On the sensitivity of the lower ionosphere to a strong atmospheric energy action

Detailed investigations of the ionospheric and magnetospheric perturbations induced by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and strong man-made actions such as explosions and special supersonic flights indicated that those phenomena can not be accounted for in the traditional framework of the acoustic-gravity mechanisms. A clue can be found in the particular sensitivity of the electrical conductivity of the D- layer to weak stochastic perturbations of electron concentration. The calculations show that the electron Pedersen conductivity, which is usually small in the homogeneous ionosphere, increases drastically because of ionospheric irregularities.Some refined effects in the Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) and Very Low Frequency (VLF) ranges can be predicted.     

某地下工程围岩的声波频谱特性

对某地下工程围岩进行声波测试,利用FFT方法进行信号的频谱分析,得到围岩声波的频谱特性。结果表明,声波传播过程中携带了反映岩体固有特性的信息,声波的频谱在一定程度上反映了岩体的结构、构造、完整性等特征;完整岩石的声波频谱以高频为主,裂隙岩体的声波频谱以低频为主;比较岩石与岩体声波测试的频谱差异,可对岩体质量的好坏进行判断。     

Electric and magnetic field perturbations recorded by DEMETER satellite before seismic events of the 17th July 2006 M 7.7 earthquake in Indonesia

Seismo-electromagnetic phenomena refers to the electric and magnetic field perturbations that may be caused due to geophysical activities like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Due to the existence of such phenomena before earthquakes they may be regarded as short term precursors to earthquakes. Keeping in mind the in situ measurements for detection of such phenomena, the satellite based techniques are of great interest because they keep a constant track of the seismically active zones globally. With the objective of detecting the electromagnetic emissions in the ionosphere, the DEMETER satellite has been launched on 29th June 2004 from Baikonour in order to study the ionospheric perturbations associated with seismic activities. In this paper, we discuss some interesting results of electromagnetic emissions that are observed before a series of recent Indonesian earthquakes in the Jawa region with a major shock measuring 7.7 magnitude on Richter scale which occurred on 17 July 2006. The emissions have been observed in the Ultra Low Frequency (ULF)/Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) range of electromagnetic spectra.     

风化花岗岩声谱特征分析

岩石材料可视为声波的天然低通滤波器 ,声波在不同力学性质岩石材料中传播时 ,由于岩石对声波吸收程度不等因而高频声波滤除状况也不同。接收波中频率丰富程度与岩 石 的力学性质密切相关,岩石力学强度愈高,声谱中高频成分就愈丰富。反之,声谱中主要为 低频,高频分量因衰减而缺失。实验采用全数字化DB4型多波参数分析仪和计算机,对波形 数据进行FFT分析,通过接收谱和频率响应的特征来研究岩石的力学性质。声衰减研究可为 岩石、岩体强度和综合评价提供更多、更可靠的信息,是解决工程地质风化岩问题研究的一 种可行方法。     

The possible escape of electron cyclotron maser radiation from hot stellar coronas through a window of transparency

The main argument against the idea that the intense radio emission observed from active regions on the Sun and flare stars is electron-cyclotron maser (ECM) radiation is that such radiation should be strongly absorbed in higher-lying layers where the condition for the cyclotron resonance at harmonics of the electron gyrofrequency is fulfilled. Cyclotron absorption lowers the efficiency of ECM radiation virtually to zero for a broad range of angles between the direction of propagation of the radiation and the magnetic field. Less severe absorption is possible only in narrow angular “windows” along (for ordinary and extraordinary waves) and perpendicular to (for ordinary waves) the magnetic field. However, the ECM radiation that is generated does not fall into these windows of transparency due to the kinematic conditions corresponding to coronal magnetic traps. We investigate the efficiency of induced scattering of ECM radiation on ions in the equilibrium plasma in the source. Under certain conditions, induced scattering leads to the formation of a condensate of ECM radiation with the direction of its wave vectors approximately along the magnetic field, enabling the escape of the radiation through windows of transparency. The most favorable conditions for this phenomenon are realized for ordinary waves. We estimate the optical depths of the sources of the ECM radiation to the scattering and the angular width of the condensate for ordinary and extraordinary waves for the cases of the flare radio emission of the star AD Leo and the sources of type I noise storms in the solar corona. In both cases, the polarization of the emergent radiation should correspond to the ordinary wave.     

井孔声场二维谱的数值计算与理论分析

简要介绍了井孔声场二维谱计算方法,实现了井孔声场二维谱的数值计算。通过对硬地层和软地层两类地层的模拟计算,得到硬地层和软地层的二维谱的分布图以及井孔中接收到的声压波形。根据对两类地层二维谱的分析,表明纵波（首波）、横波和泥浆纵波的声幅较小,频散不明显。斯通利波的频率范围较低,频散较弱。伪瑞利波频散较强、幅度较高,软地层不存在伪瑞利波。泄漏模对应的模式波,是一种几何衰减波,在声场传播中具有衰减快,频散性较强的特征。利用二维谱分析井孔声场,能够将复杂的声波传播特征用图像表现出来,具有直观、形象的效果。     

井中声波全波列信息人工网络模型的自动拾取

层析成像的分辨率取决于对地震(声波)全波列记录信息提取的精度,本文阐述了从地震(声波)全波列记录提取特征信息,建立三层神经元网络模型,利用神经元网络对地震(声波)全波列记录的信息提取,如初至波走时拾取。本文讨论了神经元网络模型的建立和神经元网络模型的学习。侧重讨论了初至波出现时的特征并对它进行了定量化描述,用它对地震(声波)全波列记录信息提取,取得了很高的精度。     

声波速度-频移衰减联合层析成像检测技术

混凝土构件中存在的诸如松散、空洞、缝隙夹层等缺陷,不仅造成声波速度的变化,而且对声波具有较强的吸收衰减作用,利用声波速度CT和衰减CT联合检测技术是检测混凝土构件工程质量的有效方法。介绍了声波速度CT检测原理和SIRT算法、接收波信号频移与介质衰减吸收系数的关系,导出了适用于CT成像反演算法的介质吸收因数沿射线路径的积分与频移参数的关系表达式。对存在松散和空洞缺陷的两种混凝土构件模型的声波检测结果,分别进行了速度CT和频移衰减CT处理,处理结果表明,声波速度和频移衰减联合层析成像检测技术能够获得更加准确可靠的检测效果。     

不同岩性及含水率的岩石声波传播规律试验研究

利用智能声波仪对红砂岩、大理岩和花岗岩试样在干燥及饱和条件下进行了声波纵波透射试验,研究声波在岩石中传播的速度特征,同时利用傅里叶变换及小波变换研究声波在岩石中传播的波形、波幅衰减规律、波谱特征。结果表明： （1）红砂岩、大理岩和花岗岩在饱和状态下的纵波波速比其在干燥状态下略高。（2）岩石纵波速度受到岩石的致密程度、孔隙度、密度及硬度的影响。（3）在同样的激发信号下,饱水的砂岩、大理岩、花岗岩岩样声波信号能量集中在低频部分较多,而干燥岩样声波信号能量集中在高频部分较多。（4）饱水的3种岩样声波信号能量衰减较快,尾波不发育;干燥的3种岩样声波信号能量衰减较慢,尾波较发育。（5）穿过岩石的声波信号的波速、波形的时域特征、频域特征及时-频域特征能在一定程度上反映出岩石内部的孔隙及微裂隙的发育情况和岩石含水情况等特征。     

Development of the emerging electromagnetic methods for deep earth exploration

Three emerging techniques for surface electromagnetic (EM) exploration with high detection accuracy and large depth of investigation, namely, WEM (wireless electromagnetic method), MTEM (multi‐channel transient electromagnetic method) and SOTEM (short‐offset grounded‐wire TEM), are introduced. In detail, we proposed a newly developed sky‐wave theory in which EM wave can propagate in full space of ionosphere‐atmosphere‐lithosphere. Correspondingly, we developed the WEM recording system to measure the sky‐wave to obtain the structures down to ～10 km depth. We then introduced MTEM as a highly effective method for mineral exploration with target depth of 3km. Using self‐developed MTEM system, we presented the results obtained from mineral exploration study carried out in China. Lastly, we proposed the SOTEM method for a greater detection depth (1.5km) than traditional loop source TEM (500m) with a small offset and high resolution.     

基于模拟退火算法的阵列声波测井组分波慢度提取

为了提高阵列声波测井组分波慢度提取的精度,基于模拟退火算法以及慢度—时间相关(STC)法的原理,提出了模拟退火算法与慢度—时间相关法结合的阵列声波测井资料处理新方法。该算法核心是将慢度—时间相关法的相关系数经过变换作为模拟退火算法的能量函数,利用模拟退火的全局寻优能力求取组分波慢度。对于纵波,在退火前使用长短时窗能量比法进行波至点的求取可以将二维搜索简化为一维;对于其他组分波,分别使用该算法进行慢度—波至点二维搜索以提取慢度。实例表明,与常规的纵波速度测井对比,该算法提取的纵波精度比传统STC方法处理结果高9.94%;横波结果与传统STC方法的差别为0.29%;斯通利波结果与传统STC方法的差别为0.42%。算法在一定程度上提高了解释精度,在实际应用中有较好效果。     

Features of discrete VLF emissions observed at Gulmarg,India during the magnetic storm of 6–7 March, 1986

During the analysis of archived VLF data from Indian low latitude ground stations, some discrete VLF emissions recorded at the low latitude ground station Gulmarg (geomagnetic latitude 24°26′N; geomagnetic longitude 147°09′E, L = 1.28) during moderate magnetic storm activity (Σ K _P ⁻ = 32, K _P index varies from 4 to 6 during the observation period) on 6/7 March, 1986 are presented in this paper. The dynamic spectra of these discrete VLF emissions were observed along with tweeks and its harmonics, which is interesting and complex to explain. In most of the events the harmonic frequency of tweeks correlates with the starting frequency of harmonics of discrete emissions. In order to explain the observed features of discrete VLF emissions, we propose cyclotron resonance interaction between whistler mode wave and energetic electrons of inner radiation belt as possible generation mechanism. An attempt is also made to determine parallel energy, anisotropy and wave growth relevant to the generation process of VLF emissions.     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的阵列声波测井信号时频分析

针对目前阵列声波测井信号的信息提取主要集中在纵波、横波、斯通利波等组分波的速度、衰减的处理分析上, 对频率特征的分析还缺少足够的重视的不足, 引入了Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT) 时频分析方法及瞬时频率的概念, 给出了阵列声波信号的经验模态分解及其时频分布, 并对实际阵列声波的波形信号进行了HHT时频处理与剖析.把这种方法用于区分和识别岩石构造破碎带取得了理想的效果.从阵列声波测井信号处理和构造异常的地球物理意义两方面表明, IMF序列能更好反映原始数据固有的物理特性, 所使用的EMD分解是有效和易行的, 为HHT分析在阵列声波测井信号处理中的应用, 进行了有益的探索.      

辽河盆地东部凹陷含气孔、裂隙火成岩地层斯通利波响应特征

为了有效地识别和评价裂缝性地层,对辽河盆地东部凹陷地区含气孔、裂隙地层的单极子阵列声波测井数据进行了斯通利波波场分离（中值滤波）和希尔伯特黄变换（HHT）。研究表明：裂隙和油气通常会使斯通利波的能量衰减（主要发生在高频）、主频下降和到时滞后,这三者具有相关性;裂隙会使反射斯通利波能量增强,反射系数变大;高频和低频斯通利波的比值简称为能量比,能量比接近零时对应渗透性裂隙地层,能量比较小但有一定数值时可能对应渗透性孔隙地层;固有模态函数保留了原始数据固有的物理特性,HHT幅值谱从时间和频率两个方面突出了阵列声波的动力特性。实测数据的傅里叶变换和HHT均能对储层性质进行一定的评价,HHT放大了阵列声波信号对于地层性质的敏感程度,易于研究的分析对比。     

真三轴加载条件下岩爆过程的声发射演化特征

利用真三轴岩爆试验系统,对花岗岩开展真三轴加载条件下岩爆过程的声发射试验,初步揭示了岩爆过程中的声发射时空演化特征：岩爆孕育前期,振铃撞击比较小,主频以低频为主,优势频段（基于小波分析能量占比最大频段）为小于125 kHz的低频段,声发射事件点由分散态趋于聚集态,新增事件由临空面向岩样内部方向转移;岩爆发生前夕,振铃撞击比大幅突增,低频、中频、高频信号大量涌现,主频带由离散形态转变为连续形态,250～500 kHz优势频段信号占比明显增加,声发射事件成核区在距临空面较远处成形,临空面附近区域事件点增多;岩爆发生阶段,声发射呈低频高幅特征,优势频段重新转入62.5～125.0 kHz,岩样临空面附近声发射活跃,岩样内部出现明显的声发射事件成核区,表明临空面附近出现了岩板劈裂现象,距临空面较远处出现了宏观剪切破坏现象。     

纵波频谱特征与裂缝带关系初探——在中国大陆科学钻探中的应用

裂缝带的识别和判断,对于实现中国大陆科学钻探的研究目标,为地学研究提供基础的井中物性参数具有很重要的意义。阵列声波测井的纵波频谱参数为实现这个目标提供了可能。通过对纵波频谱特征的分析得到这样的认识:对于断裂构造,纵波的频谱特征有着明显的变化,如纵波的主频位置向低频偏移,在低频位置上其幅度(能量)急剧地增大,与上下未破碎的岩层有着非常明显的差别。通过这些明显的特征,可以很好地识别和判断构造破碎带。利用主峰位置漂移、主峰幅度、主峰的半幅值高宽、主峰的能量这几个参数,对中国大陆科学钻探主孔的裂缝带进行了识别和判断。     

不同损伤程度下岩石力学参数变化的声波测试

声波波速变化可有效表征岩体损伤程度。通过对岩样进行人工预损,利用声波检测标定岩样的不同损伤程度,然后通过三轴压缩试验来研究不同损伤程度下岩石的力学特性,建立了声波速度下降幅度与岩体力学参数变化幅度间的关系。研究表明,当岩样的声波速度下降5%～8%时,黏聚力c值降低15%～25%,内摩擦角? 值则升高14%～32%,因此,用声波速度的下降幅度来描述岩体参数的变化是可行的。根据现场实测的岩体损伤区内的声波速度的变化值,可以从一定程度上估计岩体参数的跌落情况,从而更进一步地说明损伤区内岩体的承载力。     

浅水区浅地层剖面测量典型问题分析

作者在本文论述浅水区域浅地层剖面测量方法的基础上，结合海上及河道采集到的实测剖面资料，对诸如直达波、多次波、侧反射、鸣震等干扰因素的声学特征，以及浅水区的地层厚度校正问题进行了系统的分析，并针对消除和消弱这些干扰的一些方法、措施做了较全面的讨论。