2018年雅鲁藏布江米林县加拉堰塞湖考证

加拉堰塞湖威胁其上下游的人口安全、城镇设施及生态环境。加拉堰塞体地处无人区,没有对外交通,调研困难,因此形成机制研究甚少。作者于2019年3月调研了堰塞湖现场,通过对残留堰塞体地形实测,堰塞体岩性及结构、沿途堰塞湖水毁现象调查,结合堰塞体粒度特征,查明了加拉堰塞体的物质组成、堰塞湖形成过程及湖区灾损机制。调查发现雅鲁藏布江下游左岸色东浦沟冰碛物3次活动堵塞河道形成堰塞湖,并于10月19日、31日两次溃决,溃口流量分别达到32000m3 ·s-1和19000m3 ·s-1。前两次活动入江体积达6500×104m3,堰塞体高度88m,蓄水至6.0×108m3后发生第1次溃决。第3次活动入江体积约1000×104m3,堰塞体垭口高度约67m,蓄水至3.26×108m3后发生第2次溃决,体现了源于冰碛物堆积、混杂大量冰块、含水率极高的类似泥石流堆积堰塞体的独特溃决机理和洪水特征。雅鲁藏布江大峡谷河段堰塞湖堵江事件频发,通过加拉堰塞湖形成过程、溃决机理研究,可以为本区域堰塞湖灾害应对提供参考。     

余震作用下堰塞坝体破坏及溃决过程大型振动台试验研究

山区特大地震往往导致大量堰塞湖,例如2008年汶川地震形成了至少257个堰塞湖,并且主震后发生了大量余震,这些余震可能会影响堰塞坝体的安全状态。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究了余震及库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的破坏及溃决机理和过程。共进行了两组不同材料的振动台模型试验,分别模拟含黏粒较多且颗粒较小（坝体Ⅰ）和基本不含黏粒且颗粒较大（坝体Ⅱ）的两种坝体。在不同水位条件下进行振动台试验。研究成果表明:（1）地震和库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的主要溃决方式是漫顶溢流,主要溃决过程为地震力使松散的堰塞坝体发生沉陷,库水渗入使沉陷加剧,最终水位上升漫过坝顶发生溢流冲蚀破坏。（2）地震一般不会直接引起堰塞坝体的破坏。地震力对坝体稳定性的主要影响是使坝体发生沉陷变形。在地震和库水耦合作用下,坝体沉陷比单一因素作用下更为剧烈,因此地震作用会使漫顶溢流提前发生。（3）地震和库水耦合作用下坝体Ⅰ沉陷量大于坝体Ⅱ,说明现实中由大粒径岩土体组成的堰塞坝体具有更好的稳定性。     

余震作用下堰塞坝体破坏及溃决过程大型振动台试验研究

山区特大地震往往导致大量堰塞湖,例如2008年汶川地震形成了至少257个堰塞湖,并且主震后发生了大量余震,这些余震可能会影响堰塞坝体的安全状态。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究了余震及库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的破坏及溃决机理和过程。共进行了两组不同材料的振动台模型试验,分别模拟含黏粒较多且颗粒较小(坝体Ⅰ)和基本不含黏粒且颗粒较大(坝体Ⅱ)的两种坝体。在不同水位条件下进行振动台试验。研究成果表明:(1)地震和库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的主要溃决方式是漫顶溢流,主要溃决过程为地震力使松散的堰塞坝体发生沉陷,库水渗入使沉陷加剧,最终水位上升漫过坝顶发生溢流冲蚀破坏。(2)地震一般不会直接引起堰塞坝体的破坏。地震力对坝体稳定性的主要影响是使坝体发生沉陷变形。在地震和库水耦合作用下,坝体沉陷比单一因素作用下更为剧烈,因此地震作用会使漫顶溢流提前发生。(3)地震和库水耦合作用下坝体Ⅰ沉陷量大于坝体Ⅱ,说明现实中由大粒径岩土体组成的堰塞坝体具有更好的稳定性。     

滑坡堰塞湖溃决风险与过程研究进展

滑坡堰塞湖是山区常见的一种自然灾害, 对其溃决风险与过程的科学认知和合理评估是应急处置的关键。外荷载作用下滑坡堰塞体的力学响应、滑坡堰塞湖渐进破坏机理与溃决洪水预测理论是滑坡堰塞湖风险评估研究领域的关键科学问题。本文围绕滑坡堰塞湖形成后的溃决风险与过程展开综述, 从定性和定量的角度分别对堰塞湖危险性评价方法进行分析总结, 从小尺度、大尺度和超重力场试验技术的角度总结了堰塞湖的溃决机理、溃决过程及其影响因素, 从数学方法的角度对堰塞湖溃决洪水预测中经验公式法、简化和精细化数值模拟方法的进展进行总结评价。然而, 国内外关于滑坡堰塞湖风险评估领域的研究仍处于起步阶段, 空-天-地一体化监测技术、堰塞湖危险性评价中的不确定性问题、堰塞体材料冲蚀特性与溃决机理、堰塞湖溃决洪水精细化模拟等将是未来的重点研究方向。本综述可为堰塞湖防灾减灾和流域水工程风险管理提供有价值的参考。     

易贡滑坡堰塞湖溃坝洪水分析

滑坡堰塞坝体主要由块石、碎石土等松散材料组成,随着上游水位的不断上升,极易失稳,一旦决口将对给下游人民的生命财产安全造成极大的威胁。因此,研究堰塞坝溃坝问题具有重要的学术意义和应用价值。2000 年 4 月 9 日,西藏林芝地区波密县易贡藏布河扎木弄沟发生大规模山体滑坡堵塞易贡藏布江,形成坝高60m,长约2500m,库容可达288108m3,体积约28108～30108m3的滑坡堰塞湖, 2000年6月10日堰塞坝溃决。本文以易贡堰塞湖溃坝为例,从连续性方程及Navier Stokes方程出发,结合标准型湍流模型,并采用VOF方法进行自由面处理,基于流体计算软件Fluent模拟分析了溃坝洪水在下游弯曲河道的演进过程及不同位置的流速变化。数值模拟结果与实测资料记录基本一致,表明该模型能够模拟溃坝洪水在地形复杂弯曲河道中的演进过程。     

金沙江上游雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积体的发现及其环境与灾害意义

西藏芒康县金沙江上游雪隆囊河谷史前时期(全新世晚期)发生了一次明显的堰塞事件,形成了一个湖水体积约3.1×108 m3的大型堰塞湖。该堰塞湖形成后期发生溃决并引发异常大洪水,这一溃决事件发生在大约1 117 A.D.。地震诱发山体滑坡可能是金沙江发生堰塞的直接原因。在雪隆囊古堰塞坝体的下游一侧到其下游3.5 km的范围内,发现大量由砾石、砂和少量黏土组成的混杂堆积体,判定其为滑坡堰塞湖的溃坝堆积,是滑坡坝体及上游河床物质在坝体溃决后快速堆积形成。整套溃坝堆积体具有支撑-叠置构造、叠瓦构造和杂基构造等沉积特征,还具有一种特殊的沉积构造:即在垂向剖面上发育粗砾石层与细砂砾层的韵律互层,但剖面中缺少砾或砂的透镜体。这种沉积构造("互层构造")是溃坝堆积相区别于冲-洪积相、泥石流相等的一种重要判别标志。采用水力学模型反演确定雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水的平均流速为7.48 m/s,最大洪峰流量为10 786 m3/s。雪隆囊溃坝堆积体沉积特征及其环境的研究,不但有助于揭示古洪水事件发生的过程和机制,同时对于认识金沙江上游地区的环境演变也具有重要意义。     

不同沟床坡度堰塞坝溃口展宽历程试验研究

为了解堰塞坝在不同沟床坡度地段的溃口展宽历程,进行了沟床坡度为7°~13°,间隔为1°的7组水槽试验。对比分析7组试验观测数据,评价不同沟床坡度对堰塞坝溃口展宽历程的影响。得到如下结果及结论:(1)漫顶破坏的堰塞坝在不同沟床坡度地段的溃口展宽历程是十分相似的,根据其溃决特征,可将其展宽历程划分为溃口贯通、突变和稳定边坡形成等3个阶段。(2)在突变阶段溃口边坡沿x轴方向会发生多次失稳,溃口顶部形态在背水坡呈“S”型,在坝顶呈“U”型,在迎水坡呈“弧”型。(3)不同沟床坡度条件会影响突变阶段的溃决特征,随沟床坡度的增加突变阶段溃口边坡单次失稳规模表现出先增大后减小的特征,溃口边坡失稳次数呈现出先减少后增加的特征。(4)溃口边坡的稳定性主要取决于溃口的侧蚀宽度和下蚀深度,其与溃口顶、底部侧蚀宽度之差呈负相关关系,与溃口下蚀深度呈正相关关系。(5)不同沟床坡度堰塞坝的溃决流量随溃决时间的延长具有相同的变化趋势,但不同沟床坡度堰塞坝的溃决峰值流量和峰值流量到达时间却不尽相同,随沟床坡度的增加峰值流量逐渐减小,峰值流量到达时间先提前后推迟。     

滑坡堰塞坝越顶溢流破坏的物理模型实验

滑坡堰塞坝作为结构松散的堆积物,随着上游水位的不断上涨,其稳定性不断降低,并存在突然溃坝的风险。以唐家山滑坡堰塞坝为研究对象,基于相似原理,开展符合坝体颗粒级配的室内水槽物理模型实验,模拟了不同坝后蓄水量、不同水位和不同颗粒物质组成条件下坝体渗流、漫顶破坏的整个过程。监测结果显示：堰塞坝漫顶溃坝主要分为渗流、漫顶、冲刷和溃决4个过程;坝体堆积颗粒级配越差,坝体允许渗流坡降越小;相同材料配比的坝体,上游水位相同时,坝体底部水平位移最大,且漫顶溃坝时溃口尺寸与蓄水量正相关。该研究结果揭示了堰塞坝漫顶破坏规律,可为堰塞坝溃坝防治提供理论参考。     

土石坝漫顶溃决及洪水演进研究进展

土石坝漫顶溃决往往在其下游产生巨大的洪水灾难,研究坝体溃决及洪水演进是防灾减灾的需要。对土石坝漫顶溃决过程现象、机理及其模拟的研究进展进行了综述。讨论了物理模型试验的尺度设计,总结了不同尺度、不同类型、不同条件溃坝试验的研究成果;按照参数模型、简化物理模型、精细物理模型,分类总结了漫顶溃坝数学模型研究进展;阐述了溃坝洪水演进方面的试验与模拟研究。在此基础上,对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干展望,包括河道边界对溃坝过程及溃坝洪水传播过程的影响、非均质土石坝溃决机理、溃坝过程中挟沙水流冲蚀规律、溃坝下游河床的冲淤调整及泥沙分选、溃坝对水生态环境的冲击影响等。     

土石坝漫顶溃决及洪水演进研究进展

土石坝漫顶溃决往往在其下游产生巨大的洪水灾难,研究坝体溃决及洪水演进是防灾减灾的需要。对土石坝漫顶溃决过程现象、机理及其模拟的研究进展进行了综述。讨论了物理模型试验的尺度设计,总结了不同尺度、不同类型、不同条件溃坝试验的研究成果;按照参数模型、简化物理模型、精细物理模型,分类总结了漫顶溃坝数学模型研究进展;阐述了溃坝洪水演进方面的试验与模拟研究。在此基础上,对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干展望,包括河道边界对溃坝过程及溃坝洪水传播过程的影响、非均质土石坝溃决机理、溃坝过程中挟沙水流冲蚀规律、溃坝下游河床的冲淤调整及泥沙分选、溃坝对水生态环境的冲击影响等。     

Numerical simulation of landslide dam breaching due to overtopping

The breach of landslide dam often causes significant disaster in the inundated area; the prediction of breach hydrograph is in high demand for the dam breach risk evaluation. In this study, according to the model tests and Tangjiashan landslide dam breach case, the surface erosion accompanied by intermittent mass failure is known as the key breaching mechanism for landslide dam due to overtopping failure. The downstream slope angle would gradually decrease during the dam-breaching process, whereas a planar wedge failure occurs when the breach slopes at the dam crest and downstream breach channel fail. Based on the breach mechanism, a numerical model for landslide dam breach due to overtopping is developed to simulate the coupling process of water and soil. The model focuses on the breach morphology evolution during the breaching for the sake of the improvement of breach hydrograph prediction. Furthermore, the model can handle one- and two-sided breach, as well as incomplete and base erosion at the vertical direction. The case study of Tangjiashan landslide dam-breaching feedback analysis testifies the rationality of the present model with the relative errors less than 10% for peak discharge, final breach widths, and time to peak. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the final breach depth and soil erodibility affect the breach flow prediction of the landslide dam significantly, whereas the one- or two-sided breach mode is less sensitive.     

考虑不同泄流槽方案的堰塞坝溃决机理分析——以唐家山堰塞坝为例

近年来,频发的地质构造活动和极端气候灾害诱发了大量堰塞坝,严重威胁上下游群众的生命财产安全。开挖泄流槽是最常用降低堰塞坝溃决风险的措施,由于时间非常急迫、交通极度瘫痪,其开挖量非常有限,因此如何利用有限的开挖量将溃坝风险降低至最小是亟待解决的问题。本文基于水土耦合冲刷机理,提出了考虑不同泄流槽方案的堰塞坝溃决机理分析方法,并应用于唐家山堰塞坝。该方法根据水力学参数和坝体抗冲刷性参数动态计算瞬时坝体冲刷率,进而分析泄流槽对溃决全过程的影响,从而自动获取最优的泄流槽设计方案。将此方法应用于唐家山堰塞坝案例发现:唐家山堰塞坝泄流槽最优设计时溃坝洪峰流量为1700m3·s-1,小于实际峰值流量6500m3·s-1,主要是因为增大泄流槽的纵坡率,显著增强溃坝前的冲刷并形成双洪峰,从而有效降低了溃决峰值流量。由于复合槽相对较小的水力半径限制了溃坝前的冲刷,使得临溃时水位较高,因此溃坝峰值流量比单槽大,溃坝风险降低效果不如单槽。     

Field testing of erodibility of two landslide dams triggered by the 12 May Wenchuan earthquake

A strong earthquake of magnitude 8 in Richter scale, occurred in Sichuan Province, China on 12 May 2008, triggered about 257 landslide dams. The erodibility of fresh landslide deposits plays an important role in evaluating the initiation and development of breaching of such landslide dams. In this research, field jet index tests were conducted shortly after the earthquake at 27 locations on the Hongshihe landslide dam and the Libaisi landslide dam. The purpose of these tests was to investigate the erodibility of freshly deposited landslide soils. The landslide deposits are broadly graded. The bulk density increases and the coefficient of erodibility decreases with the depth of deposition. The erodibility of the fresh landslide deposits falls into a moderately resistant category and the fresh deposits are much more erodible than the native geomaterials before the earthquake. The main factors that control soil erodibility are found to be grain-size distribution, void ratio, fines content, and plasticity index. Particularly, the coefficient of erodibility decreases exponentially with the degree of compaction. Two empirical equations are developed for estimating the coefficient of erodibility and critical erosive shear stress of the freshly deposited landslide soils based on their basic soil properties.     

不同初始含水量条件下的堰塞坝溃决机理

在影响堰塞坝溃决的众多因素中,初始含水量影响堰塞坝的溃决机理仍不清楚。通过开展不同初始含水量条件下的水槽试验,详细探究了初始含水量对溃决过程的影响规律。结果表明：不同初始含水量条件下的溃决过程均具有3个典型阶段,分别是牵引侵蚀过程、溯源侵蚀过程和水沙运动再平衡过程;峰值流量随初始含水量的增大而增大,而溃决历时和残留坝体高度随初始含水量的增大而减小;随初始含水量的增大,溯源侵蚀作用逐渐减弱,牵引侵蚀作用增强;随初始含水量的增大,溃口展宽率降低,侵蚀率增大;初始含水量小于7.8%时,平均侵蚀率增长缓慢,大于7.8%后,平均侵蚀率增长迅速,且10.3%初始含水量对应的平均侵蚀率约为7.8%初始含水量的2倍;溃口宽深比在溃决的前两阶段随初始含水量的增大而减小;溃决结束后的宽深比随含水量的增大呈先趋近于1.00、后远离1.00的演变。     

Risk assessment and mitigation for the Hongshiyan landslide dam triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan,China

An Ms 6.5 earthquake shocked the Ludian County, Yunnan Province, China, on 3 August 2014 and triggered the Hongshiyan landslide dam. The dam, with a height of 83 m and a lake capacity of 260?×?10⁶ m³, threatened more than 10,000 people. A unique feature of this landslide dam was that it formed between a man-made dam and a hydropower plant. An existing drainage tunnel connecting the lake and the hydropower plant became a natural drainage conduit for the landslide dam, which played an important role in the mitigation of the landslide dam risks. This paper reports a quantitative risk assessment for the Hongshiyan landslide dam considering both engineering and non-engineering risk mitigation measures. The risk assessment is divided into three stages according to the implementation of two engineering measures: construction of a diversion channel and excavation of a branch drainage tunnel. The dam breaching hydrographs, flood zones, population at risk, and likely fatalities in each of the three stages are analysed. The optimum evacuation strategy in each stage is also studied based on the principle of minimum total consequence. It is found that the diversion channel decreases the dam breaching peak discharge and the associated risks significantly. The branch drainage tunnel prevent the landslide dam from overtopping failure in non-flooded period; however, the landslide dam may fail by overtopping in a future flood if the inflow rate is larger than the outflow rate through the drainage tunnels, resulting in serious losses of lives and properties. The dam breaching risks in all the three stages could be largely reduced by the optimal evacuation decision, which shows that timely evacuation is vital to save life and properties. The study provides a scientific basis for decision making in landslide dam risk management.     

Impact and analysis of geotechnical processes on earthfill dam breaching

For over three decades, emergency planners have used numerical models to predict breaching in earthfill dams due to extreme events such as overtopping. However, current models neglect the role of the unsaturated zone present within the downstream face of an earthfill dam. This leads to an incorrect estimation of the time and space evolution of the breaching process, as such models often oversimplify governing geotechnical aspects such as the presence of the unsaturated soil medium in the vicinity of the breach channel. The stress state in the soil due to matric suction acts as a stabilizing force for the breaching mechanism and influences the erosion of the breach channel, especially during the initial phases of the breaching. The side-slope failure mechanism observed along the breach channel is also influenced by the negative pore-water-pressures in the soil. Based on a comprehensive experimental research program carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of Ottawa, Canada, several new concepts are proposed to incorporate geotechnical factors and techniques which must be considered during the construction of earthfill dam models for laboratory testing. Two main findings emerged from this experimental work. First, the installation of a drainage mattress at the downstream toe of the dam depressed the phreatic surface through the earthfill dam body, which caused a lag in the breaching process due to the infiltration and reduced erosion occurring in the breach channel. Second, it is essential to control compaction during the construction of the earthfill dam model, since this significantly influences the erosion, as well as the side-slope failures which occur in the breach channel. Future studies are under way by the authors with the purpose of scaling of parameters such as the matric suction and soil erodibility.     

考虑河床坡度和泄流槽横断面影响的堰塞坝溃决过程试验研究

针对缺乏地形条件和工程处置措施对堰塞坝溃决过程影响研究的现状,采用4种河床坡度（0°、1°、2°、3°）和3种泄流槽横断面型式（三角形、梯形、复合型）,开展了堰塞坝溃决的模型试验。通过分析堰塞坝的溃决流量、溃决历时、溃口发展和坝体纵截面演变过程,研究了不同河床坡度和泄流槽横断面对堰塞坝溃决过程的影响规律。试验结果表明：...     

堰塞坝溃坝模型实验研究综述

堰塞坝是天然形成的坝体,结构比较松散、稳定性差、渗透作用强,发生溃决危险性大、概率高、突发性强,而且破坏可能性高及产生的洪水威胁人们的生命和财产安全,因此需要系统、全面的研究。作者从单坝溃坝、级联溃坝及堰塞坝处置的溃坝试验进行详细的回顾,总结及分析了国内外学者在堰塞坝溃坝模型实验取得的成果及局限性,进一步分析了单坝溃决的颗粒级配、密实度、含水率、沟床坡度等因素,最后讨论了溃坝因素与溃决模式、溃决特征、溃决流量、溃口演化的关系。基于模型实验相似理论及模型比尺、实验测试手段、堰塞坝处置三个方面,提出了今后的研究重点。     

Out-burst flood (lahar) triggered by retrogressive landsliding, 18 March 2007 at Mt Ruapehu,New Zealand—a successful early warning

The summit crater of Mt Ruapehu volcano normally hosts a 15.4-ha warm lake, whose water has been repeatedly wholly or partly ejected by explosive and extrusive eruptions. Some of the larger eruptions have modified the lake outlet by burying it under unconsolidated tephra (volcanic ash and blocks), creating a dam-break flood hazard independently of the occurrence of an eruption. Eruptions in 1995 and 1996 followed this sequence; a break-out flood was anticipated and a warning system was installed to mitigate the risk from this event and subsequent lahars in the same catchment. The 11-year filling time allowed much planning and rehearsal. The warning system involved manual inspections of dam integrity, and seepage and lake-level monitoring to constrain the likely failure window, and telemetered instruments including a tripwire and geophones to detect breaching of the dam and propagation of the outbreak flood. The dam-collapse sequence, captured by a time-lapse camera, involved a series of retrogressing landslides initiated and accelerated by seepage forces and toe scour when the lake was 1.1 m below overtopping. The barrier failed in two phases on 18th March, 2007, beginning at 09:55 (NZST), with rapid retreat of one of the erosion scarps on the downstream slope of the eastern barrier, initiated by internal erosion. Headward retrogression of the scarp into the barrier formed an initial breach in the dam, after which increasing outflow led to erosion and undercutting of the wider downstream toe of the western barrier. A final, larger dam breach occurred between 11:21 and 11:22 as slope instability caused retrogressive failure of the remaining barrier. Five-hundred meters downstream of the dam, a large landslide was reactivated by toe scour during the flood, contributing about a million cubic meters of solid material to the volumetric bulking of the outflow, which reached the coast, 215 km away, 17 h later. The success of the planning and warning system allowed the whole event to occur with little damage to infrastructure and without causing injury.