海相蒸发岩中的硫酸盐问题

<正> 问题的提出海水中最丰富的七种离子为 Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、K~+和 Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-。当海水蒸发浓缩时,这些离子结合成一系列矿物。如果蒸发达到钾盐相沉积,矿物中将包括高百分含量     

国外沉积学期刊文献摘要选登

一、日耳曼盆地西南部三叠系Giskeuper组一个蒸发岩-红层层序的动力地层学本文根据日耳曼陆表盆地西南部Giskeuper组三元谱系地层分析进行了蒸发岩堆积的动力学研究: 1.不同的地层类型中,最重要的有:(1)含海相动物群的薄层碳酸盐段;(2)含透石膏的块状硫酸盐,表明石膏是在很浅的水下沉淀的;(3)具各种沉积构造的薄层石膏砂岩,     

甘肃临泽正北山凹凸棒石黏土矿物学及形成机制

甘肃省临泽县凹凸棒石黏土矿储量丰富,是重要的天然纳米矿物资源.本文采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及透射电镜(TEM)等纳米矿物学的研究手段,对甘肃省临泽县正北山矿区凹凸棒石黏土矿床的矿物组成和微观形貌、结构特征进行了分析.结果表明,不同矿层的矿物成分相似,主要有石英、长石、白云石、方解石、石盐、石膏以...     

湖相沉积黏土型锂矿主要地质特征及成因

锂是重要的战略性新能源矿产,主要有卤水型、硬岩型和沉积黏土型3种类型。前两者已有大量开采。现阶段具有开发利用前景的沉积黏土型锂矿主要产于湖相盆地中,其产出规模大、层位浅、矿体分布稳定、厚度大、品位高,具有重要的地质意义和潜在的经济价值。现已发现的湖相沉积黏土型锂矿床主要分布在北美洲、欧洲和中国。该类型矿床赋矿沉积岩的沉积特征、锂的赋存状态、成矿物质来源、成矿环境与成矿机理等研究目前还较薄弱。本文主要介绍全球主要湖相沉积黏土型锂矿的地质特征、赋矿矿物特征和成矿规律,并对国内外湖相沉积黏土型锂资源的成矿作用机理进行综合分析。湖相沉积黏土型锂矿床中锂主要赋存于蒙脱石、伊利石等黏土矿物中,个别为独立含锂矿物贾达尔石。锂的主要物质来源及成矿方式有多种,包括喷发至湖盆中的富锂火山岩（特别是火山灰地层）、深部富锂岩浆热液运移至湖相盆地中并与沉积黏土水岩反应形成,或者通过富锂盐湖卤水与围岩黏土岩的相互作用使得锂吸附在黏土矿物中。全球湖相沉积锂成矿作用的差异主要是成矿物源区和沉积环境的差异所致。     

陆相石膏赋存状态及沉积过程——以库车坳陷牙哈地区古近系苏维依组底砂岩段为例

库车坳陷牙哈气藏是我国开发时间最早、开发技术最为成熟的凝析气藏之一,其主要产层段为古近系苏维依组底砂岩段,岩性以含石膏团块的细砂岩为主。石膏的赋存状态多种多样,而不同赋存状态的石膏发育时期、水动力条件、沉积环境和对储层物性的影响均有不同。基于牙哈气田古近系苏维依组底砂岩段钻井取心、野外剖面、岩石薄片等资料,探讨石膏赋存状态及其形成过程。结果表明：（1）研究区古近系底砂岩段沉积成因石膏可分为异地沉积石膏和原地沉积石膏;（2）异地沉积石膏团块经流水搬运,搬运距离从近到远依次为：(1)撕裂状,粒径8～10 cm的不规则状石膏团块;(2)云雾状,粒径4～8cm的云雾状石膏团块,具棱角;(3)团砾状,粒径2～5 cm,近圆状石膏团块,磨圆度较好;(4)定向排列石膏,粒径0.5～2 cm,石膏团块定向排列,围岩见平行层理构造;原地沉积石膏包括蒸发浓缩形成均匀分布的点状石膏,以及流水搅动形成的具核心、不具同心圈层结构的鲕状石膏;（3）干旱气候背景下湖泊蒸发环境沉积时期可分为丰水期与枯水期,枯水期为盐湖蒸发沉积模式,石膏等盐类矿物蒸发沉积,丰水期为河流—三角洲—湖泊沉积,沉积砂体。不同赋存状态的石膏代...     

中国北方宁南盆地古近纪晚期咸化湖盆演化及其区域地质意义

本文以宁南盆地北部的贺家口子清水营组剖面为研究目标,对古近纪晚期清水营组的岩性特征、石膏主元素地球化学特征和泥岩有机地球化学特征进行研究,结果表明:清水营组岩性以灰绿-紫红色泥岩、石膏及二者互层为主,可划分为8个二级沉积旋回和3个一级沉积旋回。石膏中CaO含量反映了咸化湖盆中石膏的化学沉积作用,Al_2O_3等为陆源碎屑来源,清水营组下段为盐湖深水环境沉积的纯净石膏;中段石膏沉积的水体较浅。清水营组下段地层泥岩TOC和生烃潜量(S_1+S_2)较高,说明在咸化湖盆演化早期气候较湿润、水体较深;而泥岩降解潜力相对小,反映有机质以高等植物来源为主,陆源输入较多。在此研究基础上,认为宁南盆地清水营组沉积包括:蒸发岩的沉积和碎屑岩的沉积;咸化湖盆演化尚未达到钾盐等盐岩沉淀的高浓缩阶段。咸化湖盆演化主要经历了早期封闭深水盐湖发育阶段、中期封闭浅水盐湖鼎盛阶段和晚期开阔浅水盐湖消亡阶段。宁南盆地古近纪晚期咸化湖盆演化与盆地的持续构造沉降和各次级沉积坳陷最终连为统一的湖泊这一重大区域沉积事件有明显的响应关系。     

秦皇岛牛心山高氟地下水分布特征及成因

柳江盆地北部牛心山地区存在高氟地下水,严重影响居民身体健康。本文选取牛心山地区为研究区,对其浅层地下水运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、氯碱指数图和离子比例图等方法进行水化学特征及其形成作用分析研究,从矿物溶解与沉淀、离子交换作用角度探讨了地下水中氟的来源和富集机理。结果显示:研究区地下水离子以Ca~(2+)、Na~+和HCO_3~-为主,水体偏碱性,F-浓度超标点位于火成岩侵入边缘地带,水化学类型为Ca-(Na)-HCO_3、Ca-(SO_4)-HCO_3和Ca-(Cl)-SO_4型,高浓度的F-赋存在Ca-(Na)-HCO_3型水中,地下水水化学组分主要受岩石风化作用的影响;水文地球化学过程和地质因素控制地下水化学特征和氟化物的来源、分布;方解石、石膏溶解于地下水作为Ca~(2+)来源影响萤石的溶解与沉淀,阳离子交换作用改变地下水中指定阳离子浓度间接影响F-浓度,同时碱性环境中吸附在黏土矿物上F-被OH-取代,溶解平衡和离子交换是地下水径流中F-浓度变化的主要控制因素。     

沉积岩容矿天青石矿床的发育特征与成因综述

沉积岩容矿的天青石矿床是锶最主要的来源.文章对全球该类矿床的资料进行了系统梳理,对矿床的发育特征和成因进行了综述和探讨.研究显示:①该类矿床的产出与含石膏或硬石膏的蒸发盐密切相关,或赋存在碳酸盐岩-蒸发岩沉积建造中,或出现在蒸发岩底辟环境;②多数为后生成因,表现为富锶流体交代石膏或硬石膏,或富锶流体与富硫酸盐流体混合、充填开放空间;少数矿床为同生成因,天青石直接从蒸发环境的水体中沉淀出;③后生天青石矿床中的锶可以来自不同途径,包括盆地流体与富钙矿物相互作用萃取的锶、碳酸盐岩重结晶过程文石转变为方解石或硬石膏转变为石膏释放的锶;同生天青石矿床中的锶来自沉积水体本身,沉积源区岩石提供了锶;④天青石中的硫来源于围岩地层中的石膏或硬石膏,有些矿床中的硫来自发生过硫酸盐还原作用后的(溶解的)石膏/硬石膏,而在个别矿床中,还原硫氧化成硫酸盐提供了部分硫;⑤一些天青石矿床中出现有铅锌硫化物,两者可以有成因关系,也可以无成因关系;⑥少数天青石矿床中重晶石含量较高,与高Ba/Sr流体与富硫酸盐流体混合有关.天青石从低钡流体中结晶时,钡在流体中含量的震荡变化会导致SrSO4-BaSO4固溶体的形成,从而使天青石出现环带或出溶结构.     

新生代酒西盆地沉积特征及其与祁连山隆升关系的研究

酒西盆地普遍缺失上白垩统-始新统,在渐新世晚期开始接受沉积,并形成厚约3．9km的中下第三系一第四系河流相沉积约,不整合覆盖于下白垩统上。渐新统火烧沟组仅在盆地北部出露,往盆地南部尖灭,古流向向南,其物源区应在北部,可能和阿尔金断裂的活动有关。白杨河组全盆均有分布,北祁连山中也有沉积。山中-盆内沉积相由山麓相转变为河湖相,变化明显;古流向大致向北,说明当时祁连山开始隆升,成为白杨河组的物源区。对酒西盆地中、新生界的重矿物进行了系统分析,白杨河组重矿物绝对含量的脉动增加明显,显示白杨河组沉积物源发生变化,原因可能是北祁连山开始隆升,酒西盆地的沉积物源由北转向南侧的祁连山。重矿物的相对含量以及ATi,GZi和ZTR特征值也指示了白杨河组时期矿物成熟度低,构造活动强烈,可能对应着北祁连山的开始隆升。     

新疆莎车盆地上白垩统-古近系蒸发岩沉积及成钾前景

新疆莎车盆地发育大范围的蒸发岩。蒸发岩沉积与海侵-海退密切相关,自晚白垩世—渐新世以来,莎车盆地至少有5次小规模海侵-海退旋回,除阿尔塔什组石膏岩为断续海侵期沉积外,其余基本为海退期沉积。莎车盆地主要的蒸发岩沉积层位为吐依洛克组上段及阿尔塔什组。野外调查显示,吐依洛克组石盐岩露头主要沿西昆仑山前呈长条状分布,基本呈透镜体,阿尔塔什组石膏岩露头则见于盆地大部分地区,包括西昆仑山前、南天山山前及麦盖提斜坡,横向上持续稳定。野外调查及室内分析显示,盐类矿物主要为石盐、石膏、硬石膏,少量杂卤石、钙芒硝及钾石膏。盆地中石盐岩透镜体在横向上的不连续性,可能反应了吐依洛克组沉积晚期西昆仑山前存在多个次级古盐湖凹地,在干旱条件下浓缩成盐,而次级古盐湖在演化过程中大范围巨厚石膏岩的缺失,可能与当时的海退时间极短有关。依据莎车盆地蒸发岩沉积特征、盐类矿物组合、古盐湖演化环境,推测盆地有利的成钾层位为吐依洛克组上段,在乌帕尔一带发现成钾显示,可能为有利的成钾区域;而盆地小范围、厚度不大的石盐沉积及埋藏深度大为不利的找钾因素。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.