许氏创孔海百合Traumatocrinus hsui的形态定量分析和个体发育过程

Traumatocrinus hsui Mu, 1949是关岭生物群的重要组成成员,以数量众多、保存精美、营假浮游生活闻名于世。笔者等通过对5件群体保存标本中的127个大小不同个体的系统描述和形态定量分析,认为T. hsui萼部与整个冠部存在异速生长的特征,个体发育过程中腕的级数和数目逐渐增加;T. hsui的个体发育可分为3个时期6个阶段,即幼年期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ）、少年期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）、成年期;幼年期：个体较小,冠高小于26 mm,腕分枝至4级;少年期：个体中等,冠高26～130 mm,腕分枝至7级;成年期：个体较大,冠高大于130 mm,腕分枝至8级。前人在关岭生物群中研究命名的Traumatocrinus hsui enormis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus kueichouensis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus uniformis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus sp. Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus guanlingensis Yu et al., 2000和Traumatocrinus xinpuensis Wang et al., 2002等均为T. hsui的同种异名,其命名标本为个体发育的不同阶段或局部特征。     

许氏创孔海百合Traumatocrinus hsui的形态定量分析和个体发育过程

Traumatocrinus hsu Mu, 1949是关岭生物群的重要组成成员,以数量众多、保存精美、营假浮游生活闻名于世。笔者等通过对5件群体保存标本中的127个大小不同个体的系统描述和形态定量分析,认为T. hsui萼部与整个冠部存在异速生长的特征,个体发育过程中腕的级数和数目逐渐增加;T. hsui的个体发育可分为3个时期6个阶段,即幼年期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ）、少年期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）、成年期;幼年期：个体较小,冠高小于26 mm,腕分枝至4级;少年期：个体中等,冠高26～130 mm,腕分枝至7级;成年期：个体较大,冠高大于130 mm,腕分枝至8级。前人在关岭生物群中研究命名的Traumatocrinus hsui enormis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus kueichouensis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus uniformis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus sp. Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus guanlingensis Yu et al., 2000和Traumatocrinus xinpuensis Wang et al., 2002等均为T. hsui的同种异名,其命名标本为个体发育的不同阶段或局部特征。     

贵州关岭创孔海百合新材料的发现

通过对采自贵州关岭地区三叠系小凹组的2块海百合化石标本的研究,认为该标本与以前发现于该地区相同层位的Traumatocrinus hsui Mu在冠部和茎部结构特征均有较大差异,并据此建立新种Traumatocrinus strumiformis sp.nov.。     

The Discovery of a Crinoid Community in the LateTriassic Zhuganpo Formation of Guizhou Provinceand Its Geological Significance

Recently a rich and well-preserved crinoid community including Traumatocrinus and Encrinus has been found in the Late Triassic Zhuganpo Formation in Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou province, China. Among the fossils Traumatocrinus is the richest, and most of it occurs as clusters, with each cluster containing 3-42 crinoid branches. Study of the stem and calyx of Traumatocrinus shows that the number of stem-joints (columnals) is equal to the total stem length × K (5.85 per cmx stem-diameter). There are about 376 first- and second-order columnals on the whole stem. This number seems to coincide with the number of days in a year at that time. According to the present study of the palaeoecological environment of the crinoid community, it is considered that the reproduction and preservation of the crinoid community were controlled by the Late Triassic regression and the restricted bay of an interior sea behind the S-shaped shoal zone.     

贵州关岭生物群海百合Traumatocrinus的再研究

在前人的研究基础上，通过对大量新发掘的贵州关岭地区晚三叠世海百合化石标本的再研究，肯定了Trauma-tocrinus的有效性。根据目前的材料，认为该属只有1个有效种，即Traumatocrinus hsui；而根据化石的埋藏学特征，认为幼年体Traumatocrinus hsui营假浮游生活，成年体是否能够适应底栖生活环境尚需进一步证实。     

On the Discovery of the Crown of Traumatocrinus

Early in the autumn of 1945 while reviewing the Triassic collections made by the late Messrs. T. Y. Hsu and K. Chen from Kueichou the writer found some beautiful specimens of crinoids including several complete crowns labbelled Encrinus carnalli Beyrich by Hsu. This is, as the writer observed, nothing but a Traumatocrinus; for its stem bears the characteristic features of that genus and the crown is also right away from Encrinus.     

Ontogeny of the Traumatocrinus hsui

It is suggested that the characters of Traumatocrinus hsui Mu infants change remarkably in different ages; however, the characters of adult individuals are comparatively stable. The present study examined specimens of infant and adult individuals of T. hsui. Based on these observations, the authors divided the ontogeny of T. hsui into four infant stages (infant stage I-IV） and one adult stage. In addition, the characters of the anal pyramid are supplemented and the infrabasal plates of T. hsui are confirmed in the present paper for the first time.     

贵州上三叠统竹杆坡组海百合化石群的发现及意义

最近,在关岭、兴义一带上三叠统竹杆坡组中发现了海百合化石群。海百合产于上三叠统竹杆坡组底部1.5m的泥质灰岩层面上,海百合保存非常完好,常以丛状群体出现,根、茎、萼完整。丛状海百合群体由3～42枝海百合组成,海百合与双壳类:Daonella、菊石:Protrachyceras共生,亦见少量的水生爬行动物贵州龙与其共生。最近王立亭在竹杆坡组中发现晚三叠世牙形刺分于Neogondolella polygnathiformic,N.naantungensis,N.Tad pola将其归入晚三叠世。 海百合化石群主要分子有:Traumatocrinus hsui Mu,Traumatocrinus hsui enormis Mu,Encrinus liliformis Miller,占海百合化石群的90％。Traumatocrinus冠大,上宽下窄,萼部呈腕状,有5个内底板,5个底板,5个辐板,10个腕板及一个间腕板,三级腕20个,双列,内侧分,具有羽枝,在分枝处生长出疣和刺。茎圆,茎的中孔圆而小,节面上有放射状的小沟通到茎的缝合线处,形成许多小孔,节面小沟间的脊顶由许多人字形的突起排列而成。茎板近萼部分3、4级,向根渐渐变成各节近等,并变薄。该化石群为丛状群体.由3～42枝海百合组成、茎最粗者达2.2cm,小者为0.3cm,茎最长达1.4m,小者0.1m,经对完好海百合统计,茎节(茎板)一般为376节。茎中部的茎节×茎径=5.85。冠最大者达38cm,具五级羽枝,一     

关岭生物群——世界上罕见的化石库

以产保存完美海生爬行动物和海百合化石为特色，多门类脊柱动物、无脊柱动物共同繁盛，且夹带有少许古植物化石的关岭生物群是世界上极为罕见的珍衡古生物组合。其化石保存之完美，类型之多样，数量之丰富，堪称世界上少有的晚三叠世“化石库”。在该“化石库”中，海生爬行动物主要有鱼龙类（ichthyosaurs)：Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li(1999),Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li et You(2002),Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen et Cheng gen.et sp.nov.;海龙类（thalat-tosaurs):Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis(Liu,1999),Xinpusaurus suni(Yin et al.,2000),X.banaolinensis Cheng et Liu sp.nov.Shun齿龙类（placodonts):Sinocymodus xinpuensis Li(2000)以及某些尚待研究的类型。在所储藏的海百合化石中，以重新厘定的许氏创口海百合Traumatocrinus hsui(Mu)[?=T.caudes(Dittmar,1866);?=T.guanlingensis Yu et al.]为主，新的发现说明，此类海百合营假浮游生活方式，它们通过其网状或铰接状根簇附着在漂浮树干上而广泛分布。共存的化石还有：新近发现和重厘定的Metapolygnathus nodosus带的牙形石，少量鱼类（Asialepidotus sp.nov.），大量软骨鱼类（elas-mobranch ichthyoliths）鳞片和牙齿化石的新类型，Trachyceras multituberculatus带的菊石，Halobia-“Daonella” bifurcata组合带的双壳类，以及腕足类：Koninckina guizhouensis,K.zhengfengensis等以及古植物化石：Equisetites arennaceus,Ctenozamites sarrani等。系统调查、科学发掘和对上述各门类化石时代综合分析后指,了这个珍稀生物群形成于晚三叠世卡尼期早－中期，主要产在新铺乡黄土塘、小凹、毛凹、巴毛林和岗乌乡白岩一带小凹组下段，距5－11m的地层间隔中，其分布面积约200km^2。构造古地理及层序、生态、化学地层的综合研究说明，关岭生物群可能是伴随晚三叠世卡尼期早中期的海侵在南盘江裂陷槽盆西北角活动外陆棚边缘所形成的“避难所”中形成和发展起来的。随着海侵的扩大，海水的加深和有机质的过盛贮存所诱发的缺氧和海水的咸化事件，可能是导致该生物群的集群绝灭，并形成完好保存埋藏群落的主要原因。     

关于创口海百合(Traumatocrinus)的分类、分布及古生态

在中国贵州关岭地区晚三叠世(卡尼期)小凹组(=瓦窑组)海生爬行动物和海百合化石库中产有大量完好保存的创口海百合(Traumatocrinus)(棘皮动物门,海百合纲)化石。根据对此类海百合分类、分布和形态构造及古生态的研究,特别是大量完好保存、且附着在漂浮木头上的群体化石标本的发现,进一步证明这种外形似海百合花的创口海百合营假浮游的生活方式。这类特化的海百合分枝起源于另一类底栖中三叠世石莲海百合科,很快占领了卡尼期初期的生态境,至卡尼期末创口海百合衰退以后,它的生态境在诺利期时为形态发生的趋同变异的链海百合(Seirocrinus)和五角海百合(Pentacrinites)所占领。     

贵州上三叠统瓦窑组海百合化石群中的一新种

在贵州省关岭地区上三叠统瓦窑组地层中发现了保存完好的海百合化石群。化石保存在瓦窑组近底部的深灰色—灰黑色泥质灰岩层面上 ,与海百合共生的有菊石、双壳类和牙形石等海洋生物。海百合化石数量丰富 ,保存完好 ,经鉴定分属于创孔海百合属 (Trauma tocrinusW hrmann ,1889emend .Mu ,194 9)的许氏创孔海百合 (Traumatocrinushs櫣ｉＭｕ ,194 9) ,关岭创孔海百合 (TraumatocrinusguanlingensisYu ,2 0 0 0 )和新铺创孔海百合(Traumatocrinusxinpuensissp .nov .)。其中 ,新铺创孔海百合 (Traumatocrinusxinpuensissp .nov .)为一新种 ,该种成年个体较大 ,茎板厚度分 5级 ,各级茎板排列顺序为 (1为一级茎板 ;2为二级茎板 ,以此类推 ) :1、 5、 4、 5、 3、 5、 4、 5、 2、 5、 4、 5、 3、 5、 4、 5、 2、5、 4、 5、 3、 5、 4、 5、 2、 5、 4、 5、 1,一级茎板数与二级茎板数之比为 1/ 3。第一个粗羽枝分出在三级腕的第 3块腕板上。据其骨骼排列的精密程度 ,推测该种海百合适合于水动力较弱的海洋环境     

First crinoid crown from the Permian Khuff Formation (Wordian) of Oman

Crinoidal debris is common from the basal parts of the open marine Khuff Formation in Oman; yet, little is known about the diversity and affinities of this fauna. Exallocrinus khuffensis n. gen., n. sp. is described from this unit, and is the first crinoid crown from outcrops of the Wordian, Lower Khuff Member, in the northern Huqf region of Oman. This new crinoid is among the youngest Paleozoic crinoids known, yet it has a combination of more stemward and crownward characters. Because of the uncertainties concerning the latest Paleozoic and earliest Mesozoic crinoid phylogeny, Exallocrinus n. gen. is questionably assigned to the Ampelocrinidae.     

Utility of crinoid columnals in palaeontology illustrated by a new species: Clare Shale Formation (Carboniferous), Doolin,County Clare,western Ireland

Well-preserved specimens, such as complete individuals, crowns and cups, are the common focus for crinoid systematic research. Yet the majority of specimens are disarticulated ossicles which are essentially ignored. The incompleteness of the fossil record is even more so when we ignore potential sources of data. A new species of crinoid comes from a monospecific assemblage from the Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) of western Ireland. All specimens are from a float block of the Clare Shale Formation (Bashkirian stage) at Fisherstreet Bay, Doolin, County Clare, western Ireland. Heloambocolumnus (col.) harperi gen. et sp. nov. has a pentagonocyclic, heteromorphic column; the small, central lumen is in a shallow, circular claustrum; the articulation is radial symplectial; the crenulae are slightly swollen and peg-like close to the circumference; nodals have rounded, unsculptured epifacets; nodal articular facets are sunken and in which narrow internodals are situated; and circlets of tubercles on epifacet surround priminternodals. These columnals are associated with robust, uniserial brachial ossicles. This crinoid is most likely a cladid.     

Two intriguing pluricolumnals (Crinoidea) from the Lower Palaeozoic of Powys and Shropshire

Complete fossils must be preferred to fragments for most palaeontological studies, but disarticulated specimens are nonetheless potential sources of noteworthy data. Two crinoid pluricolumnals are recorded from the lower Palaeozoic; informed discussion shows each is a basis for palaeobiological interpretation. Both are gracile and are probably belong to disparids. Floricrinus (col.) sp. is from the Silurian of Wenlock Edge, Shropshire, either from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation (Wenlock) or, more likely, the Lower Elton Formation (Ludlow). This is the first crinoid from the Silurian of the British Isles with a pentapetaloid arrangement of the areola, a geometry common in the Middle-Upper Ordovician and higher in the geologic column. Pluricolumnal gen. et sp. indet. is from the Lower Llanvirn of Powys. One end of the otherwise straight specimen is tightly coiled. This is likely the proxistele, the most flexible region of the column, and the coiling occurred after the crown was lost by autotomy in response to an environmental disturbance.     

Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) crinoids of the Hidas Valley (Mecsek Mountains, S Hungary) and their biogeographic significance

The Bathonian crinoid fauna that occurs in red nodular limestone and argillaceous limestones from the Hidas Valley, Mecsek Mts (southern Hungary) consists of three isocrinid and six cyrtocrinid species. Isocrinids are represented by Balanocrinus inornatus (d’Orbigny), B. berchteni Hess and Pugin and Balanocrinus sp. Cyrtocrinids are represented by Phyllocrinus stellaris Zar?czny, P. birkenmajeri G?uchowski, P. malbosianus d’Orbigny, Apsidocrinus sp., Lonchocrinus sp., and the new species Psalidocrinus hidasinus sp. nov. This last species is the earliest occurrence of the genus Psalidocrinus previously known from the Early Tithonian to Valanginian. This is the first crinoid fauna described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Hungary. The co-occurrence of isocrinids and cyrtocrinids indicates an environment subject to weak currents. The stratigraphical and geographical distribution of the identified cyrtocrinid genera and species suggests a Tethyan origin and subsequent migration to the northern Tethyan shelf.     

An association of problematic corals,crinoids and parasites from the Sholeshook Limestone Formation (Ordovician) of Wales

Coralla of the solitary coral Talfania calicula gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician (Ashgill Series; Katian Stage) of Llanddowror, South Wales, UK, are often coiled around crinoid columnals, suggesting a premortem association between some of the corals and living crinoids. Irregularities within the deepest part of the open calice imply infestation of T. calicula by parasitic worms. Talfania calicula is distinguished from contemporaneous rugose corals by its lack of septa within the calice and its systematic position within Zoantharia is unresolved. Pitted calical grooves are interpreted as attachment scars of desmocytes connecting the soft tissues to the exoskeleton. Coral and crinoid remains in the assemblage are bored by postmortem microendoliths. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crinoid columns as hard substrates: Salthill Quarry (Mississippian,lower Carboniferous), Clitheroe,Lancashire, UK

Salthill Quarry, Clitheroe, Lancashire (Mississippian, Visean) is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), in part based on its diverse fauna of invertebrates, particularly echinoderms. A small collection of crinoid pluricolumnals are described herein, collected from muddy horizons in the Hodder Mudstone Formation to typify the diversity and frequency of their encrusting and boring fauna. These specimens are infested by a range of episkeletozoans, namely a single occurrence of Sutherlandia parasitica (Phillips), four occurrences of Cladochonus sp. and eight of Oichnus paraboloides Bromley. Two variants of the pit (boring or embedment or both) O. paraboloides are recognised: those in which a living crinoid showed a growth reaction to pit formation; and those that did not and which were presumably dead at the time of infestation. The epizoozoan tabulate coral Cladochonus sp. is also common, including specimens intergrown between and within the columnals. Sutherlandia parasitica is relatively uncommon; the only specimen likely infested a dead pluricolumnal on the sea floor. A comparative collection of pluricolumnals infested by Cladochonus beecheri Grabau from the Mississippian Borden Group of the Midwest, USA, showed superior preservation to the Clitheroe Cladochonus sp. Cladochonus beecheri in the Borden Group infested platycrinitid crinoid stems, an association not noted from Salthill Quarry. Similar suites of borings-episkeletozoans, from two other sites – the Visean of Feltrim, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and the Permian of Timor – suggest that these were persistent associations for much of the Late Palaeozoic.     

RHABDOCRINUS VATAGINI SP. NOV., A NEW SPECIES FROM THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS DEPOSITS OF THE MOSCOW BASIN

A new diagnosis is proposed for the crinoid family Rhabdocrinidae with emphasis on the structure of the radial facets. In Rhabdocrinus vatagini Arendt, sp. nov., the plates were probably flexible along their sutures as indicated by the presence of fossae for ligaments or muscles along the connecting surfaces.--P. M. Kier.