峡东地区成冰系南沱组新认识

前人普遍认为峡东地区成冰系仅发育南沱组,缺失古城冰期和大塘坡间冰期相应地层。笔者发现峡东地区青林口剖面原先划定的南沱组包含上、下两套冰碛岩及之间的页岩夹含锰灰岩,应解体为古城组、大塘坡组和南沱组。本文在剖面实测的基础上,对比了青林口剖面含锰灰岩与长阳古城村剖面菱锰矿层的岩石学特征和稀土元素特征,分析了CIA、CIW和PIA等化学风化强度指标的垂向演化。结果表明,青林口剖面和古城村剖面成冰系均由两套冰期地层夹一套间冰期地层组成;青林口剖面大塘坡组含锰灰岩与古城村剖面大塘坡组菱锰矿具有相似的岩石学和稀土元素特征,指示两者应为同时期地质作用的产物;青林口剖面与古城村剖面大塘坡组在形成过程中所遭受的化学风化强度显著高于冰碛岩地层。因此,峡东青林口剖面成冰系包含成冰纪古城冰期、大塘坡间冰期及南沱冰期的沉积记录,为完整的成冰纪地层序列。     

皖南新元古代冰期地层再认识

前人认为皖南地区新元古代冰期地层存在两套冰碛岩。通过对皖南蓝田新元古界剖面和皖南地区的另外3条新元古界剖面的重新观察,发现该剖面只存在一套冰碛层和一套盖帽白云岩,均未发现间冰期地层。植被覆盖和地层错断是造成前人认为本地区新元古代冰期地层存在两套冰碛层和两套盖帽白云岩的主要原因。这一套冰碛层与中国南方扬子区南华系南沱组相当。     

湖南四都坪南沱组沉积特征与古气候变化耦合关系

运用现代冰川理论并结合南沱组冰碛岩研究现状,根据湖南四都坪南沱组宏观地层序列和微观构造特征,识别并总结2期冰期和2期间冰期沉积特点,认为冰碛岩前缘是沉积作用活跃地带,以重力碎屑流、浊流为特点,间冰期以深水和浅水的牵引流为特点。结合沉积作用与古气候、海平面变化特征,认为该区南沱组冰碛岩由古气候控制,海平面的起落导致形成不同的沉积类型。     

鄂西长阳南华系地球化学特征的气候指示意义及地层对比

鄂西长阳南华系出露良好、发育完整,主要由莲沱组、南沱组构成,少数地段(长阳古城)包括古城组和大塘坡组.莲沱组为河流-河口湾相的碎屑岩组合,区域上南厚北薄,岩性三分性明显.古城组为典型的冰碛岩,对应于国际上Sturtian冰期.大塘坡组为间冰期海陆过渡相沉积.南沱组为研究区内最发育、最重要的冰碛地层,对应于国际上Mari...     

宁镇山脉的盖帽碳酸盐岩北大核心CSCD

埃迪卡拉系底部发育一套覆盖在成冰纪冰碛杂砾岩之上的碳酸盐岩地层,被称为"盖帽碳酸盐岩",它是超级温室气候事件的沉积标志层,代表了新元古代"雪球"冰期的结束。通过对宁镇山脉地区新元古代地层的野外调查,在镇江丹阳帽山剖面南沱冰碛杂砾岩层顶部发现厚约4 m的含锰碳酸盐岩。沉积岩石学和稳定碳、氧同位素研究表明,这层碳酸盐岩具有盖帽碳酸盐岩的典型特征,可以与扬子板块其他地区的盖帽碳酸盐岩进行对比。这是宁镇山脉地区存在盖帽碳酸盐岩的首次报道。     

皖南新元古代两次冰期事件

新元古代的冰期事件一直是地质界研究的热点之一。包括中国在内 ,世界许多地区新元古代地层中普遍发育有一至两层冰碛岩 ,有的地区甚至可以见到三层冰碛岩 ,在冰碛岩之上往往有碳酸盐岩盖层 ( Cap Carbonate)。通过对皖南休宁新元古代冰碛岩的岩石地层学 ,以及碳、氧稳定同位素化学地层学的研究 ,证实了休宁新元古代地层存在两期冰川的记录 ,并通过与国内外同时代典型地层剖面的对比 ,认为休宁蓝田剖面的两层冰碛岩可能分别相当于 Sturtian冰期和 Marinoan冰期的沉积 ,其时代分别约为 710— 73 0 Ma,5 90— 60 0 Ma     

碧口群内冰川沉积及冰期的划分与对比

碧口群内前人曾怀疑为冰碛岩的一套岩石,已取得了大量冰川证据,肯定了冰川作用的存在。其时代属早震旦世。据沉积特征、层位及上下接触关系等,将其划为长安、南沱两个冰期,南沱冰期又进一步划分为两个亚冰期,并分别与国内外有关地区作了对比。     

伊犁科古琴山地区南华系沉积特征研究

西天山伊犁科古琴山地区出露较完整新元古代南华纪地层,自下而上为库鲁铁列克提组、吐拉苏组和别西巴斯套组,可划为两个冰期和一个间冰期沉积.下冰碛地层库鲁铁列克提组为一套冰碛砾岩、含砾凝灰岩组合.上冰碛地层别西巴斯套组岩性主要为冰碛砾岩、含砾凝灰质岩屑砂岩.两冰碛地层间间冰期沉积吐拉苏组主要为一套粉砂岩、细砂岩和凝灰岩沉积.通过岩相学分析,认为研究区南华系整体处于浅海陆棚环境,伴有冰川作用和火山活动.可划出冰川沉积相、海相和火山喷发相3种沉积相,其中冰川沉积相又可细划为基底冰碛岩亚相、冰前滨海亚相和冰筏海洋亚相.海相主要划为浅海碎屑沉积亚相和浅海碳酸盐岩亚相.     

扬子区震旦纪海平面波动与控矿作用

震旦纪是扬子区的重要成矿期,这一时期形成了一系列沉积矿床,如贵州的大塘坡锰矿、湖南民乐锰矿、江口锰矿、湘潭锰矿和贵州开阳磷矿、湘西磷矿、保康磷矿、荆襄磷矿等。对于这些矿床的成因已有不少学者进行过论述,但各家观点不尽一致。这些矿床基本上都分布在贝义西(长安)冰期的冰碛岩和南沱期冰碛岩之上。本文以此为基点展开对震旦纪沉积矿产的控矿、成矿因素的探讨。一、地层概述     

扬子北部三峡地区南沱组冰碛岩的物源特征:锆石年龄和地球化学证据

扬子陆块新元古代地层发育完整并广泛分布,三峡地区南沱组冰碛岩是扬子北部南华纪的冰成杂砾岩,不整合地覆盖在新元古代黄陵花岗岩之上.南沱组冰碛岩成分复杂,分选性差,缺乏可对比的标志,其沉积时代和物源组成研究较少且存在争议.对南沱组冰碛岩开展锆石U-Pb定年工作,得到最年轻的锆石年龄为706±7 Ma,印证了南沱组沉积时代应不早于700 Ma的说法,并可与Marinoan冰期对应.所获得锆石U-Pb年龄谱峰值主要分为~3.0 Ga,2.5~2.3 Ga,2.05~1.95 Ga和900~700 Ma,反映了扬子陆块4次地壳再造事件,其中古元古代和太古代年龄与崆岭杂岩相似,900~800 Ma和800~700 Ma的锆石年龄与附近黄陵花岗岩和扬子北缘岩体一致.冰碛砂岩的微量元素和同位素组成分异明显,可能是扬子北缘岩体、黄陵花岗岩和崆岭杂岩不同程度混合的结果.南沱组冰碛岩中包裹的花岗质砾石表现出不同的微量元素特征,具有偏低的稀土含量和亏损的重稀土组成,结合其锆石U-Pb年龄和Sr-Nd同位素特征,这些花岗质砾石主体可能来自于附近黄陵花岗岩和崆岭岩基.南沱组冰碛岩的物质组成特征反映了新元古时期,扬子地区强烈的裂谷岩浆作用所导致的北高南低的地势环境.      

鄂西走马地区大塘坡组顶部泥岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年龄及其地质意义

地球在新元古代经历了Rodinia超大陆的聚合和解体,并发生了Sturtian和Marinoan两期全球规模的冰川事件。华南地区南华系古城组和南沱组冰碛岩分别对应Sturtian冰期和Marinoan冰期沉积记录,大塘坡组属于其间冰期沉积。对鄂西走马地区大塘坡组顶部泥岩中的碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,锆石具有高Th/U比值(0.47～1.69),并显示明显的振荡环带,为岩浆成因;62颗锆石的62个数据点分析,获得的60个谐和年龄分布在651～2435Ma,主要峰值为～794Ma。最年轻单颗锆石U-Pb年龄651±7.7Ma,结合前人研究认为华南地区Marinoan冰期启动时间应晚于651Ma;碎屑锆石为亲扬子型,可能来自鄂中古陆和扬子北缘;分布最集中的751～851Ma年龄段内～850Ma峰值记录了扬子地台与华夏褶皱带碰撞拼合事件,而～820Ma、～800Ma、～760Ma等峰值则揭示了与Rodinia超大陆解体有关的幕式岩浆活动。     

华南南华系年代地层学研究进展

华南南华系对应于国际上的成冰系,关于其沉积时限长期存在争议。近十余年来,通过高精度锆石U-Pb定年,已经基本敲定南华系的重要时间节点。长安组底界年龄被限定在ca. 717 Ma,莲沱组顶部沉积时间被限定在ca. 714 Ma。长安冰期中期暂时冰退的时间被限定在ca. 690 Ma,冰期终止时间限定在ca. 659 Ma。小行星撞击地球可能导致了长安冰期中期的暂时冰退,这期间形成的风暴沉积构造和丘状交错层理可以提供最直接的沉积学证据。结合世界其它地区报道的年龄,斯图特（长安）冰期的起止时间限定在了717～659 Ma。马力诺（南沱）冰期的启动时间被大致限定为649 Ma,终止时间被限定在ca. 635 Ma。结合世界其它地区年龄数据,马力诺冰期的启动时间可限定在649～639 Ma。随着后续工作的深入,马力诺冰期的启动时间范围应会被进一步缩小。华南南华系沉积时限的准确厘定对于理解全球成冰纪地质-生物-环境事件具有重要意义。马力诺冰期持续时间约14 Myr,远远小于长安冰期的持续时间（约58 Myr）。冰期末期大规模岩浆作用是导致这两次冰期持续时间不同的直接原因。通过模拟计算发现,扬子北缘...     

新元古代冰期及其年代

新元古代在全球范围内出现了几期冰期事件,称之为“雪球地球”事件。这种剧烈的环境变化带来此后地球上生命演化的一次飞跃。“雪球地球”事件的核心是全球冰期的同时性,需要同位素地质年代学的证据。新元古代末期两次主要的冰期事件是Marinoan冰期和Sturtian冰期,其中Marinoan冰期结束于635Ma;Sturtian冰期可能发生在710～720Ma,已发表的年龄数据限定它在670Ma之前结束。Marinoan冰期后的Gaskiers冰期发生在580～590Ma。对华南的古城、铁丝坳、长安组、江口组等进行进一步精确定年,将对限定Sturtian冰期持续时间和Cryogenian、南华系的下限年龄具有重要意义。     

U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology and provenance of Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in southern Siberia: New insights into breakup of Rodinia and opening of Paleo-Asian Ocean

We present the synthesis of new data on detrital zircon geochronology of the Neoproterozoic strata of the southern part of the Siberian craton as well as a comprehensive analysis of previously published stratigraphic, sedimentological and geochronological (LA-ICP-MS) data obtained for key sections in this area that allows us to trace the process of birth and early stages of development of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO). Before the break-up of Rodinia and opening of PAO, Tonian – Cryogenian intracontinental sedimentary basin existed between southern Siberia and northern Laurentia. The detachment of the southern flank of the Siberian craton from northern Laurentia and opening of the PAO between these cratons took place in Cryogenian. The detrital zircon ages from lower parts of Neoproterozoic successions suggest the Siberian craton as the sole provenance area right after the opening of the PAO. The age constraints on the lower parts of the studied Neoproterozoic successions, which are based on correlation of their tillite horizons with the Marinoan glaciation, suggest the late Cryogenian age for these sedimentary rocks. A clear change in the age spectra of detrital zircons from “unimodal” (Early Precambrian only) in older sedimentary rocks to “bimodal” (Early Precambrian as well as Neoproterozoic) in younger sequences of the studied successions marks the next stage of the PAO evolution. The abundance of youngest (630–610 Ma) detrital zircons in the upper parts of the studied sequences reflects a shrinkage of the oceanic basin as a result of the convergence of the craton with the microcontinents and island arcs within the Paleo-Asian Ocean. We suggest that a passive oceanic margin along the southern margin of the Siberian craton has been transformed into a series of foreland basins at ~610 Ma.     

Stratigraphie isotopique du strontium et datation des formations carbonatées et glaciogéniques néoprotérozoiques du Nord et de l’Ouest du craton du Congo

Numerous occurrences of Neoproterozoic carbonate platforms and glacigenic lithofacies are present around the Congo craton. They are especially well developed on its western and northern borders, i.e. in the forelands of the West Congo and Oubanguides belts. Sr isotopic stratigraphy enables us to characterize the deposition age of some carbonate units from these two domains. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic ratios of limestones from the late ‘Haut Shiloango’ (0.7068) and the ‘Schisto-calcaire’ (0.7075) of the West-Congo domain are of post-Sturtian and post-Marinoan ages, respectively. The Lenda carbonates (0.7066) from the Northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the limestones (0.7076) from the Bangui Basin, both in the Oubanguides foreland, are of pre-Sturtian and post-Marinoan ages, respectively. These data associated with lithostratigraphic correlations allow us to ascribe the ‘Bas Congo’ lower mixtite (tillite) and the Akwokwo tillite (Lindian) to the Sturtian ice age. In the same way, the ‘Bas Congo’ upper mixtite (tillite) and the Bondo tillite (Bakouma Basin) are likely Marinoan in age. A new synthetic stratigraphy for these Neoproterozoic domains is developed.     

Neoproterozoic banded iron formations

Two epochs of the formation of ferruginous quartzites—Archean-Paleoproterozoic (3.2–1.8 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (0.85–0.7 Ga)—are distinguished in the Precambrian. They are incommensurable in scale: the Paleoproterozoic Kursk Group of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) extends over 1500 km, whereas the extension of Neoproterozoic banded iron formations (BIF) beds does not exceed a few tens of kilometers. Their thickness is up to 200 m and not more than 10 m, respectively. The oldest BIFs are located in old platforms, whereas Neoproterozoic BIFs are mainly confined to Phanerozoic orogenic (mobile) zones. Neoproterozoic BIFs universally associate with glacial deposits and their beds include glacial dropstones. In places, they underlie tillites of the Laplandian (Marinoan) glaciation (635 Ma), but they are more often sandwiched between glaciogenic sequences of the Laplandian and preceding Sturtian or Rapitan glaciation (730–750 Ma). Neoproterozoic BIFs are rather diverse in terms of lithology due to variation in the grade of metamorphism from place to place from low grades of the greenschist facies up to the granulite facies. Correspondingly, the ore component is mainly represented by hematite or magnetite. The REE distribution and (Co + Ni + Cu) index suggest an influence of hydrothermal sources of Fe, although it was subordinate to the continental washout. Iron was accumulated in seawater during glaciations, whereas iron mineralization took place at the earliest stages of postglacial transgressions.     

辽南与苏皖北部新元古代地层Sr和C同位素对比及年龄界定

采用Sr,C同位素地层学方法,对苏皖北部和辽南地区新元古代地层中碳酸盐岩进行了系统的采样和测试,并将其测试结果与新元古代海水Sr,C同位素组成演变曲线相比较,试图从中获得研究区有关地层自然层序、形成时限范围及其有关同位素年龄数据取舍等方面新的信息。研究结果表明,研究区的新元古代淮南群、徐淮群、宿县群和细河群、五行山群、金县群等,均形成于南沱冰期或Sturtian冰期之前,为900～700Ma。并且进一步印证了淮南生物群应该属于前伊迪卡拉期的一次重要的生物大爆发。