南天山南缘下二叠统玄武质岩浆的地球化学特征及其构造意义

南天山造山带南缘发育大量的下二叠统火山岩。地球化学指标显示南天山南缘西段拜城县宿相厄肯沟出露的下二叠统小提坎立克组玄武岩为拉斑玄武岩(里特曼指数δ=2.93)。 该套岩石低FeO^T、MgO和全碱(Na₂O+K₂O),高CaO和Al₂O₃,相对高钠,低钾; Rb、K、U和Ba 等大离子亲石元素富集; 稀土配分曲线整体协调一致,为向右缓倾的曲线,轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集; 微量元素配分型式呈"驼峰状"; 玄武岩的母岩浆经历了以单斜辉石为主的分离结晶作用和强烈的陆壳混染作用。同位素组成 ¹⁴³ Nd/¹⁴⁴ Nd =0.512 849±0.000 005, ⁸⁷ Sr/⁸⁶ Sr =0.706 845±0.000 014; -10<ε_Nd(t)<0,且ε_Sr(t)>0,模式年龄T_DM 为1.463 279 765 Ga。 结合区域地质资料表明,小提坎立克组玄武岩形成于板内伸展环境,具有主动裂谷作用性质,说明南天山造山带南缘当时处于碰撞后伸展背景。     

南天山南缘早二叠世酸性火山岩的地球化学、同位素年代学及其构造意义

南天山南缘小提坎里克组酸性火山岩高碱（Na2O＋K2O=6．03％～7．70％）且富钾（K2O／Na2O=2．35,5．03）,铝饱和指数A／CNK=0．89～1．59（平均1．24）,里特曼指数（σ）为1．48,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性火山岩系。轻稀土强烈富集,亏损Ba、Cs、Nb、Ta、Sr等大离子亲石元素,Hf、Zr等高场强元素基本无亏损,具有明显的负铕异常（δEu=0．44～0．66）,总体具有碰撞晚期花岗岩类的地球化学特点。岩石的Nd／Th（1．78—3．50）、Th／U（4．10～9．79）、La/Ta（17．69～35．77）和Nb／Ta（10．48～11．84）比值显示了壳源特征。对火山岩中锆石进行的激光探针等离子体质谱（LA-ICP—MS）U—Pb微区测定获得了289．4&#177;5．5Ma的形成年龄。结合区域构造分析认为,早二叠世初南天山地区处于碰撞晚期冲断造山作用阶段,小提坎里克组火山岩是对南天山造山带南缘碰撞晚期冲断变形和前陆盆地发育的响应。     

新疆中天山南缘比开（地区）花岗岩地球化学特征及年代学研究

伊犁-中天山板块南缘比开地区出露的花岗岩和花岗闪长岩具钙碱性大陆弧花岗岩特征,其形成与南天山洋向北的俯冲事件相关。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,岩浆活动在479～401Ma间一直发生,其中419～401Ma间岩浆活动强烈,形成大量钙碱性花岗岩组成的中天山南缘陆缘弧。(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.711578～0.704729,ε_(Nd)(t)=-5.01～-2.19,表明花岗岩的形成过程中有地幔物质的加入,而Nd模式年龄t_(DM)介于946～1661Ma间,则反映花岗岩形成过程中有古老地壳物质混染。     

南天山东段乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩位于南天山造山带东段,其对于研究古生代南天山洋盆的闭合时限及南天山造山带构造演化具有重要意义。本文对南天山东段乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩进行了锆石 U- Pb 年代学、岩石地球化学研究。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,2个样品的锆石U-Pb年龄为291.2±2.9 Ma和284.9±3.7 Ma,表明乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩形成于早二叠世。地球化学特征表明,乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩具有高硅,富含铝和碱,而钙、镁、铁、钛和磷含量低的特点,属于高钾钙碱性 I 型花岗岩;微量元素富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土,亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、P、Ti）,具有中等的负铕异常（δEu = 0. 27～0. 87）,且Sr、Ba也显示明显的亏损特征。乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境,表明至少在早二叠世,南天山洋盆东段已经闭合,南天山造山带在早二叠世由同碰撞构造环境向后碰撞构造环境演化。     

南天山东段乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩位于南天山造山带东段,其对于研究古生代南天山洋盆的闭合时限及南天山造山带构造演化具有重要意义。本文对南天山东段乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩进行了锆石 U- Pb 年代学、岩石地球化学研究。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,2个样品的锆石U-Pb年龄为291.2±2.9 Ma和284.9±3.7 Ma,表明乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩形成于早二叠世。地球化学特征表明,乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩具有高硅,富含铝和碱,而钙、镁、铁、钛和磷含量低的特点,属于高钾钙碱性 I 型花岗岩;微量元素富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土,亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、P、Ti）,具有中等的负铕异常（δEu = 0. 27～0. 87）,且Sr、Ba也显示明显的亏损特征。乌祖尔恩布拉格花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境,表明至少在早二叠世,南天山洋盆东段已经闭合,南天山造山带在早二叠世由同碰撞构造环境向后碰撞构造环境演化。     

库米什地区二云母花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年及岩石地球化学特征

出露于南天山东段库米什地区的二云母花岗岩体侵入中元古界星星峡群,通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法测得该岩体年龄为(293.3±1.3)Ma,侵位时代为早二叠世.岩石地球化学研究表明,岩石具高钾(K2O/Na2O=1.39～2.09)和强过铝(A/CNK=1.03～1.23)特征,为典型S型花岗岩.岩石普遍具较低稀土元素总量(TREE=89.99×10-6～105.11×10-6)和中等铕负异常(δEu=0.38～0.55),富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素K,Rb,Th,U及亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Sr,Ba等特征.结合区域地质特征认为,库米什北二云母花岗岩源岩可能为中元古界星星峡群变质泥质岩,形成于碰撞晚期至后碰撞转换阶段,揭示了南天山东段库米什地区伊犁-中天山板块和塔里木板块于早二叠世碰撞造山结束,进入后碰撞演化阶段.     

新疆南天山南缘库车河流域早二叠世酸性火山岩的地球化学、锆石年代学及构造意义

库车河流域小提坎里克组火山岩主要为一套流纹岩建造,富碱（Na₂O+K₂O=6.89～8.46%）、高钾（K₂O/Na₂O=1.6～2.1）、铝含量12.83～14.78%（平均为14.18%）,低钙（1.06～2.51%,平均为1.50%）、低镁（MgO=0.27～0.44%,平均为0.37%）,Fe₂O₃^*=1.29%～2.68%（平均为2.17%）。其铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.98～1.15,为过铝质高钾钙碱性-钾玄质花岗岩类。流纹岩的轻稀土强烈富集,重稀土亏损,明显富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb等大离子亲石元素,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素,具明显的铕负异常（δEu为0.46～0.54）。主微量元素特征显示其壳源成因,原岩为变质杂砂岩,源区有石榴石、角闪石、斜长石的残留。对两个流纹岩样品中的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定,获得288.3 Ma和290.3 Ma的形成年龄,与西部温宿和拜城地区的小提坎里克组火山岩为同期火山活动产物。该套火山岩具有同碰撞过铝质S型花岗岩特征,结合区域上广泛分布的二叠纪后造山花岗岩,认为西南天山洋至少在早二叠世已经闭合。     

伊犁盆地南缘中-下侏罗统物源分析及其对南天山造山带演化的启示

伊犁盆地南缘中-下侏罗统碎屑岩的物源特征,可为南天山造山带的演化提供重要证据。对其碎屑岩锆石U-Pb定年研究结果表明,伊犁盆地南缘坎乡下侏罗统八道湾组砂岩的碎屑锆石年龄集中在290~260 Ma,而下侏罗统三工河组的碎屑锆石年龄集中在350~290 Ma和460~390 Ma,中侏罗统西山窑组的碎屑锆石年龄集中在370~320 Ma和450~390 Ma。所有测试样品中前寒武纪的年龄记录非常少。这些特征表明,伊犁盆地南缘中生代碎屑沉积物主要来自于伊犁-中天山地块南部。测试样品中几乎不存在晚二叠世-中三叠世的碎屑锆石,与南天山造山带的岩浆岩记录一致,暗示在晚二叠世-中三叠世南天山地区并没有发生强烈的与碰撞或后碰撞相关的岩浆活动。该结果不支持塔里木克拉通与伊犁-中天山地块在晚二叠世-中三叠世碰撞的观点。结合高压-超高压变质岩的数据和地层记录,认为塔里木克拉通与伊犁-中天山地块的碰撞发生在晚石炭世。同时,样品中最年轻锆石的年龄数据从早侏罗世到中侏罗世逐渐增大,显示了揭顶沉积的特点。对伊犁盆地南部中生代的锆石年龄数据与同时代南天山地区的锆石年龄数据进行综合对比表明在早-中侏罗世发生构造沉积夷平的特征。     

南天山早二叠世Ⅰ型花岗岩Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征:岩石成因和大陆地壳增长的意义

新疆南天山地区发育大量晚石炭世-早二叠世的花岗质侵入岩,然而这些花岗岩的岩石成因和形成构造背景仍然存在着较大的争议.对南天山黑云母二长花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,其形成年龄为295.8±1.7 Ma.地球化学特征表明,该花岗岩具有弱过铝质（A/CNK=1.02~1.04）、富碱（K₂O+Na₂O=7.49%~8.78%）、富钾（K₂O/Na₂O=1.05~1.53）特征,属于高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩;微量元素富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）,具有中等的负铕异常（δEu=0.38~0.57）,且Sr、Ba也显示明显的亏损特征.该花岗岩具有较高的（87Sr/86Sr）_i值（0.709 2~0.714 2）,其ε_Nd（t）与ε_Hf（t）以负值为主,个别样品ε_Nd（t）和ε_Hf（t）值显示较低的正值.这些特征表明其源自古-中元古代地壳的长英质岩浆与地幔的镁铁质岩浆混合而成,且少量新元古代地壳物质也参与了成岩过程,其母岩浆就位前发生了斜长石分离结晶作用.综合前人研究,认为南天山地区晚石炭世-早二叠世花岗质岩石可能是南天山洋板片回撤、软流圈上涌诱发前寒武基底组分发生部分熔融并与幔源岩浆混合作用形成.显生宙以来南天山造山带花岗岩源区主要为古老地壳重熔,与中亚造山带其他地区相比,南天山新生地壳增长并不明显.      

南天山造山带南缘渭干河碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究及地质意义

渭干河流经南天山造山带南缘,为了解南天山洋演化历史,对该河流河砂样品中碎屑锆石进行U-Pb定年测试,结果表明,碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在460～400 Ma和310～260 Ma,少量分布在660～610 Ma和830～760 Ma,无中生代和新生代年龄记录。据本文数据并结合南天山北缘河流样品中已发表的锆石U-Pb年龄数据对比研究表明:南天山洋古生代期间俯冲消减作用具长期性和多阶段性。830～610 Ma(新元古代中期)超大陆裂解,南天山洋打开;460～400 Ma(晚奥陶世至中泥盆世)南天山洋南北双向俯冲产生了大量的大陆弧岩浆作用,380～320 Ma(晚泥盆世至中石炭世)南天山洋为单一的北向俯冲,310～260 Ma(晚石炭至早二叠世)南天山洋最终闭合并伴随发生后碰撞岩浆构造活动。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.