非传统钻进方法热能碎岩的原理及其初步实践

提出了一种非传统的利用热能破碎岩石的新型钻进方法,包括热力钻进法,热熔岩石钻 和超高频电加热－机械切割组合钻进法,介绍了其碎岩机理,适用范围,初步应用情况及前景。     

摩擦热-机械碎岩钻进技术试验研究

摩擦热－机械碎岩钻进技术是利用钻头与岩石产生的摩擦热能加入弱化岩石，然后利用钻头上的切削元件切削碎岩。由于大部分岩石在高温和交变热应力作用下其强度、硬度以及磨蚀性都大幅度降低，因此提高了钻进效率。钻头摩擦元件采用了新型的耐摩擦耐高温的赛隆陶瓷材料，耐磨性是YG6硬质合金的3~5倍，而价格仅为硬质合金的1/10；对钻具和钻头的结构也进行了详细的论述；钻进试验表明：热机碎岩钻具摩擦元件能产生足够高的温度场(大于600 ℃)；热机碎岩钻进技术是切实可行的，能提高钻进效率，降低钻进成本。     

PDC碎岩功耗的理论分析与计算

PDC钻头破碎岩石的理论研究,对于合理设计与应用PDC钻头有着非常重要的意义。虽然国内外学者对PDC钻头的碎岩问题进行了诸多的试验和数值模拟研究,但是理论分析研究相对缺乏。PDC碎岩功耗可以定量地从能量角度反映工具破碎岩石的效率,也是评价钻进效率有效指标之一。本文基于单齿PDC的受力模型和接触力学理论,推导了PDC单齿碎岩功耗和PDC钻头碎岩功耗的理论计算公式。结合实例对比分析表明,该公式对于整形PDC片是适用的。研究结果有助于PDC钻头的设计和PDC片的布齿措施,为深化认识PDC切削碎岩机理提供重要的理论依据。     

基于冲击载荷的硬质合金球齿碎岩机理研究

在滑坡防治大直径桩孔施工过程中,快速钻进是治理成功的关键。因此选用合适的钻进机具与工艺极其重要,而气动潜孔锤因钻进效率高被广泛应用。气动潜孔锤钻进过程中,通过钻头底部球齿对岩石进行切削,达到高效碎岩目的,但球齿在破碎岩石过程中若冲击功选用不恰当,会导致能量损耗增大、球齿磨损较快、钻进效率低等问题,因此选用合适的冲击功进行碎岩具有重要意义。本文采用ABAQUS软件对单个球齿冲击岩石的过程进行了数值模拟,并进行了冲锤自由落体冲击实验,分析?19 mm的球齿在不同冲击功条件下的碎岩机理、破碎面积的变化规律。结果表明球齿碎岩机理分为3个阶段：弹性变形、压裂、体积破碎,且当球齿以30 J冲击功钻进花岗岩时,可有效降低能量损耗与提高碎岩效率。     

复合片钻头钻进时机械钻速和碎岩功耗的研究

关于复合片钻头钻进大理岩和花岗岩时机械钻速和碎岩功率消耗同规程参数的关系,用实验设计方法进行了试验研究,得出了机械钻速和碎岩功耗与钻压、钻头转速及冲洗液量关系的数学模型;提出了碎岩绝对功耗和相对功耗的概念,而相对碎岩功耗是个更为重要的概念,求出了大理岩相对碎岩功耗最小时的最优钻进规程参数值。     

岩石力学性质及可钻性分级研究

岩石力学性质和可钻性是分析和评价岩石抵抗破碎和钻进的基本性质，也是合理选择碎岩工具和工艺的基础。因此，对岩石力学性质和可钻性的深入研究，采用能够反映某种碎岩方式实质的综合力学性质指标评定岩石可钻性，应用数理统计学原理，依据岩石力学性质和可钻性指标，建立表示岩石可钻性的数学模型，并以此模型进行岩石可钻性分级，可及满足岩土工程施工生产的急需。     

基于岩石表面位移场的超声波振动下花岗岩损伤特性试验研究

超声波振动碎岩技术作为解决硬岩钻进难题的新方法,其技术可行性受到国内外学者的大量验证,但是对于超声波振动下硬岩破碎机理的认识还存在不足。超声波振动下岩石表面径向响应位移与内部损伤状态存在着必然的联系,本文通过监测岩石在超声波振动过程中表面不同深度处的径向响应位移,利用应力波传播理论从能量耗散角度分析了岩石表面不同深度监测点径向响应位移的时空演化与岩石内部损伤发展的关系,得出超声波振动下岩石损伤主要由振动头高频冲击岩石造成的Hertz锥形环状裂纹和超声波振动交变应力产生的疲劳拉伸裂纹造成的,Hertz锥形环状裂纹的扩展深度为10 mm,疲劳损伤裂纹主要在10~20 mm深度处产生,超声波振动下岩石发生局部宏观破碎前存在着明显的径向响应位移征兆,岩石表面径向响应位移可以作为超声波振动下的破坏判据。本文的研究对于丰富超声波振动下硬岩的破碎机理具有重要意义。     

利用声谱分析方法对岩石破碎过程的研究——俄罗斯钻探过程研究的新方向

介绍了俄罗斯采用声谱分析方法研究岩破碎过程和钻探规程的情况和结果，讨论了岩石破碎与声波的关系，说明了钻进时如何测量声波，分析了孔底功率，碎岩声波和钻头胎体温度与钻探工况（抛光，正常钻进，烧钻）的关系。     

微波照射下火成岩升温特性和升温预测模型研究

微波辅助破岩可有效降低刀具磨损,提高破岩效率,具有广阔的发展前景。文章选取了10种火成岩进行微波加热试验,发现岩石的升温速率主要与岩石所含矿物的种类、含量,及岩石中的Fe元素含量有关。岩石所含矿物越敏感、含量越多,岩石中的Fe元素含量越大时,其升温速率越高。整体而言,火成岩中基性岩的升温速率最高、中性岩次之、酸性岩最低,该现象与火成岩的矿物和元素组成规律有关。在试验研究的基础上,文章提出了岩石升温预测模型。该模型除考虑了矿物种类和含量的影响外,还考虑了与升温有关的比例修正系数和结构修正系数。在升温预测模型中,敏感矿物升温的比例修正系数大于1,且随含量的增加而降低,最终趋向于1;非敏感矿物升温的比例修正系数小于1,且随含量的增加而增加,最终也趋向于1。同等条件下,块体的升温速率是粉末的2~3倍,且基性岩升温的结构修正系数大于中性岩和酸性岩。     

仿生孕镶金刚石钻头高效碎岩机理

将仿生学的非光滑原理应用到孕镶金刚石钻头的设计中,研制出新型的仿生孕镶金刚石钻头,比普通金刚石钻头钻进时效提高了30%~80%。仿生钻头破碎岩石后岩粉的颗粒比普通钻头破碎的岩粉颗粒大,可节省能量消耗,提高破碎效率;仿生非光滑表面使得钻头唇面的比压增加,有利于钻头的锐化,从而提高了时效;另外非光滑表面改善了钻头和岩石的冷却条件,因此提高了金刚石钻头的钻进效率。     

现代破岩方法综述

随着现代科学技术的发展 ,岩石破碎的方法和技术出现了一些新的发展趋势。一般地 ,破岩方法可分为机械能破岩和热能破岩 2种。介绍了几种现代破岩方法等离子体破岩、电子束破岩、激光破岩、微波破岩、热力综合破岩、射弹冲击破岩 ,以及它们的特点。     

关于热熔钻进工艺的试验研究

热熔钻进工艺是一种通过熔化岩石来破碎岩石的新的钻进方法.在圣彼得堡矿业学院钻探实验室对这种新型钻进方法进行了试验研究.介绍了所用的钻进试验台、热熔钻头、所钻的岩石和钻进工艺.试验表明,钻头电热功率和钻头轴载是决定钻进效果的2个主要工艺参数.对于同一种岩石,钻进速度随钻头电热功率的增大而增大;当钻头电热功率不变时,根据所钻岩石岩性的不同,钻进速度随钻头轴载的增大而不同程度地增大,增加钻头轴载有利于提高玻璃状孔壁的质量,但不宜过大.热熔钻进工艺在无套管固井和工程施工中有很好的应用前景.     

TBM滚刀破岩过程影响因素数值模拟研究

全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）的破岩效率主要受刀盘设计和岩体特征的影响。采用颗粒流方法建立了岩石试件与滚刀的数值模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程的影响因素进行了分析。研究表明,单刃滚刀交替作用下强度较低的岩石中易形成规则的张拉裂纹而生成较大岩碴;强度较高的岩石中滚刀的侧向挤压促使形成块度较小的片状岩碴;双刃滚刀作用下岩石表面受到强烈挤压后出现较大的拉应力,使岩石更易破碎,且仅在强度较高的岩石中才易形成透镜状岩碴。滚刀破岩过程中存在能耗最小的最佳间距,该最佳间距随着岩石强度的增大而减小。滚刀破岩过程中,结构面对裂纹扩展具有显著的控制性作用,并阻隔损伤向结构面下的岩石中渗透;随着结构面与滚刀侵入方向夹角的减小,结构面将引导裂纹向岩石深部扩展,而当夹角较大时,结构面则会引导裂纹横向扩展,易导致大块岩碴的形成     

硬岩隧道高压气体膨胀破岩开挖试验

为了解决传统钻爆法在隧道工程中振动大的问题,引入一种新型破岩技术--高压气体膨胀破岩技术。通过在某隧道掌子面采用该技术进行现场试验,获得该技术试验时的振动速度值和试验后的破岩效果,将获得的结果与传统钻爆法得到的相应结果进行对比分析,结果表明,高压气体膨胀破岩技术在施工时产生的振动比钻爆法小,证明了将该技术应用在隧道工程中是可行的,解决了该隧道采用钻爆法施工振动风险大的问题,为类似工程破岩提供了一种新途径。     

砂岩热物理性质的温度作用效应试验研究

高温作用会导致岩石内部结构发生变化,并对其热物理性质有着显著影响。因此,研究高温作用后岩石热物理性质的变化规律对地热系统及存在热流传播问题的地下工程具有指导意义。试验利用高温炉和Hot Disk热常数分析仪研究了高温作用后砂岩热物理性质的变化特征。研究表明:砂岩的热导率、比热、热扩散率随温度整体呈下降趋势,可分为25℃~100℃,100℃~400℃,400℃~600℃,600℃~900℃四个阶段;25℃~100℃,砂岩热导率、比热、热扩散率因附着水蒸发急剧减小;100℃~400℃,砂岩热导率、热扩散率变化平缓,比热因含水量的降低减小得较快;400℃~600℃,砂岩中结晶水、结构水的蒸发及石英的相变导致微裂隙发育、延伸,进而引起热导率、比热、热扩散率持续下降;600℃~900℃,砂岩中矿物发生分解、熔融破裂,热破裂进一步增加与扩展,这个阶段内热导率、比热迅速下降,但热扩散率基本稳定。     

Effect of metamorphic reactions on thermal evolution in collisional orogens

The effects of metamorphic reactions on the thermal structure of a collisional overthrust setting are examined via forward numerical modelling. The 2D model is used to explore feedbacks between the thermal structure and exhumation history of a collisional terrane and the metamorphic reaction progress. The results for average values of crustal and mantle heat production in a model with metapelitic crust composition predict a 25–40 °C decrease in metamorphic peak temperatures due to dehydration reactions; the maximum difference between the P–T–t paths of reacting and non‐reacting rocks is 35–45 °C. The timing of the thermal peak is delayed by 2–4 Myr, whereas pressure at peak temperature conditions is decreased by more than 0.2 GPa. The changes in temperature and pressure caused by reaction may lead to considerable differences in prograde reaction pathways; the consumption of heat during dehydration may produce greenschist facies mineral assemblages in rocks that would have otherwise attained amphibolite facies conditions in the absence of reaction enthalpy. The above effects, although significant, are produced by relatively limited metamorphic reaction which liberates only half of the water available for dehydration over the lifetime of the prograde metamorphism. The limited reaction is due to the lack of heat in a model with the average thermal structure and relatively fast erosion, a common outcome in the numerical modelling of Barrovian metamorphism. This problem is typically resolved by invoking additional heat sources, such as high radiogenic heat production, elevated mantle heating or magmatism. Several models are tested that incorporate additional radiogenic heat sources; the elevated heating rates lead to stronger reaction and correspondingly larger thermal effects of metamorphism. The drop in peak temperatures may exceed 45 °C, the maximum temperature differences between the reacting and non‐reacting P–T–t paths may reach 60 °C, and pressure at peak temperature conditions is decreased by more than 0.2 GPa. Field observations suggest that devolatilization of metacarbonate rocks can also exert controls on metamorphic temperatures. Enthalpies were calculated for the reaction progress recorded by metacarbonate rocks in Vermont, and were used in models that include a layer of mixed metapelite–metacarbonate composition. A model with the average thermal structure and erosion rate of 1 mm year^?1 can provide only half of the heat required to drive decarbonation reactions in a 10 km thick mid‐crustal layer containing 50 wt% of metacarbonate rock. Models with elevated heating rates, on the other hand, facilitated intensive devolatilization of the metacarbonate‐bearing layer. The reactions resulted in considerable changes in the model P–T–t paths and ～60 °C drop in metamorphic peak temperatures. Our results suggest that metamorphic reactions can play an important role in the thermal evolution of collisional settings and are likely to noticeably affect metamorphic P–T–t paths, peak metamorphic conditions and crustal geotherms. Decarbonation reactions in metacarbonate rocks may lead to even larger effects than those observed for metapelitic rocks. Endothermic effects of prograde reactions may be especially important in collisional settings containing additional heat sources and thus may pose further challenges for the ‘missing heat’ problem of Barrovian metamorphism.     

Chondrule reheating experiments and relict olivine

Chondrules contain foreign objects, including some olivine grains that obviously did not crystallize from their silicate melt. The term recycling is usually applied to chondrules with relict grains, implying that the precursor contained relicts of a previous generation of chondrules. This has given rise to the idea that the pervasive melt droplet formation that affected the early solar system involved repeated events in which chondrules or chondrule debris were reheated. We conducted experiments in which synthetic chondrules generated from fine-grained mineral aggregates were heated and cooled a second time to see what the textural consequences of this reheating would be. Charges were heated to peak temperatures for 1 min and were cooled to near-solidus temperatures over 35 min, for both thermal cycles. We first made microporphyritic olivine charges and on reheating and second cooling observed coarser grain sizes and disappearance of relict grains, if the second peak temperature was the same as or higher than the first (but insufficient for destroying all nuclei). The coarsening was due to the dissolution of the smallest first generation crystals and additional growth on the relicts during cooling. Reheated barred olivine spheres generated barred olivine spheres again, no matter how low the peak temperature. This is because the number of remaining olivine grains or nuclei that acted as sites for regrowth was constant. Generating the observed distribution of chondrule textures, dominantly porphyritic, directly from a fine-grained precursor such as nebular or presolar condensates is impossible with a single event. With reheating of chondrules, generating the texture distribution is possible provided that subsequent heating events have higher peak temperatures than the first, so that total dissolution of the smallest grains occurs, with consequent coarsening. For our thermal history and a reasonable distribution of peak temperatures, multiple recycling events might be needed to make most chondrules porphyritic. Alternatively, the predominance of porphyritic textures in chondrules could be explained by heating times hours long for a fine-grained precursor or by heating of a coarse-grained precursor.The presence of relict grains derived from older chondrules or other material suggests that an aggregate has been heated for the first time, because recycling brings an approach to equilibrium. There appears to be no reliable way to use textures to tell just how many chondrules have been heated more than once. The relict grains simply indicate the nature of the precursors, which were at least in part derived from earlier chondrules, and of the peak temperatures too low for total melting and heating times too short for total dissolution. Rim thicknesses on relict grains depend on number density of crystals and melt composition, and are not a reliable guide to the chondrule cooling rate.     

Application of the DDM and fracture mechanics model on the simulation of rock breakage by mechanical tools

A DDM (displacement discontinuity method) program coupled with a modified energy criterion is used to simulate the development of cracks and chips by indentation tools. In our analysis a cavity model is applied to represent the expansion of crushed rock to the surrounding rock and the cracks are formedin two-dimensional and quasi-static conditions. The model parameters, rock properties and load magnitudes are varied in the numerical calculations. The results show that chips are formed by multiple mechanisms of either tension or shear, or their combinations. The cracks may either propagate to the free surface to form chips or rest in the rock subsurface. The crack development is dependent upon rock and fracture properties, loading force and tool characteristics. The DDM is a convenient tool in the study of rock fragmentation and cracks.     

Conditions of contact metamorphism, Papoose Flat Pluton, eastern California, USA: implications for cooling and strain histories

Abstract Petrological study of highly strained carbonate and pelitic rocks within the contact aureole surrounding the western part of the Papoose Flat pluton yields thermal profiles (plots of metamorphic temperature versus distance) across the aureole that show temperature gradients which are relatively flat and narrow (<100m). The gradients occur close to the contact and indicate a slight decrease in temperature from 500–550°C at the pluton/wall rock contact to 450–500°C at the outer margin of the aureole. One thermal profile across low-strain metasedimentary rocks located in the southern part of the aureole shows that thermal effects from emplacement extend no further than 600 m from the contact. Coexistence of andalusite and cordierite in pelitic rocks of the aureole constrain pressures to <4 kbar. Thermal modelling using an analytical solution of the conductive heat flow equation for a rectangular-shaped pluton reproduces the observed thermal maxima and profile shape. Conductive rather than convective cooling also is supported by isotopic and field evidence for limited fluid flow along the strongly deformed margin of the pluton. Simple thermal models coupled with observed high-temperature deformation features and a measured 90% attenuation of stratigraphic units in the plastically deformed western part of the pluton's aureole indicate that strain rates may have been of the order of 10^-12s^-1. Evidence for episodic heating, such as two distinct generations of andalusite growth in pelites from the aureole, alternatively may indicate a longer heating event and, therefore, slower strain rates. Thermal models also indicate that parts of the pluton still may have been above the solidus during deformation of the pluton margin and aureole.