松潘-甘孜褶皱带南部上三叠统物源及构造抬升:碎屑锆石年代学和Hf同位素证据

碎屑锆石年代学不但能够限定地层沉积开始的最大时限,还能为示踪沉积物源区提供关键信息。中国西南部的松潘-甘孜褶皱带广泛出露一套巨厚的三叠纪复理石沉积,其物源区和可能存在的同期抬升与剥蚀历史并未得到很好约束。本文获得的松潘-甘孜褶皱带南部雅江地区上三叠统四套地层（由老至新分别为侏倭组、新都桥组、两河口组和雅江组）5件砂岩样品的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和锆石Hf同位素数据表明,最年轻锆石年龄指示侏倭组从~229Ma后开始沉积,新都桥组则从~223Ma后开始沉积。碎屑锆石年龄频谱图显示四套地层都具有中奥陶世-早泥盆世（465~398Ma）和中二叠世-晚三叠世（271~225Ma）的年龄峰。除两河口组外的其他三套地层还具有较强的古元古代（1.90~1.86Ga）和新元古代（872~712Ma）的年龄峰。锆石Hf同位素显示松潘-甘孜褶皱带南部上三叠统小于300Ma的锆石颗粒主要来自峨眉山大火成岩省和义敦岩浆弧。本文物源区示踪结果表明,华南板块和义敦地体可能为松潘-甘孜褶皱带南部地层的主要物源区。晚三叠世由于周缘地体的强烈汇聚,松潘-甘孜褶皱带在小于~18Myr的时间内经历了快速的隆升和剥蚀作用,剥蚀产生的碎屑物质被搬运至四川盆地的西缘再沉积。     

长江现代沉积物碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素组成与物源示踪研究

为研究长江沉积物物质来源,对长江流域24个现代沉积物样品进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄测试,并对10个样品做Hf同位素分析,结果表明:长江河流沉积物的碎屑锆石多为岩浆成因.碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要有6组峰:2.4 ～2.6Ga,1.8 ～2.0Ga,700 ～ 1000Ma,400 ～ 550Ma,200～300Ma和＜65Ma,其中200～300Ma和700 ～1000Ma为主要的两组峰.锆石U-Pb年龄谱系可区分出长江4个区段,即金沙江段、川江段、长江中游段和下游段,与地理分段相吻合.结合Hf同位素研究,可认为长江流域沉积物中生代-新生代的锆石主要来自松潘-甘孜褶皱带和秦岭造山带;古生代的锆石多来自秦岭造山带;元古代-太古代的锆石则多来自扬子克拉通、华夏地块和大别造山带.     

松潘-甘孜盆地中、晚三叠世沉积物来源及演化的锆石U-Pb年代学制约

从松潘-甘孜构造带东北部若尔盖盆地的红参一井内分别采取中三叠世晚期和晚三叠世早期的砂岩样品,用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)方法对其中的碎屑锆石颗粒进行了U-Pb年龄分析,结果显示锆石形成年龄的范围在2432 741 Ma间,主要峰值集中在240～290,400～480,1 800～2 000,2 200～2 500 Ma.通过对碎屑锆石年龄分布特征的研究,并结合古水流条件的约束,认为松潘-甘孜盆地东部中、晚三叠世沉积盖层内形成于240～290 Ma和400～480 Ma的锆石分别来自东昆仑南部和北秦岭,形成于1 800～2 000 Ma和2 200～2 500 Ma的锆石来自华北板块.由不同时期沉积物中碎屑锆石年龄分布特征的变化表明:晚三叠世中期以后有更多扬子板块的物质进入了松潘-甘孜盆地,使盆地内沉积物的组合发生了明显的改变,这样的变化反映了晚三叠世中期以后扬子板块西缘存在一个快速抬升的过程.     

华北地块北缘上石炭统—中三叠统碎屑锆石研究 及其地质意义

利用碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素对平泉地区晚石炭世—中三叠世地层进行物源分析,重塑内蒙古隆起的隆升历史,进而探讨古亚洲洋的闭合过程。5个样品的LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄由5个年龄峰组成:峰1中晚二叠世(270~250Ma)、峰2晚石炭世—早二叠世(325~290Ma)、峰3泥盆纪(400~360Ma)、峰4古元古代(1900~1700Ma)和峰5新太古代-古元古代早期(2600~2400Ma)。其中,本溪组碎屑锆石主要由峰3、峰4和峰5组成,山西组、孙家沟组和刘家沟组则主要由峰2和峰4组成,下石盒子组由峰1、峰4和峰5组成。5个样品具有相同的Hf同位素特征,显生宙锆石的εHf(T)在-3.2~-25.5之间,与内蒙古隆起的晚古生代侵入岩体完全相同。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征显示物源主要来自内蒙古隆起,不同层位的物源变化表明内蒙古隆起曾存在2次重要的隆升事件:第一期发生在360~312Ma之间,第二期发生在276~258Ma期间。第一次隆升奠定了盆-山的基本构造格局,第二次隆升之后古隆起进入稳定剥蚀期,为盆地提供持续稳定的物源,盆地内部发育了一套粗碎屑沉积物,可以推断在276Ma左右古亚洲洋已经关闭。     

燕辽造山带东段中、新生代构造演化的盆地沉积物热年代学记录

盆地碎屑沉积物单颗粒低温磷灰石裂变径迹年龄与高温锆石U-Pb年龄相结合 ,可以更好地示踪盆地沉积物源区构造 -热事件信息及沉积后盆地热演化历史。辽西北票盆地中生代沉积物碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄大部分落入 194.3± 2 .9Ma至 2 3 3 .8± 4.2 Ma范围内 ,大多数碎屑磷灰石颗粒裂变径     

青藏高原东北缘寺口子剖面碎屑锆石示踪及其构造意义

位于青藏高原东北缘的寺口子剖面发育巨厚的新生代沉积地层,分析这些沉积物的碎屑来源能够为高原东北缘构造变形过程提供重要证据。本文在寺口子剖面磁性地层年代的约束下,对该剖面27～4 Ma的砂岩样品进行了碎屑锆石示踪研究。研究结果显示27~12 Ma的砂岩样品中锆石U-Pb年龄主要分布在200～470 Ma（以230 Ma、440 Ma为峰值年龄）1600-1890 Ma、2100-2450 Ma,与>12 Ma的砂岩样品相比,7 Ma的砂岩样品中新增了锆石U-Pb年龄为720-980 Ma的年龄峰值;4 Ma的砂岩样品中锆石U-Pb年龄谱主要为200～490 Ma。这些样品中,1600-1890 Ma与2100-2450 Ma的锆石εHf(t)值偏负（-31.1～5.1）,720-980 Ma的锆石具有负的εHf(t)值为-15.1～-1.7, 200～470 Ma的锆石εHf(t)值范围较宽-11.2～12.5。通过与周围构造单元对比,发现1600-1890 Ma与2100-2450 Ma的锆石可能源于与鄂尔多斯地块西缘,720-980 Ma的锆石与宁夏中部的南华山、西华山岩石具有亲缘性,U-Pb年龄为200～470 Ma的锆石则与六盘山南部岩浆岩的锆石U-Pb年龄一致。寺口子剖面碎屑锆石示踪与半定量估算表明：六盘山南部可能在27 Ma已隆升、变形,成为宁夏南部盆地的物源区,而宁夏南部盆地晚中新世的物源变迁可能反映了海原-六盘山断裂的强烈构造变形。     

塔里木盆地与南天山的耦合关系:来自(U-Th)/He年龄的新证据

塔里木盆地与南天山构造-沉积耦合关系是目前国内地质研究的热点之一。文中首次利用盆地内钻井样品的磷灰石和锆石(U-Th)/He年龄探讨了塔里木盆地与南天山构造-沉积耦合关系。塔北隆起He年龄为15～3Ma的磷灰石和锆石来自于南天山,热史模拟结果揭示了南天山在晚中新世开始快速抬升的时间约为15Ma,一直持续到5Ma左右。在此基础上,建立了南天山与塔里木盆地北缘新近纪的构造-沉积耦合关系演化模式。晚中新世,南天山开始快速隆升遭受剥蚀,而塔里木盆地北缘剧烈沉降接受来自南天山的沉积物。盆地内的磷灰石和锆石He年龄有效地记录了这些地质信息,为盆-山耦合关系研究提供了新证据。     

藏东义敦地体早古生代构造格局：来自碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素的约束

位于藏东的义敦地体是研究青藏高原和古特提斯构造演化的关键区域,其在早古生代时期的古地理位置及构造演化过程尚不明确。沉积岩中碎屑锆石记录了物源区丰富的地质信息,被广泛应用于示踪沉积物源和古地理重建。本文对义敦地体三件下古生界浅变质沉积岩样品开展了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,结果显示：三件样品均具有“多峰”的碎屑锆石年龄分布特征,其U-Pb年龄主要集中在约2535～2350 Ma、约1000～900 Ma、约890～750 Ma和约590～520 Ma四个区间,对应的ε_Hf(t)值分别为-8.8～13.1、-11.8～10.0、-20.1～12.6和-27.6～6.1。综合本次研究结果和前人数据,提出义敦地体下古生界变沉积岩中约2535～2350 Ma和约890～750Ma年龄段的锆石主要来自邻区松潘-甘孜地体和华南地块,而约1000～900 Ma和约590～520 Ma年龄段的碎屑锆石主要源自东冈瓦纳大陆Rayner-Eastern Ghats、Prydz-Darling和Kuunga造山带的岩浆岩。对比该地层与区内新元古界碎屑岩及相...     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部汭水河地区上三叠统碎屑锆石U Pb年代学特征及其地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组物源及其演化是进行区域原盆恢复和认识区域构造演化及华北克拉通西部破坏的关键。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部汭水河地区晚三叠世延长组砂岩为研究对象,采用锆石LA-ICP-MS测年方法,通过砂岩样品中碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其变化,结合区域背景及古水流资料,系统地研究了盆地西南部延长组物源及其演化。研究认为,晚三叠世早期(231～225Ma),盆地西南部延长组沉积物源主要为盆地东北部阜平杂岩及盆地北部的海西期岩浆岩,部分搬运来的物质与来自秦祁造山带的剥蚀物质一起经宝鸡—武都裂陷槽流入松潘—甘孜地区;晚三叠世中期(225～218Ma),来自秦岭造山带的挤压开始增强,盆地西南部延长组地层中来自南缘秦岭造山带的物源开始增加,盆地西南部沉积物源开始与松潘—甘孜地区出现明显差别,宝鸡—武都裂陷槽开始关闭;至晚三叠世晚期(218～210Ma),秦岭与祁连造山带完成拼贴,宝鸡—武都裂陷槽最终完全关闭。     

晚中新世红河海底扇碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄：物源区制约及红河袭夺事件探讨

为确定晚中新世红河海底扇物源区以及“红河袭夺”事件,对钻遇红河海底扇的C2井中的53颗锆石颗粒进行了SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的测定。结果表明,该扇体碎屑锆石存在6个年龄段：230~300Ma,400~500Ma,700~1000Ma,1700~1900Ma,2400~2500Ma和~2700Ma。研究结果表明,红河海底扇碎屑锆石年龄频谱特征与红河最为相似,230~300Ma的锆石主要来自呵叻高原-昆嵩地块;400~500Ma、1700~1900Ma的锆石主要来自松潘甘孜地块;700~1000Ma的锆石来自扬子克拉通;2400~2500Ma和~2700Ma的锆石主要来自松潘甘孜地块古老的扬子克拉通的基底;年龄为400~500Ma、1700~1900Ma以及大于2.4Ga的锆石说明了古红河源头曾经延伸至松潘-甘孜地区,红河袭夺现象确实存在。红河物源的存在,为在琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷水道实施油气勘探提供了重要的理论基础。     

On the origin and age of the Steep Rock buckshot, Ontario, Canada

The Steep Rock buckshot is a brecciated pisolithic ferruginous bauxite found in the Errington iron mine, Steep Rock Lake, Ontario, Canada. It occurs within the almost vertical ore zone included in the Archean Steep Rock Group, reaching a depth in excess of 1100 ft. (335 m). Successive authors considered its age as Precambrian. The biological observations now presented deny this supposed Precambrian age. Treatment of the concretions by HCI, followed by staining, put in evidence abundant microscopic figurate animal and vegetal remains, namely shreds of insect integument and varied fragments of vascular plant material. Comparable results were obtained by casting and by scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM) of the surface of the concretions and by thin sections. All these remains are Phanerozoic and one of them is probably not anterior to the Late Cretaceous. The macro- and micromorphology of the concretions obey models of termite constructions and the spectrum of organic remains is identical to the one found in tubulo-alveolar laterites and in termite constructions. The presence in the matrix of canaliculi attributable to thin roots gives force to the idea that the buckshot was originated near the soil surface.     

Depositional age,provenance and metamorphic age of metasedimentary rocks from southern Madagascar

Southern Madagascar is the core of a > 1 million km² Gondwanan metasedimentary belt that forms much of the southern East African Orogen of eastern Africa, Madagascar, southern India and Sri Lanka. Here the Vohibory Series yielded U–Pb isotopic data from detrital zircon cores that indicate that it was deposited in the latest Tonian to late Cryogenian (between ~ 900 and 640 Ma). The deposition of the Graphite and Androyen Series protoliths is poorly constrained to between the late Palaeoproterozoic and the Cambrian (~ 1830–530 Ma). The Vohibory Series protoliths were sourced from very restricted-aged sources with a maximum age range between 910 and 760 Ma. The Androyen and Graphite Series protoliths were sourced from Palaeoproterozoic rocks ranging in age between 2300 and 1800 Ma. The best evidence of the timing of metamorphism in the Vohibory Series is a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 642 ± 8 Ma from 3 analyses of zircon from sample M03-01. A considerably younger ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U metamorphic age of 531 ± 7 Ma is produced from 10 analyses of zircon from sample M03-28 in the Androyen Series. This ~ 110 Ma difference in age is correlated with the early East African Orogeny affecting the west of Madagascar along with its type area in East Africa, whereas the Cambrian Malagasy Orogeny affected the east of Madagascar and southern India during the final suturing of the Mozambique Ocean.     

河南祁雨沟金成矿系统辉钼矿Re-Os年龄和锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素地球化学

河南祁雨沟金矿位于秦岭造山带最北部,属典型的角砾岩筒型成矿系统。矿区16号角砾岩筒下伏斑岩体锆石的ε_Hf(t)值为-10.50~-14.43,Hf模式年龄为2.57~2.93Ga,表明花岗斑岩主要来源于古老下地壳的部分熔融。锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为134.1±2.3Ma,与7号角砾岩筒中的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄135.6±5.6Ma一致。这些年龄数据与熊耳山地区燕山期花岗岩体的侵位年龄基本相同,共同指示其形成于地壳缩短增厚之后的伸展减薄过程。熊耳地体的地壳缩短增厚缘于同碰撞时期沿马超营断裂带的A型俯冲作用,而A型俯冲导致了包括祁雨沟金矿系统、燕山期花岗岩类和脉状造山型矿床在内的熊耳矿集区的形成。     

Geology,geochemistry and age of the Hukeng tungsten deposit,Southern China

The Hukeng tungsten deposit, located in the Wugongshan area in central part of Jiangxi province, South China, is a large-scale quartz-vein wolframite deposit. It is hosted in the Hukeng granitic intrusion. Based on the mineral assemblage and crosscutting relationship of the veins, three mineralization stages are identified, including: (1) quartz–wolframite stage, (2) quartz–fluorite–wolframite stage, and (3) quartz–pyrite–sphalerite–wolframite stage.The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in vein quartz vary from 220 to 320 °C, and the salinities are from 0 to 10 wt.% NaCl equiv.; corresponding densities range from 0.7 to 1 g/cm³. These features indicated that the ore-forming fluids in the Hukeng tungsten deposit have medium temperature, low density and low salinity.The δ¹⁸OSMOW values of quartz range from 10.8‰ to 14.4‰, with corresponding δ¹⁸O_fluid values of 3.7‰ to 7.7‰, and δD values of fluid inclusions of between ? 70‰ and ? 55‰. The combined isotopic data indicate that the ore-forming fluids of the Hukeng tungsten deposit were mainly derived from magmatic water, with some minor input from meteoric water.We have carried out molybdenite Re–Os and muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating to constrain the timing of mineralization. Re–Os dating of six molybdenite samples yielded model ages ranging from 149.1 ± 2.0 to 150.7 ± 3.7 Ma, with an average of 150.0 Ma. The Re–Os analyses give a well-defined ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁷Os isochron with an age of 150.2 ± 2.2 Ma (MSWD = 0.60). Hydrothermal muscovite yields a plateau ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 147.2 ± 1.4 Ma. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age is in good agreement with the Re–Os age. These ages show that the timing of tungsten mineralization occurred at about 150 Ma. Our new data, when combined with published geochronological results from the other major deposits in this region, suggest that widespread W mineralization occurred in the Late Jurassic throughout South China.     

Composition,age, and tectonic position of granitoids of the Shmakovka complex

The geological, geochemical, and geochronological data on the granitiods of the Shmakovka massif, which represents a petrotype of the synonymous complex (southern Russian Primorye), show that the granitoid intrusions of the Shmakovka Complex play a “coupling” role, occurring in different blocks of the Khanka composite terrane. The geochemical and isotopic features of the granitoids indicate that their formation resulted from melting of a “mixed,” substantially metapelite, source similar to the most intensely metamorphosed rocks of the Khanka massif. According to U–Pb measurements, the granitoids are 490 ± 1 Ma old. The analysis of the distribution of Early Paleozoic I-, S-, and A-type granitoids in southern Primorye reveals that Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician endogenic events marked the amalgamation of Precambrian–Early Paleozoic blocks and the eventual formation of the Bureya–Jiamusi superterrane (Bureya–Khanka orogenic belt).     

Tobler's oyster and the age of the Tabir Formation,Jambi Province,central Sumatra

For over 85 years, the stratigraphic determination of the Tabir Formation of Sumatra has been confused by a single fossil identification. Professor Fritz Frech recognized a specimen collected at the Batoe Kidjing locality by August Tobler to be an indeterminate, diminutive, ribbed oyster. Subsequently, this formation has been considered Upper Jurassic, perhaps Kimmeridgian, by several authors on the basis of this scant and inconclusive evidence; indeed, at least one author referred this sample to the genus Ostrea. However, these specimens are neither ribbed nor can they be demonstrated to be oysters; rather, this rock fragment contains a number of indeterminate mouldic fragments of fossils, too poorly preserved for confident identification. Modern determinations of the Tabir Formation as of Late Permian age are not contested by the evidence of this specimen. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geology and age of the Glikson impact structure,Western Australia

The Glikson structure is an aeromagnetic and structural anomaly located in the Little Sandy Desert of Western Australia (23°59'S, 121°34′E). Shatter cones and planar microstructures in quartz grains are present in a highly deformed central region, suggesting an impact origin. Circumferential shortening folds and chaotically disposed bedding define a 19 km-diameter area of deformation. Glikson is located in the northwestern Officer Basin in otherwise nearly flat-lying sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate of the Neoproterozoic Mundadjini Formation, intruded by dolerite sills. The structure would not have been detected if not for its strong ring-shaped aeromagnetic anomaly, which has a 10 km inner diameter and a 14 km outer diameter. We interpret the circular magnetic signature as the product of truncation and folding of mafic sills into a ring syncline. The sills most likely correlate with dolerites that intrude the Boondawari Formation ～25 km to the north, for which we report a SHRIMP U?–?Pb baddeleyite and zircon age of 508?±?5 Ma, providing a precise older limit for the impact event that formed the Glikson structure.     

The age of the Cuddapah and Kurnool systems,southern India

In southern India the older Precambrian is overlain unconformably in the Cuddapah Basin by the Cuddapah and Kurnool Systems. The former is tilted and unmetamorphosed in the west but eastwards becomes strongly folded and metamorphosed. It contains lavas and sills, particularly in the lower two groups, is intruded by dolerites and at Chelima by diatremes of kimberlitic affinities related to those intruding the older gneisses west of the Cuddapah Basin in the Wajrakarur area. The Kurnool System lacks any igneous rocks; its basal conglomerate is diamondi‐ferous.

Rb‐Sr dating of lava samples from the lowest group of the Cuddapah System shows that the age of the base of the system may be as great as 1,700 m.y. Together with data for a granite which intrudes probable Cuddapah rocks near the disturbed eastern margin of the basin the data imply that the base is unlikely to be younger than 1,555 m.y. Metamorphism affected some lavas at about 1,360 m.y. The diatremes have two ages of intrusion, about 1,225 m.y. and 1,140 m.y., the latter being the age of the Majhgawan pipe near Panna in northern India. Pre‐Kurnool dolerites have an age of 980 ±110 m.y.

The lavas and dolerites show a range of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Rb ratios from about 0.704 to 0.708 and possibly 0.712.

The age data suggest that no simple correlation can be made with other Precambrian sequences in northern peninsular India. Deposition of the Cuddapah System appears to have started well before the start of the deposition of the Vindhyan System, while the Kurnool System is coeval with only part of the Upper Vindhyan. The data also suggest that present interpretations of the structural development of the Cuddapah Basin may need some revision.