钒钡铜矿晶体结构的再测定

钒钡铜矿Cu_3Ba(VO)4)_2(OH)_2的空间群为C_2/m,晶胞参数:a_0=1.0270(2),b_0=0.5911(1),c_0=0.7711(2)nm,β=116.42(3)°。用RIGAKU RASA-IIS四圆单晶衍射仪收集了强度数据,采用帕特逊法及电子密度函数法测定了晶体结构,用614个独立的衍射点(|F_0|>3δ|F_0|)对结构进行修正,R=0.051。晶体结构分析表明钒钡铜矿具层状结构,构造层平行于(001)。根据晶胞参数对其X-射线粉晶衍射线进行了指标化。     

锰钾矿光催化降解苯酚及其影响因素研究

利用回流法合成隧道结构的锰钾矿,并研究其光化学降解苯酚的效果及影响因素。分别采用X射线衍射、原子吸收光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜和BET氮气吸附法对锰钾矿的晶体结构(包括晶型、晶胞参数和结晶度)、化学组成、微观形貌和比表面积进行了表征。研究表明,非光照时锰钾矿对苯酚的降解效果较差,光照能显著促进锰钾矿对苯酚的降解;光照条件下,p H值减小能显著促进锰钾矿对苯酚的降解;锰钾矿用量增加至1.00 g/L时能显著促进锰钾矿降解苯酚,但继续增加矿物用量却显著降低苯酚降解率;非光照条件下,p H值减小和矿物用量增加不能显著促进锰钾矿降解苯酚。     

天然锰钾矿晶体化学特征及其环境属性

通过XRD和IR对湖南湘潭锰矿中含锰氧化物进行物相分析，确认其主要物相为单斜晶系锰钾矿。利用锰的磁性质计算得到锰以Mn^4 、Mn^2 组合形式存在，结合电子探针微区化学成分分析计算出矿物的晶胞参数和样品的晶体化学式。该天然锰钾矿结晶粒度属于纳米级，其晶体结构中存在孔径不一的两种孔道，K^ 位于由[MnO6]八面体所构筑的较大孔道内。天然锰钾矿具有表面吸附，氧化还原、离子交换、孔道效应和纳米效应等良好的环境属性。     

湖南湘潭锰矿锰钾矿-天然氧化物八面体分子筛(OMS-2)在HRTEM下的微结构特征研究

在对湖南湘潭锰矿次生氧化带中天然锰钾矿鉴定的基础上．采用HRTEM对该地区结晶程度差、呈隐晶质集合体的天然锰钾矿微结构进行研究．结果表明：Mn,K,O为样品的主要元素．还含少量Cu,Si．Al,Mg,Fe等杂质元素;锰钾矿表现出一维针状的纳米晶,大多数纳米晶的宽度〈100nm;对选区电子衍射（SAED）计算d值并指标化．确定是锰钾矿,而电子衍射所表现出的弥散环、衍射斑点圆弧化和拉长,均表明该地区样品结晶度差、具有超结构和一定择优取向的特征,这与锰钾矿呈一维针状纳米晶的特征相一致。在锰钾矿的晶格像中,普遍存在晶格畸变、位错缺陷和超结构现象。因此,结晶度较差、颗粒细小至纳米级、结构的有序度较低等是该地区锰钾矿的主要特点。     

天然锰钾矿催化活性实验研究

利用天然锰的氧化物矿物及合成MnO2催化分解过氧化氢溶液．对比研究锰钾矿的催化活性。在0℃下锰钾矿催化分解H2O2的活性远大于天然软锰矿、恩苏塔矿和分析纯MnO2,原因是锰钾矿具有较大的比表面积及特殊的晶体化学特征。锰钾矿分解不同浓度H2O2溶液的反应能很好遵循langmuir—Hinshelwood动力方程式。XRD分析表明锰钾矿反应后结构未发生改变,重复实验锰钾矿催化分解H2O2的活性未见降低。     

驾鹿金矿钾长石的结构态与平衡温度及其成矿意义

笔者对小秦岭驾鹿构造蚀变岩型金矿的钾长石用红外光谱和X射线粉晶衍射法测定其结构态与平衡温度 ,结果如下 :钾长石为微斜长石 -最大微斜长石 ,Al的占位率t1(o) =0 .73～ 1.0 0 ,t1(m) =0 .2 6～ 0 ;t2 (o) =t2 (m) =0 .0 3～ 0 ;晶胞参数a0 =0 .8388～ 0 .86 11nm ,b0 =1.2 837～ 1.2 96 8nm ,c0 =0 .7156～ 0 .72 4 8nm ,α =89.90 6～ 91.0 93° ,β =115.6 50～ 116 .2 30° ,γ=87.50 0～ 89.994° ;三斜度Δ =0 .6 86～ 1.115;平衡温度t =50 3.51～ 578.35℃。因此 ,认为驾鹿钾长石是热液蚀变的产物 ,它调整结构所释放的热量对早期高温阶段的含金热液有影响 ,起着一种活化金络合物的作用 ,不利于金沉淀就位。随着钾长石平衡温度的降低和三斜度的升高 ,这种作用相对更加明显。     

电子探针和X射线衍射仪测定新疆祖母绿宝石

新疆首次发现了质量上佳的祖母绿宝石(绿柱石),受到了国内外学者的高度关注。文章对新疆祖母绿矿物晶体进行电子探针显微分析(EPMA)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试,获得EPMA成分分析结果及XRD测试晶胞参数、衍射图谱。结果表明,新疆祖母绿化学成分中Cr2O3含量较高,一般在0.21%~0.54%;典型样品晶胞参数测定结果为a0=0.923 3 nm,c0=0.920 6 nm,Z=2,主要粉晶谱线为2.871(100)、3.257(100)、7.996(100)。     

天然锰钾矿处理含Cd^2＋废水实验研究

利用天然锰钾矿处理实验室内配置的含Cd^2 废水，结果表明：天然锰钾矿对水溶液中Cd^2 的去除达平衡需2d以上；锰钾矿粒径越小对Cd^2 的去除量越大；溶液中例Cd^2 的浓度不太高时，去除量随溶液浓度的升高而增大；在酸性介质中去除量随pH值增大先降低后增大，pH值超过6．3时天然锰钾矿表面开始带负电荷，在弱碱性介质中去除量最大；不同电解质对去除量的的影响主要是由Cl^-与Cd^2 的络合造成的。实验浓度范围内能很好地用Langmuir吸附等温线拟合，对Cd^2 0的最大吸附量为5．54mg/g。锰钾矿处理含Cd^2 废水的过程中伴随有K^ 和Mn^2 溶出。处理Cd^2 后的锰钾矿渣，经超声并淋滤后仍有大部分的Cd^2 被固持，固持率可达去除量的79．82％。     

首次发现锰副硅灰石

锰副硅灰石是副硅灰石一个新变种矿物,为国内外首次发现。产于我国内蒙古矽卡岩型铅锌矿床中。矿物属于单斜晶系,空间群C_(2h)~5-P2_(1/c),晶胞参数a=1.47213,b=0.70489,c=0.69055nm,β=95.827°±0.03,V=0.71289nm~3,Z=12。化学分子式为(Ca_(0.75)Mn_(0.19)Fe_(0.068))_(1.00)Si_(1.00)O_3,属于硅灰石亚族矿物。     

红十字湖地区锂云母-透锂长石伟晶岩脉中锡锰钽矿的发现

锡锰钽矿(wodginite)理想式为MnSnTa2O8,Z=4,其结构为锡铁钽矿(ixiolite)结构的有序化形式。它是钽的主要工业矿物,是高度分异演化伟晶岩的标志矿物之一。在加拿大红十字湖地区锂云母-透锂长石伟晶岩脉中发现了这一钽矿物。矿物为黑褐色,呈半自形,颗粒达0.2mm,分布于由锂云母钠长石构成的条带中,与之共生的是一套典型的、高演化的花岗伟晶岩矿物组合。锡锰钽矿具有Mn/Fe、Sn/Ti、Ta/Nb比值高,杂质少的特点。矿物平均分子式为:Mn1.00(Sn0.64Ta0.24Ti0.04Mn0.04Zn0.02Fe0.01)0.99(Ta1.69Nb0.31)2.00O8;晶胞参数a=0.9534nm,b=1.1482nm,c=0.5123nm,β=91°07',V=0.5607nm3。依据矿物β>91°、V>0.560nm3、对偶面网221与221具强分裂衍射双峰、I021/I220为0.19和Mn/(Fe+Mn)≈1等特征,在锡锰钽矿与锡铁钽矿所构成的同质多像、有序-部分有序-无序这样一个连续系列中,本区所产锡锰钽矿属有序端员矿物,其阳离子在八面体中分布的有序度约为95%。在钽资源的寻找和开发利用中,应重视含锡锰钽矿的锂云母-透锂长石伟晶岩脉。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the