甘肃北山西涧泉子富碱高钾花岗岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MS定年及其构造意义

位于甘肃北山南带的西涧泉子花岗岩体锆石的LA-ICP-MS年龄为266.1±2.2Ma、其Hf同位素的模式年龄为746～871Ma,εHf(t)=+1.3～+4.7,平均+2.7。西涧泉子花岗岩体以二长花岗岩为主,具有较高的SiO2含量(74.33%～76.67%)和Na2O+K2O含量(9.26%～9.57%),NK/A=0.9～1.08,富钾(Na2O/K2O1),属碱性系列;球粒陨石标准化分配模式图整体呈V字型,具相对平缓的富集轻稀土元素稀土配分模式,重稀土元素分馏不明显且相对亏损,Eu具有明显的负异常,δEu=0.10～0.16。在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,亏损Nb、Ba、Sr、Ti,富集Rb、Th、K。结合区域地质背景,认为西涧泉子富碱高钾花岗岩体受音凹峡二叠纪裂谷带的影响强烈,为壳幔混合成因,是后碰撞环境裂谷作用阶段的产物,进而确定该地区在中二叠世进入裂谷作用阶段。     

湘东北三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩的岩石成因——锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素约束

对湘东北三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素分析。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩成岩年龄为131.9±1.1Ma。三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩为一套强过铝质钙碱性系列花岗岩,富集U、Ta、Pb,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、Zr、Ti等元素,稀土元素配分模式为右倾配分模式,具有弱负Eu异常。Hf同位素分析表明,三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩燕山晚期锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-5.9~-2.4,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄为1558~1338Ma,表明其物质来源于中元古代古老地壳岩石部分熔融。749.5Ma继承锆石核的ε_(Hf)(t)值为+4.8,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄为1355Ma,暗示其物质来源有幔源物质加入。三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩可能是由于中下地壳的熔融岩浆形成后,混入少量幔源物质上侵形成的。     

阿拉善北部亚干地区花岗岩锆石年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

由于缺少可靠的年代学资料和系统研究，阿拉善北部亚干地区的基底时代和性质尚不清楚，制约了对本区构造属性及造山带结构的进一步认识.利用亚干地区广泛出露的花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究，揭示源区深部物质组成特征，对探讨该地区的基底性质具有重要意义.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb分析结果表明，切刀黑云母二长花岗岩体侵位于380±1 Ma，亚东花岗闪长岩体侵位于271±2 Ma，同时，原北山群中识别出大量的三叠纪花岗岩（亚干片麻状花岗岩，228±2 Ma；都热糜棱岩化花岗岩，214±2 Ma）.地球化学分析表明，切刀花岗岩和都热糜棱岩化花岗岩为准铝质-弱过铝质的A型花岗岩，亚东花岗岩为钙碱性I型花岗岩.锆石Hf同位素分析显示主要的花岗岩体ε_Hf（t）值为-2.8~+4.3，地壳模式年龄为1.0~1.5 Ga，表明源区可能以中元古代地壳物质为主.结合前人获取的前寒武纪岩石年龄，亚干地区花岗岩Hf同位素特征，以及花岗岩出现中-新元古代继承锆石等证据，亚干地区深部应具有中-新元古代基底，南戈壁微陆块范围可以延伸到阿拉善北部边境地区.      

南蒙古东戈壁省石炭纪花岗岩成因——锆石U-Pb年代学、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素和地球化学证据

地处中亚造山带核心部位的南蒙古东戈壁省广泛出露晚古生代花岗质岩石,对其开展精确的同位素定年和岩石成因研究对深入认识和理解中亚造山带古生代地壳演化特征具有重要的科学意义。本次研究在扎门乌德和乌兰巴德拉赫地区新识别出了2个早石炭世花岗岩(337 Ma和332 Ma)和2个晚石炭世花岗岩(320 Ma和306 Ma)。早石炭世花岗岩Si O_2(76.31%～77.79%)和K_2O+Na_2O (8.23%～8.59%)含量较一致,而晚石炭世花岗岩Si O_2(72.65%～76.22%)和K_2O+Na_2O(7.89%～8.67%)含量变化范围较早石炭世大。两期花岗岩均为弱过铝质I型花岗岩,其中U、Th、K、Zr、Hf等元素呈正异常,Sr、Ti等元素呈负异常。全岩Sr-Nd和锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果表明,早石炭世花岗岩具有正εNd(t)(+3.68～+4.09)和εHf(t)(+9.70～+14.90)值、较年轻的Nd二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2)=792～753 Ma)和Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(t~c_(DM)=721～393 Ma),暗示早石炭世花岗岩来源于受地幔作用影响下新生玄武质洋壳的部分熔融,反映了早石炭世地壳增生作用。与早石炭世花岗岩不同的是,晚石炭世花岗岩具有更高的εNd(t)(+1.17～+5.31)和εHf(t)(+13.68～+15.21)值,t_(DM2)=984～636 Ma,t~c_(DM)=442～344 Ma,说明其物质来源主要是幔源新生地壳物质,且有少量古老地壳物质参与。综合已有成果,认为石炭纪花岗岩记录了由早期的洋壳板片回撤导致区域拉张再到后期的碰撞后伸展环境的构造背景转换。     

西藏冈底斯西部江巴、邦巴和雄巴岩体的锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素地球化学

对青藏高原冈底斯带西部中生代花岗岩的研究依然十分有限。本文选择青藏高原冈底斯带西部狮泉河-革吉-雄巴地区的三个花岗岩基进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素分析,并探讨了中冈底斯带中侏罗世-早白垩世花岗岩的分布特征及其揭示的地壳基底的属性。定年结果表明,江巴岩体花岗闪长岩年龄为170±3Ma,雄巴岩体碱长花岗岩年龄为149±3Ma,它们形成于中晚侏罗世;邦巴岩体寄主岩石正长花岗岩和其中的石英二长闪长岩包体年龄分别为144±3Ma和133±3Ma,形成于早白垩世。锆石Hf同位素和地壳模式年龄结果表明,中晚侏罗世的江巴岩体(εHf(t)为-16.8～-13.4,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为2.1～2.3Ga)与雄巴碱长花岗岩(-11.3～-6.2和1.6～2.0Ga)具有富集的Hf同位素特征,显示了新元古界的地壳基底年龄。邦巴正长花岗岩(-4～-0.8和1.2～1.5Ga)与其中的闪长质包体(-2.8～+0.6和1.2～1.4Ga)具有一致的Hf同位素特征,显示了岩浆混合作用。本文花岗岩定年与Hf同位素结果进一步揭示出中冈底斯带存在未出露地表的古元古代地壳基底。     

越南西北部Posen花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成特征

本文报道出露于越南西北部的Posen花岗岩岩体锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成特征,讨论岩石成因和该地区新元古代岩浆作用的大地构造意义.分析3个花岗岩样品获得723Ma至760Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄,表明花岗岩形成于新元古代.该花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素组成有较大的变化范围,ε_(Hf)(t)值变化范围为-16.1至+3.4,单阶段Hf模式年龄为1186～1945Ma,暗示Posen花岗岩有着复杂的源区物源组成.在误差范围内,锆石两阶段Hf同位素模式年龄值主要集中在2.0～2.1Ga,与两阶段Nd同位素模式年龄值2.1～2.2Ga一致,说明花岗岩体主要由古元古代地壳物质部分熔融形成的.部分锆石颗粒具有正ε_(Hf)(t)值,可能指示花岗岩岩浆形成过程中存在壳-幔混合相互作用.在越南西北部发育新元古代岩浆作用可能与扬子板块广泛发育的、伴随Rodinia超大陆裂解过程的岩浆活动存在成因的联系,也揭示越南西北部地体可能与扬子板块具有亲缘关系,因此,可以推断马江断裂带应该代表印支板块和华南板块之间的古特提斯缝合带在越南西北部的延伸.     

北山南带音凹峡地区酸性火山岩年代学、地球化学研究:二叠纪裂谷岩浆作用的新证据

北山造山带位于中亚造山带南缘中段地区,是中亚造山带、塔里木克拉通和华北克拉通的构造结合部。年代学资料表明北山南带晚古生代存在一期重要的岩浆活动,所形成的岩石类型包括了镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩、花岗岩类以及酸性火山岩。音凹峡地区位于北山南带,该地区广泛分布着厚度巨大的二叠系。这套地层主要是由酸性火山岩及火山碎屑岩组成,流纹岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为273±1 Ma,为早二叠世。针对音凹峡地区酸性火山岩的地球化学研究发现,其具有高SiO_2、K_2O+Na_2O、Al_2O_3含量、低Fe_2O_3~T、Mg O、P_2O_5含量;富集轻稀土元素,重稀土元素无分异,具有明显的Eu负异常;微量元素方面,酸性火山岩富集Cs、Rb、Th、U、Zr和Hf等元素,而相对亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等元素。酸性火山岩的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-6.0~3.9,具有较老的Hf同位素模式年龄,t_(DM2)=1046~1669 Ma。音凹峡酸性火山岩的地球化学证据表明这套火山岩系可能由中-新元古代壳源岩石部分熔融形成,并与幔源岩浆进行了不同程度的混合,之后发生了分离结晶作用。综合音凹峡地区同时代镁铁质岩石、花岗岩类的研究成果,以及该地区二叠系沉积建造及火山岩特征分析可知,北山南带在早二叠世应处于大陆裂谷的构造背景。     

黑龙江省东部饶河杂岩的就位时代与东北东部中生代构造演化

黑龙江省东部饶河杂岩由含放射虫深海沉积岩以及镁铁质的熔岩和侵入岩组成,并被视为大洋壳的残片。该杂岩被晚期蛤蚂河和太平村花岗岩侵入。锆石U-Pb年龄结果表明,上述两花岗岩岩体均形成于早白垩世,其中蛤蚂河岩体形成于131、124和～115Ma三个阶段,太平村岩体形成于111～114Ma左右。饶河杂岩中辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为166±1Ma,深海沉积岩中最晚出现的放射虫的时代为160～150Ma,显示饶河杂岩的就位应发生在150～131Ma的晚侏罗世—早白垩世,古地磁资料显示本区自晚三叠世—侏罗纪有明显的从低纬度向高纬度的北移现象：从而表明在晚侏罗世—早白垩世及以前该区存在太平洋板块的俯冲-走滑作用。岩石学研究显示,两花岗岩岩体中均存在岩浆结晶成因的堇青石,并具有过铝质花岗岩的特点,为典型的来源于沉积岩部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩。Hf同位素测定发现,这些花岗岩中的锆石具有较高的~(176) Hf/~(177)Hf同位素比值和较正的ε_(Hf)(t)值,以长英质地壳为源岩的Hf同位素模式年龄为500～780Ma,说明其源岩应为新元古代—显生宙新增生的地壳物质,从而反映在晚侏罗世—早白垩世以前本区曾发生过显著的地壳抬升与风化剥蚀。     

北阿尔金早古生代同碰撞花岗质岩浆记录及其对增生造山过程的启示

本文对出露在北阿尔金的喀腊大湾似斑状花岗岩、沟口泉似斑状二长花岗岩、卓尔布拉克花岗岩和木孜萨依白云母花岗岩进行了详细的岩相学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究。地球化学特征显示喀腊大湾似斑状花岗岩具有高硅和钠,低铁、镁和钙的特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.03～1.04,属弱过铝质I-S过渡型花岗岩;沟口泉似斑状二长花岗岩和卓尔布拉克花岗岩具有相对高的钠含量和准铝质-弱过铝质特征,表现为I型花岗岩;木孜萨依白云母花岗岩具有高硅、富碱、富集Rb、Th和LREE,亏损Ba、Sr、Ti和Eu特征,铝饱和指数大于1.1,属过铝质S型花岗岩。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示4个岩体的年龄分别为432.4±4.9Ma、432.8±4.1Ma、439.6±3.5Ma和437.3±2.4Ma。结合区域地质资料和构造判别图解,揭示这4个岩体均形成于同碰撞构造背景下,表明北阿尔金洋最终关闭以及洋陆转换的时间节点应为445～440Ma。锆石Hf同位素结果显示沟口泉似斑状二长花岗岩和卓尔布拉克花岗岩岩浆起源于新生地壳物质的部分熔融;喀腊大湾似斑状花岗岩起源于变杂砂岩部分熔融,木孜萨依白云母花岗岩起源于变泥质岩石的低程度部分熔融;但喀腊大湾似斑状花岗岩和木孜萨依白云母花岗岩ε_(Hf)(t)值分别为+0.18～+5.88和-6.47～+4.52,反映二者的岩浆源区也均有新生地壳物质的加入。上述这些特征与北祁连早古生代同碰撞花岗岩体具有良好的可对比性,进一步支持二者曾作为统一的整体经历了洋盆裂解-扩张-俯冲-闭合造山等构造演化过程。     

西藏安多地区早古生代及中生代造山记录:来自安多微陆块-南羌塘锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究

安多地区位于青藏高原腹地,为拉萨地体、羌塘地体及安多微陆块的结合部位,是研究拉萨地体、羌塘地体起源以及特提斯造山过程的关键位置。我们对采自安多地区的前中生代基底岩石及侏罗系沉积岩样品进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究。研究结果表明:安多花岗片麻岩中锆石同时记录了510～505Ma岩浆年龄以及187Ma变质年龄;187Ma的变质锆石与510～505Ma的岩浆锆石具有相似的Hf同位素模式年龄(1.7～1.5Ga),表明寒武纪花岗岩主要来源于古老地壳重熔。碎屑锆石年代学分析结果揭示了安多微陆块石英岩具有498～484Ma、800～1000Ma和1800～1950Ma的年龄峰值,与南羌塘地体及特提斯喜马拉雅碎屑锆石年龄分布特征相似,表明其在早古生代时位于冈瓦纳大陆北部印度陆块边缘。南羌塘坳陷东南部中侏罗世砂岩及钙质砂岩碎屑锆石年代学分析结果显示其具有182～171Ma、450～600Ma、800～1000Ma、1800～1950Ma及2400～2600Ma的年龄峰值,这种年龄分布特征与安多微陆块及南羌塘地体相似,而与拉萨地体不同,说明南羌塘坳陷东南部下-中侏罗统物源主要来自安多微陆块及南羌塘地体,在早-中侏罗世时安多微陆块与南羌塘地体已经发生了碰撞造山。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the