中国南方海相含油气保存单元的层次划分与综合评价

以最近十年中国南方的海相新区油气勘探评价成果为依托 ,以油气成藏和整体封闭保存体系评价为核心 ,在渝东—湘鄂西、中下扬子和滇黔桂三大区域划分出 9个有利区块 5 1个含油气保存单元 ,并将其归纳为四个层次。综合评价认为 ,方西和石柱保存单元具有较好的整体封存体系 ,属持续性含油气保存单元 ,为首选勘探目标 ;江汉盆地南部、句容—海安区块、南鄱阳坳陷、楚雄盆地东北部具备或基本具备整体封存条件 ,属于沉积重建型含油气保存单元 ,通过精细勘探可望获得商业性油气流 ;楚雄盆地西北部、南盘江坳陷、十万大山盆地和渝东—湘鄂西地区利川复向斜由于晚期强烈构造改造而仅存在部分封存体系 ,需要攻关探索 ;思茅、渝东—湘鄂西地区的花果坪和桑植—石门地区已失去整体封闭保存条件 ,仅局部存在封存体系 ,地质条件高度复杂 ,勘探风险甚高。     

中国南方海相含油气保存单元的层次划分与综合评价

以最近十年中国南方的海相新区油气勘探评价成果为依托,以油气成藏和整体封闭保存体系评价为核心,在渝东-湘鄂西、中下扬子和滇黔桂三大区域划分出9个有利区块51个含油气保存单元,并将其归纳为四个层次.综合评价认为,方西和石柱保存单元具有较好的整体封存体系,属持续性含油气保存单元,为首选勘探目标;江汉盆地南部、句容-海安区块、南鄱阳坳陷、楚雄盆地东北部具备或基本具备整体封存条件,属于沉积重建型含油气保存单元,通过精细勘探可望获得商业性油气流;楚雄盆地西北部、南盘江坳陷、十万大山盆地和渝东-湘鄂西地区利川复向斜由于晚期强烈构造改造而仅存在部分封存体系,需要攻关探索;思茅、渝东-湘鄂西地区的花果坪和桑植-石门地区已失去整体封闭保存条件,仅局部存在封存体系,地质条件高度复杂,勘探风险甚高.     

赋予含油气系统内涵的南方海相含油气保存单元及其类型

南方海相勘探新区地质构造复杂，盖层剥蚀严重，水文开启程度高。油气保存条件是油气勘探与综合评价的关键．通过最近十年的南方海相勘探实践，建议在海相盆地(区块)优选过程中引入赋予具备整体封闭保存体系和含油气系统新内涵的“含油气保存单元”概念。整体封闭体系、圈闭、含油气目的层系是构成含油气保存单元的三个基本要素，从赋存油气藏目的层系之上的区域盖层覆盖程度、遮挡条件和封闭保存体系的顶界等三个方面入手圈定含油气保存单元的分布范围。以整体封闭保存体系的有效区域盖层与含油气系统存在的成生关系为基础，可将含油气保存单元划分出持续型、重建型、保持型、残留型等四种基本类型，提出了以现今含油气系统能否得以形成和保存的整体封闭保存条件为核心进行海相含油气保存单元评价的新思路，强调在勘探初期阶段只能以整体保存条件作为南方海相盆地(区块)评价优选的关键。     

下扬子独立地块海相残留盆地油气勘探方向探讨

强烈的燕山期造山运动使下扬子独立地块海相原型盆地和前陆盆地被改造成冲断、剥蚀严重的燕山高原,晚燕山期—喜马拉雅期太平洋板块斜向俯冲形成张裂断陷盆地叠置,最终使其成为具有由前白垩系挤压冲断体系和上白垩统—新近系伸展断-坳陷体系组成双层结构的改造型残留叠合盆地。这既造成下扬子海相古生-中生界油气地质高复杂性,又造就了残存于晚期上白垩统—新近系断-坳陷盆地下伏的海相烃源岩“二次生烃”和晚期成藏优势。各个古近纪伸展断陷往往是独立的海相烃源含油气保存单元,古近-新近系区域盖层共同构筑的沉积重建型整体封闭保存体系和具晚期混源特色的海相有效烃源是海相含油气保存单元晚期成藏的基础,时空匹配的有效成藏组合是晚期成藏的必要条件。南黄海、苏北盆地是下扬子区沉积重建型整体封闭体系最好的构造单元,也是海相烃源晚期成藏的主要场所,印支和燕山运动不整合面上下、浦口组、泰州组和阜宁组一段是海相烃源古生中储或古生新储晚期成藏的主要层位,盐城、阜宁、海安、高邮、溱潼和黄桥—如皋断陷保存单位是首选勘探靶区。     

洼陷中浊积岩沉积特征及油气富集规律研究

随着油气勘探的不断深入，我国东部地区主要含油气盆地勘探的主要目标逐渐转为一些较复杂的隐蔽油气藏，尤其是盆内的次级洼陷，已成为勘探的重要地区。多年的勘探实践表明，对于我国东部的陆相箕状盆地，洼陷中含油气是必然规律。在洼陷内最重要的油藏类型是砂体岩性与构造—岩性油藏，并且绝大多数为浊流成因。本文以山东济阳坳陷与昌潍坳陷的德南、牛庄、利津、博兴等几个洼陷为例，介绍洼陷生油条件的地震研究方法与三角洲—浊积扇体系中浊积岩发育区的沉积特征、油气富集规律及地震综合研究方法。     

南沙东北部海域礼乐盆地含油气组合静态地质要素分析

针对礼乐盆地含油气组合静态地质要素的分析表明，盆地内主要发育中生界、古新统一中始新统和下渐新统3套烃源岩，并以中、下两套源岩生烃潜力最好；砂岩、碳酸盐岩和生物礁是盆地的主要储层类型，砂岩储层在中、新生界内广泛发育，而碳酸盐岩和生物礁储层则主要发育于上渐新统一第四系；盆地总体上缺少广泛发育、封盖性能良好的区域性盖层，但局部性盖层发育，且封闭性能良好。盆地主要存在3套含油气组合：中生界含油气组合，这是盆地内较有远景的一套含油气组合；古近系含油气组合，这是盆地最主要的勘探目的层系；新近系含油气组合，该套组合在盆地中部隆起难以形成良好的油气组合关系，而在盆地坳陷区，尤其是南部坳陷则可形成良好的油气组合关系。     

巴彦浩特盆地东部坳陷石炭系流体势特征及油气运聚单元划分

巴彦浩特盆地是油气勘探的重点，但其流体势特征及油气运聚单元始终未进行研究，限制了区域成藏研究及勘探目标的优选。文章探讨巴彦浩特盆东部坳陷石炭系流体势特征及油气运聚单元的划分，从油气运移动力学角度分析巴彦浩特盆地东部坳陷油气运聚规律及原因。以盆地主要成藏时期晚白垩世的构造演化活动为基础，结合该时期的构造格局，计算出巴彦浩特盆地东部坳陷晚白垩世时期石炭系流体势，明确流体势场表现出的油气运聚特征。结果表明晚白垩世时期石炭系总体上表现为自坳陷东部及南部向西部及东南部降低的规律，高势区分布范围较小，主体位于坳陷的东部及南部。在此基础上，可划分为3个油气运聚区8个油气运聚单元。上述流体势特征有利于油气长期运移聚集，较好的油气运聚单元是未来巴彦浩特盆地东部坳陷勘探的主要潜力区。      

楚雄盆地会基关反转背斜的确立及其意义

楚雄盆地处在扬子地台西缘,发育在早—中三叠世古隆起上。晚三叠世早—中期伸展裂陷,沉积形成了近海泥质、灰质生油岩、含中基性火山碎屑复理石建造;晚三叠世晚期—早白垩世整体坳陷,四川盆地与楚雄盆地一度连为统一的巨型坳陷,沉积形成了内陆含煤磨拉石建     

四川盆地西北地区构造变形特征、演化及油气地质意义

近年来川西北山前坳陷地区中二叠统天然气勘探取得重大突破,激发了勘探工作者向更大区域和更多层系探索的愿望。为了给下一步油气勘探提供依据与参考,本文系统讨论了川西北南华纪以来的盆地性质、构造—沉积格局及油气成藏条件。川西北经历了南华纪—早古生代、晚古生代—三叠纪、侏罗纪—新生代3大演化阶段,现今构造格局受燕山期龙门山、米仓山造山带以及向盆地逆冲推覆形成的冲断系统控制。其中龙门山北段冲断系统总体表现为由造山带向盆地方向扩展的“前列式”构造变形,在盆山结合位置,深部构造楔向造山带方向消减了大部分位移,造成前渊坳陷部位构造变形急剧减弱。川西北燕山期前陆盆地之下保存了南华纪—中奥陶世和泥盆纪—中三叠世两期完整、连续的裂陷层序与被动大陆边缘层序,具有优越的油气成藏条件。中-晚侏罗世—早白垩世龙门山与米仓山急剧隆升并向盆地大规模推覆,造成前渊坳陷内的海相层系急速埋藏增温,进入成藏高峰。由于山前冲断带自中-晚侏罗世（～160 Ma）以来处于抬升和剥蚀状态,而前渊坳陷始终处于埋藏状态,油气保存条件要优于山前冲断带,因此是深层—超深层油气勘探的重点地区。     

四川盆地天然气成藏条件及其勘探方向

四川盆地系在刚性结晶基底上由克拉通海相原型盆地同造山前陆盆地和后造山前陆盆地先后演化而成的克拉通前陆盆地。整体封存构造保存条件是该盆地天然气成藏的主体地质背景和晚期成藏保存的主要条件。加里东和印支两期的古隆起对油气的早期聚集和破坏具有双重作用,但有利于晚期成藏。盆地的保存条件可划分为整体封存、残留封存和缺乏封存三类构造保存单元,并由此可划分出三个相应的构造保存单元组合区。盆地的天然气成藏条件总体良好,影响因素主要是水动力条件和断层。该盆地有T_3,P_2~1,P_1~(1+2),S_1,∈_1和 Z_2六套主力烃源岩和 Z_2—∈_1,∈_1—S,S—P_1,p—T_2,T_3—J 五套成油气体系。今后深化勘探的方向为:(1)川东石炭系向斜带的低缓构造、潜伏构造、高陡背斜带两翼的高陡潜伏构造,特别是构造复合圈闭;(2)川东北—川北开江—梁平、城口—鄂西等海槽为中心的以陆棚边缘滩、碳酸盐岩深缓坡台地;(3)川西—川中的须家沟组原生气藏和侏罗系次生气藏。评价该盆地可以从反向思维入手,即对油气藏破坏条件进行区域和目标评价。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.