羊子洞、雪玉洞和水鸣洞,西南大学的研究团队从2008年开始对雪玉洞群开展了系统的现代过程监测,以了解洞穴系统气候和环境信息的传输、转化和记录过程。通过对雪玉洞洞穴内外的大气、植被、土壤、基岩、滴水和洞穴沉积物等的动态监测,研究了碳酸盐沉积过程的水化学指标变化,揭示了现代洞穴滴水的影响因素和变化过程,以及碳酸盐沉积物对现代气候环境变化的响应,也为古气候的定量化研究提供了基础支撑。现代过程监测记录表明:雪玉洞CO₂主要来源于上覆土壤,其季节变化受降水的影响较大;在短时间尺度上受到游客旅游活动的影响明显,但幅度远远小于自然过程引起的变化。雪玉洞内次生沉积物的沉积速率具有明显的旱季、雨季特征,不同滴水点下方沉积物的沉积速率变化较大。雪玉洞群三个洞穴的石笋古环境记录研究表明,本区石笋的230Th/232Th比值较适合高精度铀系测年;部分石笋沉积速率较快,平均沉积速率达到0.25 mm·a?1,可以开展高分辨率的气候和环境变化研究。羊子洞YZ1石笋的年龄范围在116~3 ka B.P.之间（平均测年精度2σ,269年）,覆盖了整个末次冰期,δ18O和δ13C的变化曲线和东亚季风区的其他记录具有明显的一致性。同位素测试的时间分辨率平均为88年,成功记录了一些百年－千年尺度的气候突变事件,如Heinrich事件、7.2 ka事件、小冰期等。在精确年代学的基础上,雪玉洞群石笋具有重建高分辨率气候环境变化的潜力。      

高盐度卤水对CO2地质封存的影响: 以江汉盆地潜江凹陷为例

江汉盆地潜江凹陷卤水资源十分丰富,潜江组泥膏岩、泥岩和砂岩交替沉积,构成CO₂地质储存的潜在场所.但是潜江组卤水层矿化度非常高,平均值高达283.25 g/L.以高盐度卤水为对象,探讨了高盐度卤水对CO₂封存过程中产生的物理化学影响.结果表明,往高盐度卤水层中单纯地注入CO₂会造成CO₂溶解量和矿物捕集量的显著降低,不利于CO₂的储存安全.高盐度会造成注入井附近发生盐岩大量沉淀,不利于CO₂的持续注入,同时造成近井周围压力严重积累,降低了封闭安全系数.采用CO₂与卤水联合注采模式,可有效缓解CO₂单纯地注入过程中的压力严重积累和盐岩沉淀问题,实现资源和地下空间最大化利用,收获经济和环保的双重效益.      

祁连山疏勒河上游多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤CO2通量特征

研究青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤CO₂通量有助于准确估算该区域的土壤CO₂排放, 对认识高原土壤碳循环及其对全球气候变化的响应具有重要意义. 利用静态箱-气相色谱法和LI-8100土壤CO₂通量自动测量系统对疏勒河上游多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤CO₂通量进行了定期观测, 结合气象和土壤环境因子进行了分析. 结果表明: 整个观测期高寒草甸土壤表现为CO₂的源, 土壤CO₂通量的日变化范围为2.52～532.81 mg·m^-2·h^-1. 土壤CO₂年排放总量为1 429.88 g·m^-2, 年均通量为163.23 mg·m^-2·h^-1; 其中, CO₂通量与空气温度和相对湿度、活动层表层2 cm、10 cm、20 cm、30 cm 土壤温度、含水量和盐分均显著相关. 2 cm土壤温度、空气温度和总辐射、空气温度、2 cm土壤盐分分别是影响活动层表层2 cm土壤完全融化期、冻结过程期、完全冻结期、融化过程期土壤CO₂通量的最重要因子. 在完全融化期、冻结过程期和整个观测期, 拟合最佳的温度因子变化分别能够解释土壤CO₂通量变化的72.0%、82.0%和38.0%, 对应的Q₁₀值分别为1.93、6.62和2.09. 冻融期(含融化过程期和冻结过程期)和完全冻结期的土壤CO₂排放量分别占年排放总量的15.35%和11.04%, 在年排放总量估算中不容忽视.     

CO2分压条件下煤中矿物质溶解度数值模拟

查明煤中矿物质在不同温度和CO₂分压条件下溶解度变化规律,能为注入CO₂过程中煤储层渗透率分析提供重要依据。借助水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC对在不同温度和CO₂分压条件下煤中各矿物的溶解度进行了水化学模拟,得出不同温度和CO₂分压条件下矿物质溶解度的变化规律。结果表明:在无CO₂分压时,随着温度的升高各矿物的溶解度增加;当溶液中CO₂分压增加到一定程度时,随着温度的升高各矿物的溶解度降低（石英除外）;在温度相同时,随着CO₂分压的增加,所有矿物（石英除外）溶解度均增加,方解石的溶解度随着CO₂分压的升高呈现出迅速增加的趋势,其他矿物随着CO₂分压的升高,溶解度增加的速率较为缓慢。      

岩溶洞穴现代沉积间断的影响因素研究--以河南鸡冠洞为例

岩溶洞穴次生沉积物--石笋因其独有的高精度测年和高分辨率记录的优势已越来越成为过去全球变化研究中重要的支柱。进行洞穴碳酸盐沉积机理研究对于理解石笋沉积速率,结晶形态、准确解译气候替代指标和现代洞穴合理保护具有重要意义。以我国南北交汇带亚洲季风敏感区河南鸡冠洞为例,通过对2010-2015年连续6个水文年对鸡冠洞滴水和碳酸盐沉积的监测发现:①洞内滴水水化学指标与沉积速率表现出很好的一致性,雨季大气降水增加,气温升高,生物活动加强,土壤CO₂含量增加,滴水滴速、Ca2+、HCO₃-、电导率（EC）和沉积速率同时增加,旱季反之;洞内CO₂对方解石沉积的抑制作用被滴水饱和度掩盖。②受2012-2013年年降雨量显著减少的影响,水岩作用减弱,2014年滴水饱和度降至最低,出现为期一年的沉积间断,直至2014年下半年降水增加,于11月重新接收到方解石沉积。③自2013年下半年开始,受人为淋滤洞穴影响,滴水NO₃-上升数十倍,模拟实验显示其对CaCO₃溶解的能力较之前提高约60%,表明NO₃-对方解石沉积存在抑制作用,这可能是个别月份滴水饱和度高却没有回收到CaCO₃沉积的原因,建议景区在进行补水的同时要考虑水质对岩溶作用的影响。     

北京石花洞空气环境主要因子季节性变化特征研究

洞穴大气CO2浓度不仅是影响洞穴沉积物沉积（或者溶蚀）的重要因素之一,而且在旅游洞穴,它关系到沉积物景观的稳定性以及旅游环境的舒适性。本文通过对石花洞洞穴大气温度、湿度及CO2浓度近4个水文年的观测,结果表明：（1）洞穴温度在15℃上下波动,夏季约高1℃,主要与洞内外温差的季节性变化和旅游活动有关;（2）洞穴CO2浓度随着大气温度上升而缓慢升高,至每年的7月上旬雨季来临时,气温、降水及土壤中CO2大幅提高,降水溶解大量的土壤CO2并渗入洞穴中,导致洞穴CO2浓度迅速上升,8月观测到的最高浓度可达到4 334ppm,在雨季结束后,随着大气温度降低,CO2浓度缓慢下降,2月份平均值达到最低,为360~458 ppm。另外,在5月份和10月份的旅游黄金周,旅游人数的增加,洞穴CO2浓度异常增高。在进行洞穴管理与规划时,应综合考虑自然和人为因素对洞穴的影响。     

疫情背景下桂林市芦笛岩空气环境影响因素研究

当天然洞穴开发为旅游洞穴,人为活动输入到洞穴的能量与物质影响了洞穴本体环境。文章以桂林市代表性旅游洞穴芦笛岩为例,以2020年9月1日至10月8日洞穴温度、湿度、CO₂以及游客人数作为重点参数,定时、定位观测洞穴环境关键要素变化及相互关系,进而探究疫情防控背景下洞穴空气环境特征及影响因素、旅游活动对洞穴环境的影响以及洞穴自净能力。观测结果表明:（1）受新冠肺炎疫情影响,观测期内游客人数较往年明显减少,游客活动对洞穴温度和湿度影响并不明显,洞穴内外温度和湿度曲线变化趋于一致,主要受洞外空气环境的影响;（2）游览高峰期短时间内洞内CO₂浓度仍会随游客量的增多呈现规律性变化,但在旅游活动结束以后,洞内CO₂浓度能迅速回归至洞穴环境背景值,未观测到明显的CO₂累积现象;（3）芦笛岩本身具有一定的自净能力,观测期内受降雨和降温的影响,洞外温度显著降低,促使芦笛岩洞穴通风模式发生改变,洞穴内外气流交换加强,提高了该洞的自净能力。     

The Influence of Allogenic Water and Sulfuric Acid to Karst Carbon Sink in Karst Subterranean River in Southern Hu’nan

Evaluating the impact of allogenic water and sulfuric acid on karst carbon sink not only helps to improve the accurate calculation of soil CO₂ uptake by rock weathering, but also obtains a complete understanding of the global carbon cycle. Groundwater samples were collected from four karst subterranean rivers watershed within different lithology strata in Wushui Basin, upstream of Beijiang Basin, Hunan Province, for revealing the important impact of silicate weathering on hydrochemistry of groundwater. To estimate the contribution of soil CO₂ uptake by silicate weathering to CO₂ uptake by rock weathering, the Galy model was employed in this article. The important impact of sulfuric acid on CO₂ uptake by carbonate weathering resulting from the substitution of carbonic acid by protons from sulfuric acid was investigated. Our results showed that the concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and SiO₂ in L01,L02 subterranean river with silicate strata in watershed were higher than that in L03,L04 subterranean river without silicate strata in watershed, which implied that the contribution of silicate weathering to Na⁺,K⁺ and SiO₂ was very important in watershed within silicate strata . The changeable equivalent ratio between (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) and HCO₃^- was 1.05 to 1.15, and the value of [Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺]/[HCO₃^-+SO₄^2-] was 0.99 to 1.08. The concentrations of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ exceeded the equivalent concentrations of HC₃^-, and the excess of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺cations were compensated by SO₄^2-, which suggested that sulfuric acid has an important influence on carbonate dissolution. The contribution of soil CO₂uptake by silicate weathering to CO₂ consumption in L01 and L02 subterranean river were 3.36% and 2.22%, respectively, whereas the contribution in L03, L04 subterranean river were less than 0.50%, indicating that the contribution of soil CO₂ uptake by silicate weathering was important in the subterranean river basin within silicate strata. Due to the contributions made by sulfuric acid, the CO₂ consumption in four subterranean rivers decreased by 4.84%, 4.52%, 6.20%, 9.36%, respectively.     

Hydrochemical and PCO2 variations of a cave stream in a subtropical karst area,Chongqing, SW China: piston effects,dilution effects,soil CO2 and buffer effects

The role of CO₂ in karst has been of interest for decades, and emphasized by IGCP 379, International Geoscience Programme, UNESCO started in 1995. There are still open questions about the dynamics of carbon in karst systems, particularly the flux of carbon between the surface and subsurface and between different components in the karst subsurface. This research report focuses on the variations of hydrochemistry and PCO₂ (partial pressures of carbon dioxide) in subtropical karst groundwater, using high-resolution auto-monitoring hydrochemical data (15-min intervals). The aim of this study was to understand how hydrochemistry and PCO₂ in karst systems respond to recharge over different time scales and what the controlling factors are. An auto-monitoring hydrochemistry station was installed about 300 m upstream from the exit in the active stream channel of Xueyu Cave, a typical subtropical karst cave. Four years of high-resolution continuous pH, specific conductivity (Spc), temperature and water-level data were collected. A thermodynamic model was used to link the continuous data to monthly water quality data, allowing the calculation of CO₂ partial pressures and calcite saturation (SIc) levels on a continuous basis. Seasonal, diurnal and storm-scale variations were captured in the hydrochemistry and calculated PCO₂ records, indicating that the cave stream is a dynamic and variable system. Seasonal features (higher specific conductivity and lower pH in summer; lower specific conductivity and higher pH in winter) tend to covary with temperature which influences the production of CO₂ in soils, thus being the driving force for the variations (the soil CO₂ effect). Due to the buffer effect of a thick vadose zone and large void cave space, diurnal variations are not obvious compared with epikarst springs in SW China. Storm-scale fluctuations due to storm events occur during the summer rainy season. Piston flow effects, dilution and soil CO₂ effects determine the variations in different storm events. At the beginning of the rains, the piston effect drives the variations, characterized by increase in Spc, SIc and pH in the cave stream and decrease in PCO₂. With heavy rainfall, decrease in Spc shows control by the dilution effect, while decrease in SIc and pH and increase in PCO₂ indicates the greater influence of soil CO₂. These results imply that the soil and cave voids are important factors influencing the hydrochemical evolution of karst groundwater. Future works need to use such high-resolution technology widely for tracing the PCO₂ and hydrochemical variations in different karst aquifers.     

贵州织金洞洞穴CO2的来源及其空间分布特征

为探索喀斯特高原峡谷地区高位旱洞内CO2来源及其空间分布特征,于2015年1月至2015年7月按月实施定位监测,对贵州织金洞洞穴CO2浓度和洞穴水、土壤CO2浓度和土壤水以及大气降水、山顶泉水进行监测。结果表明:（1）织金洞上覆土壤CO2浓度是大气CO2浓度的11~17倍,是洞穴CO2的4~7倍。织金洞洞内CO2的来源,横向上主要来自于气流的交换、游客的呼吸作用;垂直方向上主要来自于洞穴上方延伸入基岩中植物根系的呼吸作用,洞穴上覆基岩溶隙、溶管中进入洞穴内的大气CO2,地下河水脱气以及洞穴滴水碳酸钙的沉积释放的CO2。（2）织金洞为多进口洞,CO2浓度插值空间分布呈现两端低中间高的空间分布特征,同时在1 200×10-6~1 400×10-6高值区范围内出现800×10-6~1 000×10-6低值区特征。整体上,洞穴CO2随着进、出洞口两端海拔向洞内升高而呈上升趋势,在洞穴中部灵霄殿达到最大值。（3）洞内水和洞外土壤水均为HCO3--Ca2+型水,大气降水、山顶泉水为SO42--Ca2+型水。在垂直迁移过程中,大气降水-山顶泉水-土壤水-洞穴水不同部位水中各化学成分（硬度、Ca2+/Mg2+、HCO3-/SO42-、PCO2、SIc）各不相同。      

Origin and palaeoenvironmental significance of lamination in stalagmites from Katerloch Cave,Austria

The origin and environmental dependencies of lamination in stalagmites from Katerloch, common in speleothems from other cave sites, are examined in detail. Petrographic observations and chemical analyses (including isotopes) of stalagmites and modern calcite were combined with multi‐annual cave monitoring. All investigated stalagmites are composed of low‐Mg calcite and show white, porous laminae and typically thinner, translucent dense laminae. The binary lamination pattern results from changes in the calcite fabric: white, porous laminae are characterized by a high porosity and abundant fluid inclusions and also by enhanced vertical growth and thinning towards the flanks. Translucent, dense laminae exhibit a compact fabric and constant thickness of individual growth layers. U‐Th dating supports an annual origin of the lamination and the seasonally changing intensity of cave ventilation provides a robust explanation for the observed relationships between lamination, stable C isotopic compositions and trace elements (Mg, Sr and Ba). The seasonally variable air exchange, driven by temperature contrasts between the cave interior and outside atmosphere, modulates the rate and amount of CO₂ degassing from the drip water and affects the hydrochemistry and consequently the fabric of the precipitating calcite. Although cave air composition and drip rate are both major variables in controlling CO₂ degassing from the drip water, the seasonally changing ventilation in Katerloch exerts the primary control and the results suggest a secondary (amplifying/attenuating) influence of the drip rate. Drip rate, however, might be the controlling parameter for lamina development at cave sites experiencing only small seasonal cave air exchange. Importantly, the seasonally variable composition of drip water does not reflect the seasonal cycle of processes in the soil zone, but results from exchange with the cave atmosphere. The alternating porous and dense calcite fabric is the expression of a variable degree of lateral coalescence of smaller crystallites forming large columnar crystals. The white, porous laminae represent partial coalescence and form during the warm season: low calcite δ¹³C values are linked to low δ¹³C values of cave air and drip water during that time. This observation corresponds to times of reduced cave ventilation, high pCO₂ of cave air, low drip water pH, lower calcite supersaturation and typically high drip rates. In contrast, the translucent, dense laminae represent more or less complete lateral coalescence (inclusion‐free) during the cold season (high calcite, drip water and cave air δ¹³C values), i.e. times of enhanced cave ventilation, low cave air pCO₂, increased drip water pH, relatively high calcite supersaturation and typically low drip rates. In essence, the relative development of the two lamina types reflects changes in the seasonality of external air temperature and precipitation, with a strong control of the winter air temperature on the intensity of cave‐air exchange. Thick translucent, dense laminae are favoured by long, cold and wet winters and such conditions may be related closely to the North Atlantic Oscillation mode (weak westerlies) and enhanced Mediterranean cyclone activity during the cold season. Studies of speleothem lamination can thus help to better understand (and quantify) the role of seasonality changes, for example, during rapid climate events.     

典型岩溶包气带洞穴滴水水文过程研究——以桂林硝盐洞为例

选取桂林丫吉试验场硝盐洞为研究对象,通过示踪试验和高分辨率水文水化学监测,确定滴水补给来源,研究典型岩溶包气带洞穴滴水对降雨响应的水文过程。研究结果表明,硝盐洞XY5滴水主要受到两种径流成分补给,即集中补给的管道流和弥散流。硝盐洞上部包气带中可能存在表层岩溶带含水层,长期维持滴水流量。滴水流量、电导率和示踪剂浓度的峰值均出现在强降雨时段,表现出快速响应的管道流特征,存在降雨阈值引起硝盐洞滴水降雨响应。降雨前岩溶含水层水分条件是包气带水文响应差异的主要原因,雨季滴水对降雨响应迅速,XY5滴水对降雨响应的滞后时间为10 h;而旱季对降雨的响应滞后明显,滞后时间达9.8天,体现了土壤和表层岩溶带的调蓄作用。74.4 mm降雨量是旱季转雨季滴水响应的降雨阈值。借助于洞穴滴水的水文动态变化和示踪试验技术对于研究包气带水文过程,深入了解岩溶含水层结构及特征,揭示岩溶区降雨入渗补给机制具有重要作用。