松花江流域年降水和四季降水变化特征分析

利用松花江流域35个气象站1960~2010年的降水资料,采用协克里格插值法、线性倾向估计方法以及M-K秩次相关法等,分析了流域年降水和四季降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)流域年降水由东部向西部递减,51年来流域大部分地区年降水呈不显著减少趋势。(2)流域春季降水呈不显著增加趋势,夏季呈不显著减少趋势,秋季呈不显著减少趋势,冬季降水呈显著增加趋势。(3)流域四季降水在二松源头地区一带较大,流域西部地区降水较少,松花江中下游两侧地区居中。(4)春季,流域大部分地区降水增加,但不显著。夏季,大部分地区降水减少,但不显著。秋季,全流域降水呈不显著减少趋势。冬季,全流域呈增加趋势,且绝大部分地区显著增加。(5)嫩江流域、松花江流域年降水-径流关系发生显著变化的时间是1974年、1980年和1999年。     

高寒内流区极端降水的气候变化特征分析

利用中国气象局1969—2017年高寒内流区25个气象站的日降水资料,分析极端降水的变化特征,结果表明：1969—2017年高寒内流区降水量呈上升趋势,这种上升很大程度上可能是由于夏季降水量增加导致的,且20世纪90年代以后降水量增加趋势更加明显。极端降水指数除连续干旱日数外,均呈不同程度的增加趋势,其年际变化反映出在进入21世纪后高寒内流区降水向强降水量和日数更多、强度更强、极值更大的方向发展。极端降水指数空间差异性明显,连续湿润日数、雨日降水总量、雨日降水强度、单日最大降水量、五日最大降水量、极端降水量和日降水大于10 mm日数表现显著增加趋势的台站百分率分别为5%、64%、42%、60%、32%、35%和43%,连续干旱日数表现显著下降趋势的台站百分率为5%。极端降水事件具有一致性,总降水量增加,极端降水的频率、强度、极值也增加,小雨日数增加是降水总量增加的因素之一。极端降水增湿幅度有随海拔升高有增大趋势,高海拔区雨日降水量和雨日天数的增加是极端降水总量增加的主要因素。     

湖南省近46年来降水时空分布特征及趋势分析

利用湖南省86个地面气象台站1960～2005年的月降水资料(在Arcgis中通过Kriging插值方法对少数站点的缺测值进行了插补)分析了湖南塔降水的空间分布特征;采用线性回归方法研究了湖南省降水的变化趋势及区域上的差异.结果表明:(1)湖南省降水的空间分布总体趋势是:西南东三面山地降水多,中部丘陵区和北部洞庭湖平原区降水少.(2)湖南省46年来年降水呈增加的趋势,但7年滑动平均曲线表明今后湖南省降水有减少趋势.湖南省西北部为降水减少区,其它区域均表现为增加.(3)湖南省春秋两季降水呈减少趋势.春季南岭和湘东南山地、秋季湘东北为降水增加区,其它地区为降水减少区.夏冬两季降水呈显著增加的趋势.夏季除攸县、临武和江华等少数站点外其它区域均表现为增加;冬季湖南省86个站点的降水均表现为增加.     

中国降水再循环率对全球变暖的响应

中国地域广阔,涵盖了多种气候类型和地形特征,这为降水再循环过程提供了复杂的环境条件,使得在研究降水再循环率特征时难以对区域进行划分和比较。本文利用优化后的降水再循环率评估模型计算中国地区降水再循环率,研究了中国地区降水再循环率的变化特征及其对全球变暖的响应。结果表明,1979—2020年,中国降水再循环率具有明显的区域和季节性差异,其中青藏高原的再循环率最高,降水再循环率的大值区和线性增长的区域主要位于非季风区的内陆湿润地区;但在干旱半干旱的西北地区东部,降水再循环率整体偏低的情况下,其线性趋势增加非常显著。通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解的结果发现,降水再循环率的第一模态在2000年之前以负位相为主,而2000年之后以正位相为主,且从九年滑动平均来看降水再循环率呈先增加再减少的趋势。本研究依据降水再循环率的大小和气候倾向率的正负,将中国分出四类降水再循环率区域:降水再循环率较大且呈上升趋势(Ⅰ类),降水再循环率较大且呈下降趋势(Ⅱ类),降水再循环率较小且呈上升趋势(Ⅲ类),降水再循环率较小且呈下降趋势(Ⅳ类),并在四类区域中筛选出八个典型区域来研究降水再循环率对全球变暖的响应。在Ⅰ类和...     

珠江流域降水集中度时空变化特征及成因分析

基于珠江流域内43个常规气象站点1960~2012年的逐日降水资料,计算了流域内各站点长期降水集中度(LCI)和逐年降水集中度(ACI);采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和Sen’s坡度检验法检测ACI时间上的变化趋势;同时采用反距离权重插值法(IDW)对LCI的区域特征和ACI的变化趋势进行空间插值以分析降水集中度的时空分布规律;采用随机森林(RF)算法对降水集中度的影响因子进行重要度分析。结果表明:(1)珠江流域逐年降水集中度ACI的年际变化不明显,东南部呈上升趋势,西北部呈下降趋势;(2)珠江流域西北部长期降水集中度LCI值偏小,即降水分布较平均;东南部长期降水集中度LCI值偏大,即降水较集中,表明该地区降水极值情况发生的几率相对较高,该空间分布趋势可能是受距离海洋的远近及海拔的影响;(3)众多气候影响因子中,东亚夏季季风(EASMI)对珠江流域的降水集中度影响最明显。     

1956—2016年中国年降水量及其年内分配演变特征

为分析中国降水时空演变格局,本文在月尺度上对水利部门与国家基本气象站的降水量监测数据进行融合,针对融合后的4 177个站点,使用趋势分析、突变检验和年内分配向量法等方法分析了集中度、集中期和最大4个月累积降水量占全年之比等多个指数的分布格局,分析了1956—2016年中国年降水系列的趋势性和突变性特征,以及降水年内分配过程的时空演变。主要结论如下：(1)中国降水时空分布不均,自东南到西北,年降水量总体递减,降水年内分布集中度递增;站点年降水量序列的变化趋势呈现较强的地带性,自东南到西北呈“增—减—增”的3个条带;显著增加条带分别位于东南和西部地区,显著减少的条带位于中部,从东北地区向西南绵延至边境;年降水序列的趋势性变化大多伴随着突变,发生在20世纪80年代的站点最多。(2)沿200 mm和400 mm年降水量等值线,中国北方出现1个“汛期降水减少”条带,但其时间尺度效应较强;在月尺度上,站点汛期降水占比下降,非汛期降水占比增加;而在日尺度上则相反,连续3～7 d累积降水量的波幅加大,表明降水事件的极端程度在增强。(3)降水序列变化与径流的同步性较好,中国西北和东南地区年降水量呈增加趋...     

1970～2014年长江流域极端降水过程的时空变化研究

基于长江流域131个气象站数据,利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、主成分分析及R/S分析等方法分析了长江流域极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)主要强降水指数变化均呈现增加趋势。20世纪70年代主要极端降水指数呈持续下降趋势,20世纪80年代、90年代和2000年以后降水指数变化趋势年代差异增大,稳定性差。(2)强降水在太湖流域、鄱阳湖流域大部分地区和洞庭湖流域的下游地区呈显著增加。(3)除了弱降水指数外,各极端降水指数之间具有显著的相关性。(4)长江流域降水的主要特点在于弱降水变化不显著,强降水变化幅度较大,降水过程不稳定,容易发生洪涝灾害。     

中国极端降水事件的频数和强度特征

使用1951-2004年中国738个测站逐日降水资料,采用百分位的方法定义极端降水事件的阈值,分析了不同持续时间的极端降水事件的时空分布及变化趋势特征。结果表明,极端降水事件多发于35°N以南,特别是在长江中下游和江南地区以及高原东南部,且在这些地区极端降水事件持续时间也较长。季节分布上,主要出现在夏季,以低持续性事件为主。在中国东部地区,持续时间越长的极端降水其强度往往越强。趋势分析表明,全国持续1d极端事件的相对频数具有上升趋势而平均强度具有下降趋势,其空间上均表现为全国大部分上升、华北和西南等地下降的趋势。持续2d以上极端事件在长江中下游流域、江南地区和高原东部等地区有显著增多和增强的趋势,而在华北和西南地区有减少和减弱趋势,但全国平均的趋势不显著。     

1960—2017年河西地区降水时空变化特征

利用1960—2017年日降水量资料,采用线性倾向趋势分析、滑动分析和泰森多边形法等,对河西地区多年降水时空变化特征及不同量级降水日数及降水强度的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明：河西地区年均降水量为99.0 mm,呈现明显的逐年上升趋势,平均倾向率为8.72 mm?（10a）^-1,月降水量为单峰分布,5—10月夏秋汛期降水量占年降水量的89.2%,各季节降水量均呈现显著上升趋势;年均降水日数为36.7天,呈现明显的上升趋势,增幅为3.18 d?（10a）^-1,降水日数主要分布在夏季,约占总降水日数的54.6%;平均降水强度为2.70 mm?d^-1,呈现减弱趋势,变化速率为-0.04 mm?d^-1?（10a）^-1;零星小雨和小雨降水日数均呈现增加趋势,而二者平均降水强度均为下降趋势,小到中雨降水日数和降水强度呈现增加趋势,中雨及以上的降水变化趋势不明显。     

青海省近50年极端降水事件时空分布特征

基于线性倾向估计、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验及空间插值等方法,对1962—2013年28个均匀分布在青海省内的气象站点数据近50 a(1962—2013年)极端降水事件的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明,在长期趋势上青海省极端降水事件呈上升趋势,其强度与频数变化分别具有28 a和15 a±的主周期,并且少数站点在20世纪90年代发生突变;青海省内的极端降水事件在空间上存在明显差异,整体呈自西向东逐渐增强的特征,极端降水事件在南部地区发生频率总体高于北部地区,东南部发生极端降水的频率最高;近50 a青海省内大部分地区极端降水事件的强度与频数均呈上升趋势,其中东北部地区极端降水事件的强度上升趋势较为明显,仅有东南端与西北端呈现下降趋势,极端降水事件频数的上升趋势由东南端及西北端分别向中部加强。     

Impact of Different Intensity Tropical Cyclones on Precipitation Changes in China

Based on the daily precipitation data of more than 2 000 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2017 and the tropical cyclone (TC) best-track data of the China Meteorological Administration, the TC precipitation was identified by the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT). The research shows that the TC precipitation in China has a significant downward trend, which is slower than that of the research results 12 years ago. The TC precipitation in the peaking season (July to Sepember) accounted for 78.5% of the total TC precipitation. Both TC precipitation in peaking season and other months showed a significant downward trend. The TC precipitation climate trend is mainly characterized by reduction in spatial distribution, and shows obvious regional differences. From south to north, there is a distribution of “decreasing-increasing-decreasing”, and the decreasing trend centers are located in Guangdong and Hainan. According to the maximum intensity in the TC influence period, we classified TCs into three levels (weak TCs, medium intensity TCs and strong TCs) and studied the variations of TC precipitation in different intensities. The results show that the strong TC precipitation shows a significant decrease trend, which mainly determines the influence range and trend of TC total precipitation. Further analysis found that the frequency of affecting TC showed a significant reduction trend during the time period of 1960-2017 and an abrupt shift occurred in 1995. A comparative study of the two periods before and after 1995 showed that compared with the previous period (1960-1994), the frequency of TCs in the latter period (1995-2017) showed a significant decreasing trend in the south of 20°N. The maximum decreasing center was located in the northern part of the South China Sea, and this feature was mainly affected by the strong TC. It was decided that this trend of strong TC led to a decrease trend in the number of precipitation days in South China, especially in Guangdong and Hainan, which led to a decrease trend in TC precipitation.     

Climatic Characteristics of Influencing China Binary Tropical Cyclones

Based on the definition of Binary Tropical Cyclones (BTCs), the definition of influencing china binary tropical cyclones (ICBTCs) was proposed. During the BTCs period, if at least one of the two tropical cyclones causes precipitation over the mainland or one of the two largest islands-Hainan and Taiwan of China, the BTC is called ICBTC. Then, based on daily precipitation data and the tropical cyclone best track data during 1960-2017, this study analyzed the climatic characteristics of ICBTCs using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and the above definitions. First, a total of 255 pairs of ICBTCs, which accounted for 60.6% of the total number of BTCs over the Western North Pacific, occurred with an annual average of 4.4. Annual frequency of ICBTCs showed a significant decreasing trend during 1960-2017. The longest duration of ICBTCs was 10 days, while durations concentrated in 1 day, 2 days and 3 days, accounting for 18.8%, 29.4% and 24.3%, respectively. In terms of geographical distribution, the ICBTCs mainly occurred over the range of 112°~138°E, 12°~30°N, with frequent zones in the oceans around the northern Philippines. In addition, both annual mean frequency and precipitation of the ICBTCs decrease from the southeast coast areas to the northwest inland regions, with severely-affected areas being the Taiwan Island, the Southeast Coast and the South Coast, and the most-severely-affected area being the Taiwan Island. Further analyses reveal that the average position of the two TCs on the maximum daily precipitation day during the ICBTCs period show an east-west distribution pattern, with the western TCs and the eastern TCs locating in the southwest wind water vapor channel of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and the warm-wet air flow of the southeast-wind on the southwest side of the subtropical high. This situation is beneficial to the western TCs obtaining water vapor from the southwest wind water vapor channel, and to the eastern TCs conveying water vapor to the western TCs, and then as a result, to the heavy rainfall over the Taiwan Island, the Southeast and the South Coasts of China caused by the western TCs.     

On the driving forces of historical changes in the fatalities of tropical cyclone disasters in China from 1951 to 2014

Tropical cyclone (TC) disasters have frequently caused casualties in the coastal areas of China. According to the statistics of dead and missing people due to TCs from 1951 to 2014, the number of fatalities has been significantly decreasing over time. However, deadly TC events have still caused great losses of life in recent years, which are characterized as significant abrupt fluctuations superimposed along the downward trend of the long-term fatality time series. The numbers of fatalities caused by TC disasters are influenced by variables such as the intensity of TC hazards, the population exposed to TCs and the vulnerability of people to TC hazards. It is thus of great significance to analyze their temporal characteristics and understand the forces driving these changes. First, the time series of the TC wind, precipitation, spatial distribution of population, fatality and disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures of China from 1951 to 2014 are reconstructed. Second, the improved power dissipation index, total precipitation, integrated intensity and index of exposed population are calculated, and the population vulnerability indices, including mean and relative fatality rates, are derived. Third, the change trend of each index is detected using the Mann–Kendall test. Finally, the main driving factors of the long-term change trend and fluctuations of the TC fatalities are analyzed by a negative binomial regression model and standard deviation statistics. It is found that the decrease in vulnerability based on the improvement in structural and non-structural measures is the main driving force of the decreases in fatalities over the past six decades. Although the total population and exposure have increased dramatically in the coastal areas of China, their contributions to the increase in the fatality risk were counteracted by the decrease in vulnerability. Abrupt and catastrophic disasters were mostly caused by TCs with hazards of high intensity that surpassed the capacity of structural measures; the lack of forecasting or early warning, as well as improper emergency response actions, may also have triggered the great loss of lives. To reduce the fatalities of future TCs, especially those that may exceed the capacity of structural measures, the enhancement of non-structural measures and the adaptation of resilience strategies should be priorities for future people-centered disaster management.

     

Characteristics of tropical cyclones in China and their impacts analysis

This paper discusses the characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) based on available data from 1951 to 2008, including the frequency of TC generation in the Western North Pacific (WNP) and those which make landfall in China. The impacts of TCs on both human and economic losses for the period 1983–2008 are also discussed. Examination of the frequency indicates a decreasing trend in the generation of TCs in the WNP since the 1980s, but the number of TCs making landfall has remained constant or shown only a slight decreasing trend. The number of casualties caused by TCs in China appears to show a slight decreasing trend while the value of economic loss is increasing significantly. These results can be attributed to increased natural disaster prevention and mitigation efforts by the Chinese government in recent years, and also reflect the rapid economic development in China particularly in TC-prone areas.     

Tropical Cyclone Impacts on Coastal Regions: the Case of the Yucatán and the Baja California Peninsulas,Mexico

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are large-scale natural disturbances that generate strong winds and heavy rainfall, impacting coastal and inland environments. TCs also influence biogeochemical and hydrological cycles controlling aquatic primary productivity in tropical and subtropical coastal ecosystems. We assessed TC landfall activity and identified sites along the Mexican east and west coasts with high frequency in the period 1970–2010 and evaluated TCs with significant precipitation. Changes in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations before and after storm impacts were estimated using remotely sensed ocean color. There were 1,065 named TCs with a wide diversity in tracks. Three states with the highest number of landfalls were identified: Baja California Sur and Sinaloa on the west coast and Quintana Roo on the east coast. While a relative increase in Chl-a values following TC landfalls in the Baja California and Yucatán Peninsula regions appeared to be strongly linked to TC strength, the intensity of precipitation, the spatial scales of the two peninsulas, and the relative movement of TCs appeared to have contributed to Chl-a variability. Satellite estimates of Chl-a in the nearshore coastal waters following TC passage were likely enhanced by coastal morphology and water discharge along with constituents such as suspended particulate, colored dissolved organic matter and nutrients from rivers, tributaries, and groundwater.     

西北地区45a来降水异常的时空变化及其标度特征

利用西北地区(73°~113°E,30°~50°N)157个气象站的1960—2004年日降水观测资料,通过非参数趋势检测和旋转主成分分析方法对年降水异常的时空特征进行研究.根据降水特征的差异,西北地区可以划分为西北东北部、东南部、西北部、西南部、中北部及中南部等6大区域.结果表明:西北地区降水自东南向西北逐步递减,降水变化趋势则是东南为负、西北为正,变化幅度东南大于西北.根据每个分区的降水序列标度特征,采用消除波动趋势分析方法,对6个分区45 a来降水时间序列所纪录的大气动力过程影响的时空差异进行分析,定量区分区域气候系统和局地要素对不同区域降水贡献的差异及其年代际变化.     

Multi-scale Characteristics and Comprehensive Evaluation of Precipitation Heterogeneity in Guangxi

Aiming at the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and frequent occurrence of drought and waterlogging disasters in Guangxi, the multi-scale characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of precipitation heterogeneity can provide scientific support for regional response to drought and waterlogging disasters and intelligent management of water resources. Based on the daily precipitation data of 87 grid points from 1961 to 2017 in Guangxi, the Precipitation Concentration Degree (PCD) and Precipitation Concentration Period (PCP) index were used to build day, pentad, ten days, month, season precipitation heterogeneity of multiple time scale level evaluation system. By using R/S analysis and geographical spatial analysis methods, the space-time evolution characteristics and climate division in Guangxi were discussed. The study showed that the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of PCD and PCP at the diurnal, synoptic and monthly scales were relatively consistent, and the heterogeneity of precipitation in Guangxi could be better expressed than that at the monthly and seasonal scales. The diachronic change of PCD in precipitation in Guangxi shows an increasing trend in northeast China and a decreasing trend in southwest China, and the trend of its future period is the same as the diachronic evolution. The spatial distribution of PCD in Guangxi has significant spatial autocorrelation and stratification heterogeneity, which are mainly reflected in the mean value, coefficient of variation and frequency of PCD. The comprehensive heterogeneity of precipitation in Guangxi is highly dispersed in the northeast, highly concentrated in the south, and slightly concentrated or dispersed in the northwest and central regions. The time-scale within a month is the best scale to express the non-uniformity of precipitation in Guangxi. If the advantages of more stable climatic and ten-day scales and more fine daily scales are taken into account, the use of climatic scale for daily sliding calculation and analysis will be the best way.     

Effects of various combinations of boundary layer schemes and microphysics schemes on the track forecasts of tropical cyclones over the South China Sea

This study investigates the effects of various combinations of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes and the microphysics schemes on the numerical forecasting of tropical cyclones (TCs). Using different combinations of three PBL schemes (YSU, MYJ and MYNN2) and four microphysics schemes (Ferrier, Goddard, WSM6 and Lin), a number of experiments are carried out for five landed TCs in the South China Sea during 2012. Results show that the combination of the YSU and Ferrier schemes performs the best for the TC track forecasting, although it does not perform the best for the forecast of precipitation. Further analysis reveals that the best performance of the track forecast by the combination of the YSU and Ferrier schemes mainly attributes to a more accurate steering flow as well as TC wind structure produced by this combination. These results provide a valuable reference to the operational numerical forecasting of TC tracks in the future.     

长江源区1956-2000年径流量变化分析

利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对长江源区直门达水文站的资料进行分析,揭示长江源区年径流量在1956-2000年间呈微弱的减少趋势。结合流域气象资料分析,该时段流域内升温明显,最大可能蒸发量呈增加趋势,降水也呈微弱减少趋势。径流变化与降水变化基本一致,降雨-径流关系没有发生明显变化,表明1980-2000年降水量减少是该时段径流量减少的直接原因,温度升高有利于融冰融雪和降水形式的变化,但由于融冰融雪占径流补给的比率相对较小,该时段温度升高导致融冰融雪的增加不足以抵消降水量的减少对径流的影响。径流量季节变化分析,揭示长江源区春季径流呈增加的趋势,这可能与融雪过程提前以及融雪量增加有关。