准噶尔盆地南缘断裂带显微构造特征与活动时代

对准噶尔盆地南缘霍尔果斯-玛纳斯-吐谷鲁逆断裂带中的断层泥和构造岩显微构造进行了研究,并对断裂带中的石膏、石英脉和断层泥进行了ESR测年。显微构造研究表明,断裂带至少经历了3期构造变形,断层泥和石英碎粒中既发育有线状擦痕、阶步等粘滑活动显微构造,也发育有剪切滑动、定向排列等蠕滑活动变形现象。ESR测年结果显示,霍尔果斯-玛纳斯-吐谷鲁逆断裂带形成于1.5Ma前,在0.4~1.0 Ma和0.08~0.12 Ma期间进行了二次再调整。断裂活动时间与青藏高原阶段性隆升的时间一致,说明准噶尔盆地南缘霍尔果斯-玛纳斯-吐谷鲁逆断裂带的形成与青藏高原的隆升过程密切相关。      

仙女山断裂带断层泥分维值与断裂活动研究

断裂带内的断层泥是断层新活动的产物,它记录了断层新活动的多种信息。依据分形理论对仙女山断裂带内断层泥粒度分维值与断裂活动关系的研究结果表明仙女山断丢以粘滑为主,兼有蠕滑。结合其它研究成果,对仙女山断裂活动及其对水电工程的影响进行了评价。     

准噶尔盆地南缘霍尔果斯-玛纳斯-吐谷鲁断裂晚新生代构造变形的ESR测年证据

本文对准噶尔盆地南缘霍尔果斯-玛纳斯-吐谷鲁逆断裂带中石膏、石英脉和断层泥进行了ESR测年研究。结果表明,霍尔果斯-玛纳斯-吐谷鲁逆断裂带主要经历了3个发展阶段,逆断裂带形成于1500ka前,在400～1000ka和80～120ka期间进行了再调整。断裂活动时间与青藏高原阶段性隆升时间一致,说明准噶尔盆地南缘霍尔果斯-玛纳斯-吐谷鲁逆断裂带的形成与青藏高原的隆升过程密切相关,晚新生代天山山脉的隆升和前陆盆地的构造变形应为印度和欧亚两大板块碰撞的远程效应。     

三峡九湾溪断裂带断层泥的特征及分段研究

在分析研究前人资料的基础上,结合野外实际工作和室内研究,从三峡九湾溪断裂带内各段断层泥的特征研究分析出发,探讨了九湾溪断裂带的分段性,结果发现:九湾溪断裂带存在明显的分段性,中段和南段地震活动频度和强度大,应变强度高,断层活动以粘滑为主,其分维值在2.2～2.6之间,石英碎砾表面发育各种撞击揳入现象、线状擦痕等显微构造;北段地震活动频度和强度较小,应变强度弱,断层活动以稳滑为主,兼具粘滑,其分维值在2.4～2.8之间,石英颗粒多为磨圆球砾,其刻蚀形貌以裂而不破现象为代表;中段是九湾溪断裂带最有可能发生诱发地震的地段和我们的重点监测地段。     

鸳鸯镇-凤凰山断裂的断层泥粒度分布与断层活动特征

本文研究断层泥的粒度分布与断层活动特征的关系。断层泥取自西秦岭北缘断裂带的鸳鸯镇-凤凰山断裂。根据分析结果得出该断裂的运动方式以粘滑为主,兼有蠕滑。文中还对该断裂的活动度进行了探讨。      

鲜水河断裂带乾宁段蠕滑变形及局部粘滑变形的岩石学记录

鲜水河断裂带作为控制青藏高原物质大规模向东侧向挤出的北部边界，是中国乃至世界上大陆内部强震活动最频繁的断裂带之一，但大地测量学研究表明它具有广泛的浅部蠕滑变形行为。认识断裂带蠕滑与粘滑兼具的变形行为及其控制因素是评估鲜水河断裂带地震活动性的关键。本文以鲜水河断裂带乾宁段在四川甘孜州龙灯乡出露的宽约800m的岩石-构造剖面为研究对象，通过野外地质调查、室内光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察、粉末X射线衍射分析和微区X射线荧光光谱分析等方法，对断层岩的结构构造、矿物组成和地球化学性质开展详细研究。研究剖面由约100m宽的砂岩破碎带和约700m宽断层岩组成，广泛发育断层角砾岩和薄层且呈弥散式分布的断层泥，断层岩内普遍具有压溶构造，但局部断层岩具有快速滑动结构特征，表明断裂带在蠕滑变形过程中存在局部地震粘滑变形行为。断裂带内流体作用使断层岩中长石和白云母蚀变成以伊利石为主的粘土矿物(含量5%～11%),新生的粘土矿物在密集的面理中定向排列，促进了断层的弱化和在浅部(4km以上深度)的蠕滑变形。而在断裂带局部裂隙较为发育的位置，流体的注入导致了大量碳酸盐矿物(方解石和白云石，含量12%～33%)的沉淀和C...     

活动断裂的分形结构特征

依据分形理论分析了活动断裂带几断裂系，水系及断层泥粒度分布的分形结构特征，指出断裂系及水系分维值的大小体现了活动断裂的结构复杂程度和构造活动性特征，探讨论了断层泥分维值同断层运动特征与基物理力学性质的关系，分维是定量研究活动断裂的一种度量指标。     

根据断层泥的微观特征探讨断层的活动性

含有粘土矿物的断层泥在断层中分布较广,且易于变形,能较好地记录断层活动的历史。本文以含有粘土矿物的断层泥为试样做粘滑、蠕滑模拟实验,将实验产物与原断层泥的显微结构特征相对比,结合宏观地震地质资料进行综合分析,认为断层泥的显微结构特征与断层的粘滑、蠕滑运动有一定的关系。      

蠕滑断裂带岩石组成和构造特征分析:以龙门山灌县-安县断裂带为例

断裂蠕滑可以连续释放部分构造应力,但仍可能造成重大的地质灾害,甚至具有发生大地震的可能性。断层岩是断裂作用中的直接产物,其物质组成和内部构造可为揭示断裂带滑移机制提供关键信息。2008年M_w 7.9汶川地震中破裂的龙门山灌县-安县断裂带具有蠕滑性质,是探究大陆内部蠕滑断裂滑移机制的最佳案例。本文以龙门山灌县-安县断裂带地表探槽和深部钻孔的断层岩为研究对象,通过碎屑统计、X射线粉末衍射矿物分析、光学显微镜和扫描电镜观测,结果显示该断裂带断层泥碎屑含量和颗粒大小均小于断层角砾岩,其粘土矿物含量高达50%以上,且断层岩中普遍发育粘土-碎屑组构以及拖尾构造、似S-C组构等多种压溶构造。综合分析发现压溶作用、低摩擦系数物质以及颗粒滑移对灌县-安县断裂带的蠕滑变形都发挥着重要作用,并且三者相辅相成,因此认为灌县-安县断裂带的蠕滑过程主要是压溶作用和摩擦-颗粒滑移机制共同作用,该认识可更好地了解地震周期并为区域防震减灾提供科学依据。     

基于SBAS InSAR的鲜水河断裂带蠕滑型滑坡特征研究

鲜水河断裂带是青藏高原东部川滇地块的一条重要边界断裂,全新世以来活动强烈,断裂带沿线岩土体结构破碎强烈,在断裂活动诱发地震、断裂蠕滑和强降雨等因素作用下,断裂带沿线滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害发育密度大,危害严重。在前人研究的基础上,采用短基线集(SBAS InSAR)的方法,基于日本对地观测卫星(ALOS 1)所获得的2007—2011年期间15景PALSAR数据,对鲜水河断裂带道孚至炉霍段的活动速率进行分析计算,获取了该段断裂带内蠕滑型滑坡5年间的时间序列形变特征。研究结果表明：鲜水河断裂带道孚至炉霍段近年来以蠕滑滑动为主,蠕滑速率为(94±078) mm/a,断裂的蠕滑作用对区域构造应力场和断裂带内滑坡具有重要的控制作用,表现为距离鲜水河断裂带越近,影像间相干性越强,稳定的相干点越多,干涉效果越好,滑坡滑动累计位移越大。沿鲜水河断裂道孚至炉霍段,共识别出98个蠕滑型滑坡,沿鲜水河断裂带两侧呈线性展布,并分析了典型蠕滑型滑坡的地表形变特征。基于SBAS InSAR的雷达数据处理方法,可以有效地分析地表的缓慢变形以及区域性蠕滑型滑坡的发育发展变化规律,研究结果对于鲜水河断裂带沿线防灾减灾及类似构造活动地区的地质灾害研究具有一定的指导作用。     

The role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones

To investigate the role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones, detailed microscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses were conducted on bedding-oblique and bedding-parallel faults that cut a folded Neogene siliceous mudstone that contains opal-CT, smectite, and illite. An analysis of asymmetric structures in the fault gouges indicates that the secondary fractures associated with each fault exhibit contrasting characteristics: those of the bedding-oblique fault are R₁ shears, whereas those of the bedding-parallel fault are reactivated S foliation. The bedding-oblique fault shows the pervasive development of S foliation, lacks opal-CT, and has low SiO₂/TiO₂ ratios only in gouge, whereas the bedding-parallel fault exhibits these characteristics in both gouge and wall rocks. The development of S foliation and the lack of silica can result from local ductile deformation involving the sliding of phyllosilicates, coupled with pressure solution of opal-CT. Although such deformation can occur in gouge, the above results indicate that it may occur preferentially along bedding planes, preceding the formation of a gouge/slip surface. Thus, in sedimentary rocks that contain phyllosilicates and soluble minerals, bedding can influence the rheological evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones.     

准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱冲断带断裂输导石油效率评价

为了评价准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱冲断带断裂输导原油效率,通过定义断裂输导系数和分析原油成藏过程有效性,建立了断裂输导石油效率评价方法。评价结果表明,断裂输导系数沿着褶皱冲断带呈带状分布,高效断裂输导区主要位于托斯台背斜、独山子背斜、安集海背斜、霍尔果斯背斜及其以南、吐谷鲁背斜、清水河断鼻和齐古背斜等地区。高效断裂输导区内,第一排构造带断裂输导效率最高,第二排构造带次之,第三排构造带相对最低。研究区独山子油田、霍尔果斯油田、吐谷鲁油田、齐古油田等均分布在高效断裂输导范围内,表明高效断裂输导是准南褶皱冲断带原油成藏的重要条件之一。     

ESR detection of seismic frictional heating events in the Nojima fault drill core samples, Japan

We have analyzed the Nojima fault NIED 1800 m drill core samples by ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) to detect seismic frictional heating events, especially during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. Dark gray fault gouge with foliation > 10 cm away from the fault plane at about 1140 m in depth, which was produced by ancient fault movements, has a FMR (ferrimagnetic resonance) signal. Heating experiments show that this FMR signal is derived from ferrimagnetic trivalent ion oxides (γ-Fe₂O₃: maghemite) with imperfect crystallinity, which is produced by thermal dehydration of γ-FeOOH (lepidocrocite) or Fe(OH)₃ (limonite). The existence of the FMR signal means that dry heating such as frictional heating once occurred, and that the frictional heat temperature along the dark gray fault gouge may have risen to over 350 °C during ancient seismic fault slip. In order to detect frictional heating events in fault zones, the increase of the FMR signal and the color change of fault gouge into dark gray or black are important indexes. On the other hand, no FMR signal is detected from the fault gouges just on two fault planes at about 1140 m and 1300 m in depth, which are considered to be possible main fault planes in the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. These two fault planes may not have played an important role of fault slip in the Earthquake.     

Principal fault zone width and permeability of the active Neodani fault, Nobi fault system, Southwest Japan

The internal structure and permeability of the Neodani fault, which was last activated at the time of the 1891 Nobi earthquake (M8.0), were examined through field survey and experiments. A new exposure of the fault at a road construction site reveals a highly localized feature of the past fault deformation within a narrow fault core zone. The fault of the area consists of three zone units towards the fault core: (a) protolith rocks; (b) 15 to 30 m of fault breccia, and (c) 200 mm green to black fault gouge. Within the fault breccia zone, cataclastic foliation oblique to the fault has developed in a fine-grained 2-m-wide zone adjacent to the fault. Foliation is defined by subparallel alignment of intact lozenge shaped clasts, or by elongated aggregates of fine-grained chert fragments. The mean angle of 20°, between the foliation and the fault plane suggests that the foliated breccia accommodated a shear strain of γ<5 assuming simple shear for the rotation of the cataclastic foliation. Previous trench surveys have revealed that the fault has undergone at least 70 m of fault displacement within the last 20,000 years in this locality. The observed fault geometry suggests that past fault displacements have been localized into the 200-mm-wide gouge zone. Gas permeability analysis of the gouges gives low values of the order of 10⁻²⁰ m². Water permeability as low as 10⁻²⁰ m² is therefore expected for the fault gouge zone, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the critical permeability suggested for a fault to cause thermal pressurization during a fault slip.     

Clay–clast aggregates in fault gouge: An unequivocal indicator of seismic faulting at shallow depths?

A common problem encountered in studies of gouge-bearing natural faults is the difficulty of ascertaining whether the observed gouge was sheared seismically or aseismically; this problem arises because of the scarcity of indicators of fault slip rates for gouge. Recently, clay–clast aggregates (CCAs; a CCA comprises a clastic core mantled by a rim of ultrafine particles) were proposed as a possible indicator of seismic slip in gouge, on the basis of shear experiments on gouge at seismic slip rates. To examine the processes and conditions of CCA formation, we conducted rotary shear experiments on quartz and quartz–bentonite gouges under normal stresses (0.3–3.0 MPa) and slip rates (0.0005–1.3 m s⁻¹), and in both room-humidity (room-dry) and water-saturated (wet) conditions. We found that CCAs could be produced in room-dry gouges even at the lowest slip rates, which are considerably slower than actual seismic slip rates. This finding demonstrates that thermal pressurization and fluidization at elevated temperature during seismic slip are not necessarily needed for the formation of CCAs, contrary to previous views. Given the occurrence of CCAs over a wide range of slip rates, we suggest that the presence of CCAs is not an unequivocal indicator of fault slip at seismic slip rates.     

Particle size distributions of fault rocks and fault transpression: are they related?

ABSTRACT Laboratory experiments on rock faulting show that processes of particle comminution in fault rocks are influenced by several parameters, including fault strike and normal stress across faults. In nature, normal stress across faults increases with increasing transpressional strike of faults. Accordingly, different structural fabrics and particle size distributions are expected for cataclastic rocks that have developed along faults with different transpressional orientations and comparable displacements within regional-scale strike-slip fault zones. Adjacent bands of cataclastic gouge and breccia were analysed from four small-scale fault zones. All have comparable displacements and very similar protolith (i.e. shallow-water limestone), structure, kinematics, size, and tectonic environment, but different transpressional strikes within the regional-scale left-lateral Mattinata strike-slip fault, Italy. An inverse linear relationship is found between fault transpressional angles and fractal dimensions of particle size distributions from cataclastic rock samples.