青藏高原东北缘祁连山地区古地震记录与区域构造意义

青藏高原东北缘的地质地貌特征与基本构造格架受阿尔金左行走滑断裂、东昆仑左行走滑断裂和海源左行走滑断裂控制,在青藏高原的碰撞造山过程中地震作用贯穿始终.2011至2012年,作者对青藏高原东北缘东起靖远(海原断裂东段)西至昌马盆地(阿尔金断裂东南)的软沉积物变形(震积岩)进行的系统调研表明,青藏高原东北缘祁连山地区从三叠纪至第四纪各时代(侏罗纪以外)的地层中,均发现丰富的古地震纪录(震积岩).代表性震积岩发现点和层位有:靖远宝积山上三叠统、靖远糜滩乡下白垩统、昌马盆地下白垩统以及赤金堡和酒泉磁窑口附近的第四系.主要的震积岩类型有:液化脉、负载、球-枕构造、液化卷曲、层间微断裂等.根据区域地质资料分析,这些震积岩均分布于区域性大断裂附近.本文简单讨论了主要震积岩发现点与其相邻的区域构造(地震)活动之间的关系,根据靖远附近上三叠统普遍发育震积岩,提出海原断裂带的初始活动时间很可能就在晚三叠世,与青藏高原东缘龙门山地区印支期的造山地震同时期.     

甘肃昌马盆地构造特征与成因

阿尔金断裂是由阿尔金主干断层及其他次级断裂面组成的巨型走滑断裂系，其分布规律符合左行走滑挤压模式。昌马盆地位于阿尔金断裂带东段，它的古应力场与阿尔金断层的运动方向一致。昌马盆地北界是阿尔金主干断层；南界由锯齿状相交的半截子井－野马山断层、野观山断层、石板墩－龚岔口断层、中祁连北缘断层组成，分别是阿尔金主干断层的S面、小型Y面、P面、S面；东界由香毛山西断层、马舌头断层、青石岩断层组成，分别是阿尔金主干断层的X面、S顶、R’面，昌马盆地是由这些断层围限的狭长三角形。因此，昌马盆地是阿尔金断裂带中主干断层与分枝断层联合作用形成的走滑分枝盆地。盆地经历了侏罗纪－白垩纪的拉张作用，接受了巨厚的沉积；晚第三纪到第四纪由于阿尔金断裂左行走滑运动，盆地反转，处于受挤压状态，形成走滑分枝盆地。通过对昌马盆地石油地质特征的分析，认为昌马盆地具有形成油气的有利地质条件，应加强勘探力度。     

海原断裂带库仑应力积累

用中国地壳运动观测网络区域站在海原断裂带附近的所有观测数据及跨断裂GPS剖面观测数据作为约束, 用Smith3D体力模型反演了海原断裂带断层滑动速率和断层闭锁深度, 计算了库仑应力积累率和地震矩积累率.采用遗传算法拟合GPS水平运动速度场, 拟合的最后残差均方根为1.2mm/a.反演结果为: 第一段毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率为3.6mm/a, 闭锁深度为22km; 第二段老虎山断裂左旋走滑速率为10.5mm/a, 闭锁深度为11.4km; 第三、四、五段(海原断裂带西段、中段和东段) 滑动速率依次为3.5mm/a、5.8mm/a、5.7mm/a, 闭锁深度依次为8.5km、3.6km、4.3km.海原断裂带库仑应力积累率为0.48~1.59MPa/100a, 毛毛山断裂地震矩积累率较大, 但库仑应力积累率较小; 老虎山断裂库仑应力积累率和地震矩积累率均比较大; 海原断裂带(狭义) 中西段库仑应力积累率最大.      

阿尔金断裂东段的构造转换模式

大型走滑断裂控制着青藏高原的变形,众多学者通过阿尔金断裂来探索青藏高原北部的构造变形过程。基于野外调查和前人的研究结果可知阿尔金断裂的滑动速率在肃北—疏勒河口段表现为三联点两侧的突降,祁连山西段的逆冲和走滑断裂吸收了阿尔金断裂的左旋位移。由于祁连山内部次级断裂活动性的增强,现存阿尔金断裂连续地表破裂终止于酒泉盆地西侧,但位于其东侧的断裂系仍属于阿尔金断裂。在Kohistan岛弧与欧亚板块碰撞之后,青藏高原沿阿尔金断裂曾发生滑动速率近一致的侧向挤出,断裂两侧此时并未发生明显的隆起。随后东昆仑造山带和祁连山造山带的先后大规模隆升,高原的北东向挤出迅速减弱。阿尔金断裂北东向挤出能力与东昆仑造山带和祁连山造山带的隆起存在明显的耦合作用。     

北阿尔金地区米兰红柳沟的早古生代蛇绿岩

阿尔金地区以巨型阿尔金走滑断裂而著称,断裂以西为阿尔金山地区,以东为祁连山地区.近年来人们陆续在阿尔金断裂两侧发现榴辉岩带,即南阿尔金榴辉岩带(车自成等1995;刘良等1996)和柴北缘榴辉岩带(杨经绥等,1998,2000),指出阿尔金断裂两侧的岩石单元可以对比,并推断阿尔金断裂左行走滑位移了约400 km(许志琴等,1999;葛肖虹等,1999).     

阿尔金断裂走滑位移的确定——来自阿尔金山东段构造成矿带的新证据

阿尔金断裂是中国西北地区最大走滑断裂之一,呈北东东向延绵近1500km,以其强烈的贯穿性、巨大的规模、强烈的活动性和巨大的位移量为特征。但是对于其左行位移量一直存在比较大的争议,一些学者认为300～500km,而另外一些学者认为700～800km,甚至900～1000km。最近十余年的找矿进展显示出阿尔金山东段是一条重要的铁铜金铅锌多金属成矿带,其矿床成因类型、不同矿种组合关系及其反映的成矿作用条件与北祁连山西段非常相似,可以认为阿尔金山东段成矿带是北祁连山西段成矿带的西延部分,即阿尔金山东段成矿带是北祁连山西段成矿带被阿尔金断裂左行走滑断错的部分。因此,依据阿尔金山东段成矿带与祁连山西段成矿带的可比性,将此作为标志物,作者认为阿尔金断裂左行走滑总位移量为400km左右。     

山西地堑系北部六棱山北麓断裂西段晚第四纪右旋走滑速率的约束

山西地堑系是华北中部的一个不连续的右旋剪切拉张构造带,这一观点似乎早已被学界所广泛认同。然而,目前仍缺乏对山西地堑系内部NNE向断裂右旋走滑特征的深入认识。本研究主要以山西地堑系北部六棱山北麓断裂的西段为研究对象,基于高分辨率卫星影像解译、野外地质地貌调查、无人机摄影测量和光释光测年等手段对断裂的晚第四纪运动学特征进行了厘定。跨断裂冲沟的一致性右旋偏转等表明断裂具有右旋走滑活动,断裂露头的构造解析及断层三角面、断层崖和冲沟裂点等指示断裂还具有正断分量。对断错地貌面和地质体的精确测量结果表明断裂应以右旋走滑为主,兼有正断分量,且走滑分量远大于垂直分量。结合年代学估算出断裂晚第四纪以来的右旋走滑速率为1.6±0.3 mm/a,垂直滑动速率约为0.2 mm/a。六棱山北麓断裂西段的右旋走滑速率与GPS测量的山西地堑系的右旋剪切速率大体相当,表明六棱山北麓断裂西段在山西地堑系的右旋剪切运动中起着重要的作用。六棱山北麓断裂西段的右旋走滑运动未被六棱山北麓断裂中段的水平拉张作用完全吸收和调节,剩余的应变分量可能继续向NE方向传递,故与六棱山北麓断裂西段走向基本一致的六棱山北麓断裂的东段也可能具有右...     

鲜水河断裂带乾宁段晚第四纪走滑速率及区域强震危险性研究

活动断裂几何学特征及滑动速率是研究断裂运动学、动力学机制及其评估区域强震危险性的重要依据。青藏高原东缘左行走滑的鲜水河断裂带是控制高原物质向南东挤出的重要边界，是中国陆内活动性最强的断裂之一。本文以鲜水河断裂带北西段为研究对象，通过高精度遥感影像解译、野外考察、OSL(光释光)和14C测年方法以及LiDAR(激光雷达)扫描获得乾宁段龙灯乡冲积阶地的位错量和废弃年龄。T4和T3′水平位错量分别为106±5 m和77±2 m，T4阶地垂直位错量为9. 6±0. 5 m。T4和T3′阶地的废弃年龄分别为11±1 ka和7±1 ka。结合对应的年龄和位错量，得到乾宁段晚第四纪走滑速率左行走滑速率为10. 5±1 mm/a，垂直滑动速率为0. 9±0. 1 mm/a，断层倾向北东，具有正断运动学特征。通过重新计算断裂两侧GPS矢量沿断裂方向分量，得到鲜水河断裂带炉霍段、炉霍—康定段、磨西段现今左行走滑速率分别约为8. 1 mm/a、8. 2 mm/a、9. 4 mm/a，整体表现为自北西向南东递增。综合乾宁段晚第四纪走滑速率和最新强震活动的离逝时间估算，认为鲜水河断裂带乾宁段目前应变累积达到了发生一次MW 6. 8(MS 7. 2)大地震的潜能，在区域防震减灾工作中应对此加以重视。     

阿尔金断裂系西段——康西瓦断裂的 晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究*

阿尔金断裂带是青藏高原北部的一条大型左旋走滑断裂带,近EW向延伸2000多公里, 它构成了青藏高原与塔里木盆地之间的重要地质边界。康西瓦断裂位于阿尔金断裂带西段, 呈WNW-ESE向延伸约 700km。文章在高分辨率卫星遥感图像(印度遥感卫星5.8m分辨率)和数字高程地形模型(DEM)数据分析的基础上,并结合野外构造地貌考察观测,对康西瓦断裂的第四纪构造活动及其地貌特征进行了初步研究。沿断裂带发育的系统错断水系、错断冲积扇、挤压脊、走滑拉分盆地等典型构造地貌特征表明,该断裂晚第四纪经历了强烈的左旋走滑活动。同时,研究还揭示沿康西瓦断裂发育了一条长约80km的地表地震破裂带,最大同震左旋水平错位为4m,估算产生该地表破裂带的地震是一矩震级为M_w7.3的大地震。 另外,文章根据不同年代地表地貌特征的左旋错位距离,估算出康西瓦断裂晚第四纪以来的长期走滑速率为8~12mm/a,远低于早期估算的20~30mm/a,但是与阿尔金断裂带中、东段的地质估算结果9±2mm/a及GPS测量结果9±4mm/a接近。     

鲜水河断裂带全新世活动性研究进展综述

鲜水河断裂带是中国西南山区一条现今活动强烈的大型地震断裂。本文在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上, 结合野外地质调查, 综述了鲜水河断裂带空间展布特征、活动性质及强度、历史地震地表破裂特征、地震危险性等方面的研究进展。前人研究结果表明, 鲜水河断裂带以惠远寺为界可分为两段, 进一步可细分为八段;断裂带全新世以来以左旋走滑为主, 兼具逆冲性质;整条断裂现今走滑活动速率约为10mm/a左右, 垂向变形在2mm/a以内;其中断裂带北西段活动速率为10~20mm/a, 南东段则小于10mm/a, 一般为5mm/a左右;断裂带地震活动频繁, 地震活动性北西段明显高于南东段, 强震迁移呈明显的跳跃式特征并具有原地复发性质;断裂带历史地震地表破裂特征与玉树地震所报道的地表破裂特征一致;断裂带地震危险性评价具很多不确定因素, 研究程度相对较低。      

Initiation and Long-Term Slip History of the Altyn Tagh Fault

New Tertiary piercing points along the eastern and central Altyn Tagh fault, the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau, allow construction of the first well-defined time-displacement curve for the fault. Displacement-history analysis indicates: (1) late Oligocene-earliest Miocene inception of the Altyn Tagh fault; (2) 375 ± 25 km of total left-lateral slip on the eastern and central segment of the Altyn Tagh fault; and (3) an average long-term Cenozoic slip rate of approximately 12-16 mm/year. These results demonstrate that Himalayan deformation propagated well into the interior of Asia by early Miocene time and that a significant amount of India-Asia convergence was accommodated by sinistral slip on the Altyn Tagh fault.     

2022年1月8日青海门源MS 6.9地震地表破裂考察的初步结果及对冷龙岭断裂活动行为和区域强震危险性的启示

2022年1月8日青海门源M_S 6.9地震发生在青藏高原东北缘的祁连山断块内部,仪器震中位于海原活动断裂系西段的冷龙岭断裂带上,是该断裂系自1920年海原8.5级大地震后再次发生M>6.5的强震。考察结果的初步总结表明,此次门源地震产生了呈左阶斜列分布、总长度近23 km的南北两条破裂,在两者之间存在长约3.2 km、宽近2 km的地表破裂空区。南支破裂(F₁)出现在托来山断裂的东段,走向91°,长约2.4 km,以兼具向南逆冲的左旋走滑变形为主,最大走滑位移近0.4 m。北支主破裂(F₂)出现在冷龙岭断裂的西段,总长度近20 km,以左旋走滑变形为主,呈整体微凸向北东的弧形展布,包含了走向分别为102°、109°和118°的西、中、东三段,最大走滑位移出现在中段,为3.0±0.2 m。此外,在北支主破裂中—东段的北侧新发现一条累计长度约7.6 km、以右旋正断为主的北支次级破裂(F₃),累计最大走滑量约0.8 m,最大正断位移约1.5 m。综合分析认为,整个同震破裂以左旋走滑变形为主,具有双侧破裂特点,宏观震中位于北支主破裂的中段,其地表走滑位移很大可能与震源破裂深度浅有关,其中的右旋正断次级破裂可能是南侧主动盘向东运移过程中拖曳北侧块体发生差异运动所引起的特殊变形现象。印度与欧亚板块近南北向强烈碰撞挤压导致南祁连断块沿海原左旋走滑断裂系向东挤出,从而引发该断裂系中的托来山断裂与冷龙岭断裂同时发生破裂,成为导致此次强震的主要动力机制。在此大陆动力学背景下,以海原左旋走滑断裂系为主边界的祁连山断块及其周边的未来强震危险性需得到进一步重视。      

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带新生代山体抬升和剥蚀的裂变径迹证据

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带的裂变径迹测年证据表明,该地区于9～7 Ma以来发生过快速抬升和剥蚀,并且一直持续形成了现今所见的阿尔金山。新生代以来至少经历了三次抬升:早期43.6～24.3Ma、中期19.6～13.6 Ma、晚期9～7 Ma。抬升速率先缓慢、后相对快速,9～7 Ma以来的抬升速率为0.94 mm/a。晚期的构造拾升可能与阿尔金断裂带左行走滑活动有关,而与相邻的柴达木盆地北缘地区的构造抬升并不一致。     

Deformation at the Easternmost Altyn Tagh Fault: Constraints on the Growth of the Northern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

How the Altyn Tagh fault(ATF) extends eastwards is one of the key questions in the study of the growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Detailed fieldwork at the easternmost part of the ATF shows that the ATF extends eastward and bypasses the Kuantan Mountain; it does not stop at the Kuantan Mountain, but connects with the northern Heishan fault in the east. The ATF does not enter the Alxa Block but extends eastward along the southern Alxa Block to the Jintanan Mountain. The Heishan fault is not a thrust fault but a sinistral strike-slip fault with a component of thrusting and is a part of the ATF. Further to the east, the Heishan fault may connect with the Jintananshan fault. A typical strike-slip duplex develops in the easternmost part of the ATF. The cut and deformed Quaternary sediments and displaced present gullies along the easternmost ATF indicate that it is an active fault. The local highest Mountain(i.e., the Kuantan Mountain) in the region forms in a restraining bend of the ATF due to the thrusting and uplifting. The northward growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and the active deformation in South Mongolia are realized by sinistral strike-slipping on a series of NE–SW-trending faults and thrusting in restraining bends along the strike-slip faults with the northeastward motion of blocks between these faults.     

Active Characteristics and Paleoearthquakes in the West Kalpin Nappe Since the Holocene,SW Tianshan Mountain

the Kalpin nappe is an important multiple thrust system. It is important to study the Cenozoic tectonic of the Tianshan Mountain. Holocene active characteristics and paleoearthquake of the Kalpin nappe can be used to evaluate the neotectonic of this area. In this paper, we accurately measured the fault scarp in the front of three thrust-fold faults and analyzed paleoearthquake events in the trenches of the Kalpin nappe. Using the ¹⁰Be exposure age, we obtained those geomorphic surface ages and paleoearthquake times. The result showed that the slip rates of the west Kalpintag fault, aozitag fault and the tuoketag fault were 1.45(+1.68/-0.44) mm/a, 0.81(+0.35/-0.19) mm/a and (0.3±0.05) mm/a, respectively since the Holocene. The slip rate indicated that the increased activity transferred from back-row fault to front-row fault and accorded with the piggy-back propagation model in the Tianshan Mountain. Displacements and recurrence intervals of paleoearthquakes was similar to the slip rate characteristics. It also showed paleoearthquakes in the front row fault were stronger than paleoearthquakes of the back row fault. The strong paleoearthquake which caused the highest surface rupture happened in the Kalpintag fault. The interval of paleoearthquakes was about 4 ka and the displacement of every paleoearthquake was about 3 m in the west Kalpintag fault; the interval of paleoearthquakes was about 2 ka and the displacement of every paleoearthquake was about 1m in the aozitag fault; the tuoketag fault ruptured only one paleoearthquake since 7 ka. The Piqiang tear fault was the tectonic result of different shortening rate between the west Kalpin system and the east Kalpin system. The shortening rate of west Kalpin system was obviously stronger than the east Kalpin system. The huge separation distance was near 20 km between the east and the west back-row fault. Because the slip rate of system transferred to the front-row fault in the piggy-back propagation model, the separation distance (~4 km) between the east and the west front-row fault was increasing.     

基于PS-InSAR技术的断裂带地壳形变实验研究

PS-InSAR技术克服了常规D-InSAR技术的空间、时间失相干和大气相位延迟等影响,对高相干点的差分干涉相位采用二维线性(或非线性)回归分析模型获取微小形变。概述PS-InSAR技术的相位组成、技术处理流程,以位于祁连山海原断裂带北盘的海原县为实验区,采用2003—2009年的21景ENVISAT ASAR数据,以GAMMA软件IPTA模块为软件平台处理得出实验区位移速率为-7～-9 mm/a,运动方向为自东向西,断裂带表现为左旋走滑,实验结果与GPS、库仑应力和地质学方法结果有较好的一致性。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT ZONE AND UPLIFT OF THE ALTYN MOUNTAIN, NORTHERN TIBET

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT ZONE AND UPLIFT OF THE ALTYN MOUNTAIN, NORTHERN TIBET     

Active faults and magnitudes of left-lateral displacement along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (NMTP) is a major intracontinental Cenozoic transpressional zone that comprises a series of active strike-slip faults and thrust faults. It is important to document cumulative horizontal displacements along the NMTP in order to understand quantitatively strain partitioning in East Asia since the India–Eurasia collision. Based on an analysis of horizontal slip along major active faults, the total amount of horizontal displacements is estimated up to 700 km between the Tibetan Plateau and the Tarim Basin since the convergence of India and Eurasia. Along the western and middle segment of the Altyn Tagh fault to the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, there are abundant evidence that show that the net displacement is 400 km since 40–35 Ma, and along the Shulenan Shan and southeast of middle Qilian Shan since 25–17 Ma, the amount of offset is 150 km. The largest horizontal slip in Qilian Shan–Hexi Corridor to the northeast of the Altyn Tagh fault is also 150 km since late Oligocene to early Miocene. It decreases to only 60 km along the Haiyuan fault (since late Miocene) and to 25 km along the Zhongwei–Tongxin fault since the Pliocene (about 5.3–3.4 Ma), at the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau. This clearly implies northeastward diminishing of the total horizontal displacement and temporal getting younger of the fault slip along the NMTP. However, this tendency is very complicated at different times and different segments as a result of the uplift, growth and rotation of different segments of the NMTP at different stages during the convergence of India and Eurasia.