Numerical study of the runout behavior of the Kamenziwan landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir region,China

Landslides - The evaluation of landslide runout behavior plays a vital role in the risk assessment of landslides. In this study, the runout behavior of a landslide that occurred on December 10,...     

降雨引起的边坡位移研究

边坡和滑坡的变形是非常复杂的问题,同时也是滑坡灾害预报与预警的一个重要指标。由降雨引起的边坡位移与边坡体中非饱和土体基质吸力变化产生的应变有关。依据实验数据,笔者对非饱和土中基质吸力变化产生的应变进行了研究。建立了非饱和土应变与含水量的变化关系。在此基础上,对降雨引起的边坡位移机制、规律进行了探讨。并对武都古滑坡蠕滑位移进行了分析。     

In situ triaxial creep test for investigating deformational properties of gravelly sliding zone soil: example of the Huangtupo 1# landslide,China

In recent years, numerous landslide catastrophes have occurred, generating considerable financial losses and other tolls. The deformational and mechanical properties of sliding zone soil would be in primary significance to landslide research, as the sliding zone basically controls the initiation and mobility of the landslide. An in situ triaxial test was carried out on a sample from the sliding zone of the Huangtupo 1# landslide, a subdivision of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges area of China. The test results indicate that (a) the sliding zone exhibits low compressibility due to the high rock content (54.3%) and long-time consolidation by the overlying soil mass; (b) only decaying creep occurs without abrupt failure, and a constitutive equation with both linear and nonlinear viscoplastic terms is deduced to accurately fit the test data; (c) the surface with an orientation of 35° presents anisotropic traits in terms of displacement, possibly due to cracks that formed at similar orientations within the sample cube; and (d) the creep behavior of the landslide may be closely related to the properties of the sliding zone soil. When a similar stress magnitude to that of the in situ stress environment is applied to the sample, the sliding zone soil behavior matches the landslide deformative behavior. The test results indicate that the Huangtupo 1# landslide will continue to creep, as interpreted from the deformation traits and structural properties of the sample. However, unavoidable limitations of the test and extreme external factors, namely unexpected rainfall and water fluctuation, cannot be ignored.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of a catastrophic long-runout landslide in Zhenxiong,Yunnan, southwestern China

On 11 January 2013, a catastrophic landslide of ～0.2 million m³ due to a prolonged low-intensity rainfall occurred in Zhenxiong, Yunnan, southwestern China. This landslide destroyed the village of Zhaojiagou and killed 46 people in the distal part of its path. The displaced landslide material traveled a horizontal distance of ～800 m with a vertical drop of ～280 m and stopped at 1520 m a.s.l. To examine the possible mechanism and behavior of the landslide from initiation to runout, the shear behavior of soil samples collected from the sliding surface and runout path was examined by means of ring shear tests. The test results show that the shear strength of sample from the sliding surface is less affected by shear rate while the shear rate has a negative effect on the shear strength of runout path material. It is suggested that the source and runout path materials follow the frictional and Voellmy rheology, respectively. Post-failure behavior of the landslide was modeled by using a DAN-W model, and the numerical results show that the selected rheological relationships and parameters based on the results of ring shear tests may provide good performance in modeling the Zhenxiong landslide.     

改进欧拉算法的GM(1,1)模型预测滑坡变形

在传统的GM(1,1)模型建模的基础上,采用改进欧拉算法简化GM(1,1)模型中参数的求解过程,进行滑坡变形动态预测。本文根据某高速公路滑坡治理过程中的变形监测数据,应用改进的模型进行滑坡变形动态预测,通过预测结果和实际监测数据进行对比分析,结果表明:改进欧拉算法的GM(1,1)模型参数计算简单,且预测精度为一级;不仅适用于滑坡变形等时距监测数据的低增长序列预测,也适用于高增长序列预测,证明该改进欧拉算法的有效性。     

Strength behavior of slip-zone soils of landslide subject to the change of water content

Landslides are the major natural hazards in many countries all over the world and are usually caused by heavy rainfall, water level change of reservoir, excavation, earthquake, etc. Whether the landslide occurs or not in rainfall season, the strength variation of slip-zone soils of landslide is regarded as the vital control factor. Thus, strength behavior for slip-zone soils of landslide subject to the change of water content is required to be evaluated in a potential landslide area. In this paper, the shear strength of typical slip-zone soil, six groups of 25 specimens of remolded clay samples from Daxishan reservoir landslide, was systemically investigated using the improved direct shear test apparatus in order to fully understand its physical and mechanical properties, and also the shear and failure behavior. Furthermore, the fitting equations for expressing the relationship between the shear strength (effective cohesion and internal friction angle) and vertical loadings, initial water contents of slip-zone clay were established based on the experimental results. In particular, a series of shear stress–shear strain curves under various vertical loadings and different water contents were observed. The results show that a “softening” stress–strain behavior is achieved for unsaturated slip-zone soil, while a “hardening” curve is found for saturated slip-zone soil.     

Quantitative assessment on the influence of heavy rainfall on the crystalline schist landslide by monitoring system -case study on Zentoku landslide, Japan

On Shikoku Island, which is one of the four main islands of Japan, a large number of large-scale crystalline schist landslides have been revealed and are being monitored by an observation system. Seasonal heavy rainfall is the most active meteorological factor that can threaten the stability of this kind of site-specific landslide. In this paper, on the basis of the study of the rainfall-related behavior of a typical crystalline schist landslide, the Zentoku landslide, by analyzing the precisely and continuously observed piezometric and movement data, a method was developed to quantitatively assess the effect of heavy rainfall on a large-scale landslide. The results indicated that heavy rainfall-induced landslide displacement shows good correlation with the variation of groundwater levels. Variations of groundwater level have been simulated with the use of a tank model. The simulation using this model permits the change in water levels for future rainfall events to be predicted. By combining the predicted results with the empirical relation between displacements and water levels, rainfall-induced landslide movement during extreme rainfall events can be estimated in advance. The effect of heavy rainfall on sliding behavior can be quantified in terms of the change in displacement. Thus warning information or advisories for the local residents can be provided.     

Landslide risk assessment and management: an overview

Landslides can result in enormous casualties and huge economic losses in mountainous regions. In order to mitigate landslide hazard effectively, new methodologies are required to develop a better understanding of landslide hazard and to make rational decisions on the allocation of funds for management of landslide risk. Recent advances in risk analysis and risk assessment are beginning to provide systematic and rigorous processes to enhance slope management. In recent years, risk analysis and assessment has become an important tool in addressing uncertainty inherent in landslide hazards.This article reviews recent advances in landslide risk assessment and management, and discusses the applicability of a variety of approaches to assessing landslide risk. Firstly, a framework for landslide risk assessment and management by which landslide risk can be reduced is proposed. This is followed by a critical review of the current state of research on assessing the probability of landsliding, runout behavior, and vulnerability. Effective management strategies for reducing economic and social losses due to landslides are described. Problems in landslide risk assessment and management are also examined.     

水库型滑坡模型试验相似材料的研制及应用

相似材料的研制是滑坡模型试验的关键。在相似材料的研究基础上,通过大量的配比试验,结合模糊综合评价法对不同配比材料的相似性进行比较,研制出同时模拟物理力学性能相似和渗流作用相似的水库型滑坡相似材料,这种材料由标准砂、滑体土、膨润土和水溶液混合而成。同时通过库水作用下滑坡模型试验评价该材料的相似效果,记录水位升降过程中坡内的孔隙水压力变化、渗流变化、滑面形态及裂缝形成发展过程。试验结果表明,库水对岩土体物理力学性质的弱化和坡内指向临空面的渗透压力是滑坡产生的主要诱发因素;水库型滑坡的破坏模式为有多级滑面的牵引式破坏;试验观测的浸润线与理论计算结果基本吻合。该相似材料的物理力学性能和渗流效果均能达到试验相似要求,模拟库水作用下滑坡变形破坏过程的效果良好,是一种比较理想的水库型滑坡模型相似材料。研究结果为进一步开展大型水库型滑坡模型试验提供了科学依据。     

李家峡水电站坝前水库滑坡蓄水前后稳定性预测

基于位移监测、数值计算、室内和现场试验等成果,从动力学角度开展了李家峡坝前水库滑坡稳定性预测的系统研究,获得了其滑带土的蠕变特性及水库滑坡的蠕滑机制,提出滑面剪应力比和滑带土黏滞系数的增减是决定滑坡能否从蠕滑转入剧滑的内在条件;通过模拟水库运行环境,完成了代表性滑块的现场促滑试验,研究表明:该类试验既是论证滑坡蠕滑机制的可靠方法,也是水库滑坡增稳治理的有效手段之一.     

缓慢复活型滑坡滑带土的蠕变性质与特征强度试验研究

锁儿头滑坡是甘肃省舟曲县城附近、体积约72.85×106 m3的一个巨型老滑坡。20世纪70年代末滑坡开始复活,至今一直处于缓慢活动之中,显示滑坡活动具有典型的蠕动特点。滑带力学特性是控制滑坡活动机制的关键因素之一,为了弄清该滑坡滑带物质的蠕变性质以及控制滑坡活动的强度指标,通过滑带土残余状态下的直剪蠕变试验,研究了滑坡滑带土的蠕变特性,比较了滑带长期强度和残余强度的关系。研究发现,滑带土蠕变特性与应力状态相关,滑带进入加速蠕变的临界剪应力和剪切速率均与正应力线性正相关。该滑坡应力状态指示其已具备进入加速蠕变的条件。残余状态下该滑坡滑带土的长期与残余强度基本等价,前者略大于后者,且增大量值与正应力有负相关关系。     

新滩大滑坡机制探讨

本文从流变学与动力学的研究出发,对新滩大滑坡的发展机制进行了理论探讨。根据大滑动后坡面形态的观察分析,指出了这次滑动破坏的序列,并对控制大滑动的可能性提出了一些看法。     

Discussion of the Mechanism for Xintan Beach Landslide

Based on considerations of theological and dynamical behavior of rocks and soils, the mechanism of xintan Beach Landslide is discussed in this paper, From the status of the slope as it is now, the sequences of landslide are pointed out and some concepts for controlling the potential landslide are presented.     

基于模型试验的滑坡防治微型桩设计方法

通过开展微型桩与滑坡相互作用的大型物理模型试验,总结滑坡作用下微型桩的性状,在试验结果的基础上提出一种微型桩防治滑坡的设计方法。试验结果表明:微型桩的破坏是因滑面处的桩体抗弯剪能力不足引起的,桩身混凝土破碎后,微型桩抗滑机理由抗弯、抗剪转为钢筋抗拉; 群桩中各排桩的水平变位无明显差异,各排桩所受的滑坡推力沿滑坡滑动方向逐渐减小。基于试验结果,提出一种微型桩防治滑坡的设计方法,按微型桩在滑面处抗剪进行设计,同时考虑了各排桩所受滑坡推力的不均匀分布。     

Groundwater flow modeling for effective implementation of landslide stability enhancement measures

This paper deals with groundwater hydrology at a prominent fracture zone landslide slope (Nuta–Yone landslides) in Japan with an objective to explore an efficient method for the application of landslide stability enhancement measures. The correlation analyses between the hydrological parameters and ground surface movement data at this landslide resulted in low correlation values indicating that the geological formation of the area is extremely complex. For the purpose of understanding the groundwater flow behavior in the landslide area, a three-dimensional transient groundwater flow model was prepared for a part of the landslide slope, where the levels of effectiveness of applied landslide stability enhancement measures (in the form of multilayered deep horizontal drains) are different, and was calibrated against the measured water surface elevations at different piezometer locations. The parameter distributions in the calibrated model and the general directions of the groundwater flow in terms of flow vectors and the results of particle tracking at the model site were interpreted to understand the reasons for variations in effectiveness of existing landslide stability enhancement measures and to find potentially better locations for the implementation of future landslide stability enhancement measures. From the modeling results, it was also understood that groundwater flow model can be effectively used in better planning and locating the landslide stability enhancement measures.     

基于条分法的滑坡位移非线性动力学模拟方法

滑坡的位移变化是一种非线性的过程,并在各种因素的影响和作用下表现出各种动力学特征。本文在传统的条分法的基础上,采用离散无模型的思想,提出一种滑坡位移非线性动力学模型的方法。最后给出了几种合理的模拟结果。     

三峡库区张桓侯庙东侧滑坡动态监测成果分析与应用

三峡库区张桓侯庙东侧滑坡为一大型土质滑坡。为了掌握滑坡的变形状态,对滑坡实施应急动态监测,采用了地表位移、地表沉降、深部位移、地下水位、降雨量及泉流量监测等手段,确定了滑坡的变形范围、主滑方向、滑面深度等基本要素及内部、外部变形特征,通过对监测成果的综合分析将滑坡分为强变形区与弱变形区,确认滑坡性质总体上为推移式,右侧前缘具有牵引式的性质。判断滑坡在监测期间处于匀速变形阶段,降雨是影响滑坡稳定性的主要因素,起到了加速滑面形成的作用。利用监测成果修正了滑面形态,反演滑带参数。建议对滑坡的防治加强地表排水,切忌对强变形区前缘进行开挖。     

Establishing a monitoring network for an impoundment-induced landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

A methodology for monitoring system of an impoundment-induced landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China is introduced. Currently, based on landslide geological classification, the monitoring regions and methods which include types of monitoring instruments, placement and calibration precision of instruments, and appropriate periods for instrumental placement is confirmed. To optimize the monitoring system, sensitivity analysis of displacements and the water table in landslides affected by reservoir surface fluctuation is completed to determine the layout of the monitoring cross sections and the monitoring points. As a case study, the behavior of displacements and the potential fluctuation of the water table in the Shiliushubao landslide, produced by the gradual water impoundment at Three Gorges Reservoir, has been simulated using 3D finite element method analysis. The sensitivity analysis of Shiliushubao landslide is investigated by the fuzzy set evaluation method. As a result, the monitoring network of Shiliushubao landslide is established.     

Application of DDA to simulate characteristics of the Tsaoling landslide

This study simulates the kinematic behavior of sliding blocks of rock in the earthquake-induced Tsaoling landslide using seismic discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). We assume sliding rocks are elastic blocks. Detailed joint shear strength parameters are set in DDA in a manner compatible with what is known about the Tsaoling landslide mechanisms. Landslide run-out distance, information from survivors, and the post-failure topography are used to constrain the computational results. Calculations demonstrate that sliding rocks from the ground surface decoupled from those near the basal shear surface during the landslide. Local residents survived because surficial rocks were never deeply buried during the landslide. Additionally, shear strength parameters of material in the deposition area strongly govern final deposit topography. Computational results correlate well with actual post-failure topography.     

Causes of landslide recurrence in a loess platform with respect to hydrological processes

Irrigation-induced landslide is a recurring problem in the Heifangtai loess platform of northwest China. The landslide sites are characterized by a concave topography. Numerical modeling indicates that the groundwater table at the past-landslide site rises more quickly than the other natural platform borders under irrigation conditions. This is consistent with the field observations that seepage of the groundwater appeared in the hollow is higher than that of lateral slopes. In order to investigate the response of soil behavior due to rise in groundwater table, stress-path tests were performed on undisturbed specimens. It has been observed that the increase in pore water pressure in loess can trigger soil liquefaction and eventually results in landslide. Hence, the concave past-landslide site is much more prone to landsliding, which contributed to the landslide recurrence.