山东莱芜盆地西北缘古近系半固结含水岩组的特征及其成因

通过岩心、测井、地下水常规离子组分及氢氧同位素样品测试对分布在莱芜盆地西北缘古近系半固结含水岩组物性、水化学特征及地下水补给循环特征进行研究; 结合古新世以来盆地沉积演化史及含水层成岩阶段划分, 分析半固结含水层地下水富集模式。结果表明, 埋深100 m以下的古近系砂砾岩含水层, 长期处在早成岩A期, 呈弱固结-半固结状态, 兼具裂隙与孔隙含水层特性, 且以孔隙为主。与碳酸盐岩含水层水化学特征相似, 水化学类型为HCO3-Ca?Mg型, 现代大气降水作为地下水主要补给来源, 蒸发浓缩作用, 碳酸盐岩、石膏及盐岩溶解参与了地下水化学组分形成。在莱芜盆地北部边界断裂处, 部分断裂所夹断块可作为古近系含水岩组应急找水靶区。     

山东大汶河流域中上游古近系含水岩组水文地质特征

利用古近系大汶口组及朱家沟组含水岩组5眼施工钻孔及55眼井孔调查资料,通过岩心、地下水常规离子组分及氢氧同位素样品测试结果,研究大汶河流域中上游莱芜盆地、大汶口盆地古近系含水岩组分布特征、物性及富水性、地下水化学及补给循环特征。结果表明:富水较好的大汶口组上段位于盆地腹部偏北,含水层岩性为半固结砂砾岩,水化学类型HCO_3-Ca·Mg型为主;朱家沟组含水岩组位于盆地边界断裂下降盘,含水层岩性为溶蚀发育的灰质砾岩,水化学类型复杂多变。现代大气降水作为地下水主要补给来源,蒸发浓缩作用,方解石、白云石和石膏溶解及人类污染活动参与了地下水化学组分的形成。归纳总结3种古近系不同类型含水岩组地下水富集规律:构造裂隙控水模式、半固结含水岩组裂隙孔隙水富集模式和灰质砾岩裂隙岩溶水富集模式。     

昆明市黑龙潭岩溶泉氢氧稳定同位素分析

黑龙潭位于昆明市北缘的五老山山麓,沿黑龙潭东支断裂带出露地表,该区分布三个岩溶泉,分别是:清水潭、浑水潭、小水潭,文章运用氢氧稳定同位素方法对它们进行连续的观测研究。通过对大气降水和泉水氢氧稳定同位素特征进行分析,揭示研究区岩溶泉水的来源及泉域含水层特征。得出以下结论:（1）通过大气降水δ18O -δD 关系建立当地大气降水线,大气降水线和泉水的稳定同位素分析表明泉水来源于大气降水,而且主要来源于夏季降水。（2）高斯混合模型分析结果表明,清水潭的补给不仅来源于野猫山地区,还包括径流过程中的入渗补给,而且入渗补给量并不小。浑水潭旱雨两季补给类型有所区别。小水潭除受北部二叠系灰岩含水层补给之外,很有可能也受东北部玄武岩山地的孔洞裂隙水补给。      

淮北煤田太原组灰岩水年龄及同位素地球化学特征

为了解淮北煤田太原组灰岩水年龄、水化学特征及演化,采集了淮北煤田29个矿井地下水样品进行水常规、氢氧同位素及~(14)C测试。利用传统图示及统计方法探讨了地下水化学特征及演化,约束了地下水年龄及径流特征。结果表明:淮北煤田太原组灰岩水年龄在2900～21910 a之间变化,不同矿区之间灰岩水化学特征有明显差异。闸河矿区以较低的TDS浓度、最小的地下水年龄和最高的δD和δ~(18)O值为特征,为淮北煤田太原组灰岩水主要的补给区;临涣矿区孙疃矿、宿县矿区桃园矿具有较大的地下水年龄、较高的TDS浓度和低的δD和δ~(18)O值,为主要排泄区。TDS浓度等值线图和地下水年龄等值线图呈现一致的演化规律,淮北煤田东北部闸河矿区为主要补给区。太原组灰岩水径流特征主要受构造背景的控制,地下水补给条件及水岩相互作用程度决定了水体中TDS浓度和氢氧同位素富集特征。     

鹤壁市地下水赋存条件分析

根据地下水赋存条件和地下水的埋藏条件及含水层特征,分别对松散岩类孔隙水和碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙水进行分析。针对奥陶系主要含水岩组,根据其埋藏条件分别论述了裸露型和埋藏型。地下水在天然条件下,中、深层地下水的补给主要由侧向径流补给,其次为浅层地下水的越流补给。     

哈密盆地区域水文地质条件分析

在对哈密盆地气象、水文、地形以及地貌等条件分析的基础上,对研究区的区域水文地质条件和地下水资源开发利用进行了分析。研究结果表明:哈密盆地为典型的内陆干旱盆地,地下水类型包括松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和冻结层水。哈密盆地潜水主要接受北部巴里坤山、哈尔里克山的冰川融水及少量大气降水补给,径流总体方向由北向南,排泄以侧向径流、机井开采、坎儿井取水、蒸发等方式排泄;哈密盆地在地下水的开发利用上以机电井为主,而坎儿井、泉为辅。     

同位素技术解析安阳河与地下水相互作用

河流与地下水相互作用研究是水文学研究的难点和热点。安阳河与地下水相互作用研究,对于安阳市水资源科学开发与管理具有重要意义。安阳河冲洪积扇地表水与地下水转化率为17%～27%。潜水位标高为80 m,向下游逐渐变成多层含水层（水位40 m）。当地降水环境同位素监测数据表明,当地大气降水线与全球大气降水线接近平行,表明该线代表本地区大气降水的氢氧同位素特征。地表水同位素值较集中,2016年8月δ18O值变化范围为-9‰~-8.7‰,δD值变化范围为-65‰~-63‰,2017年1月δ18O值变化范围为-8.5‰~-8.2‰,δD值变化范围为-63‰~-61‰,河水水化学类型为HCO3·SO4—Ca型,表明流域内地表水的同位素值受距离的影响较小。地下水稳定同位素值变化较大,2016年8月δ18O值范围为-10.4‰~-5.5‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-46‰,2017年1月δ18O值范围为-10.2‰~-5.4‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-45‰,即从接近降水值到最大值形成一条“蒸发”线。河流出山口一带地下水同位素值呈现最大蒸发值,表明地表水补给地下水,地下水化学类型为HCO3·SO4·Cl—Ca,存在明显人为污染成分。下游为大气降水补给浅层地下水,中深层地下水主要来源于中游侧向径流,水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca·Mg型,综合分析表明,安阳河中下游（冲洪积扇）地带“三水”转换积极,并影响其水质、水量。     

东刘家金矿矿区地下水动态与均衡分析

东刘家金矿矿区位于海阳市郭城镇,主要发育3组NE向断裂裂隙,含水岩组主要为第四系冲洪积、坡积孔隙含水岩组,碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组,碳酸盐岩类岩溶裂隙含水岩组及基岩风化带裂隙含水岩组。文中在查清水文地质条件的情况下,详细分析了矿区含水层的富水性,地下水补给、径流、排泄及动态特征,矿区地下水开发利用现状。在此基础上,进行了地下水均衡计算,地下水补给来源主要为大气降水入渗和农灌入渗补给,补给方式为地表直接下渗补给、断裂带导水补给以及上覆松散层下渗补给,主要排泄方式为人工开采、矿坑涌水和蒸发,总体上矿区处于地下水均衡状态。研究成果为矿区在今后的开采过程中控制地下水,合理防治与排水,维持区域地下水自然动态等提供了科学的依据。。     

娘子关泉域岩溶水氢氧同位素特征及影响因素浅析

为了研究娘子关泉域岩溶水状况及补给运移规律,系统采集了泉域内岩溶水、地表水样品,分析测试了样品的δD、δ~(18)O值,利用氢氧同位素方法,通过分析氢氧同位素特征及其影响因素研究岩溶水的补给来源及各含水层的相互联系。研究结果表明,大气降水和河流渗漏补给是泉域内岩溶水的主要补给来源。由于大气降水的高程效应和温度效应,导致泉域内δD、δ~(18)O值存在一定的差异。由于受到强烈蒸发后的大气降水及河流渗漏水的补给,河流沿岸岩溶水的δD、δ~(18)O值相对较高。同时对娘子关泉群城西泉、五龙泉和集泉站的D和~(18)O同位素分析结果表明,城西泉水来源于近源低海拔的补给源;而五龙泉和集泉站泉水来源于深循环、远距离、较高补给高程与地表水交换弱的补给源。通过以上研究,进一步明确了娘子关泉域岩溶水的补给运移规律,为当地政府合理开发及可持续利用娘子关泉域岩溶水资源提供了理论支撑。     

山西娘子关泉群及其水的来源

娘子关泉域群泉是中国北方最大的岩溶泉,泉域汇水面积达7 436 km2,前人认为:泉域内岩溶水由北、西、南3面向娘子关一带径流汇集,由于娘子关一带下奥陶系燧石团块或条带白云岩相对隔水层隆起,并被桃河侵蚀出露,使岩溶地下水溢出地表成泉群,其主要含水层为中奥陶系含石膏碳酸盐岩。但各泉的水化学、同位素特征有差异,娘子关泉群并不是出自统一源。文章通过水化学、同位素、水文地质剖面等方法研究得出: 娘子关泉域存在两个含水层、三个子系统:中奥陶系灰岩含水层和中上寒武系白云岩含水层;西部奥陶系岩溶水系统、东部奥陶系岩溶水系统和东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。泉域内城西泉与程家泉出露于中奥陶系下马家沟组泥灰岩之上,含水层为中奥陶系灰岩裂隙、溶隙水,由于区域下马家沟组泥灰岩隆起隔水出露地表成泉,属于东部奥陶系岩溶水系统;坡底泉、五龙泉、河北泉、水帘洞泉、苇泽关泉其补给主要来源于中上寒武系含水岩组,为承压上升泉,属于东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。      

四川鲜水河-安宁河断裂带温泉氢氧稳定同位素特征

温泉地下水同位素特征对确定断裂带地下水来源、循环过程和断裂带活动性至关重要。为了确定青藏高原东缘温泉的地下水同位素特征和流体来源本研究采集了鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上温泉水、冷泉水、河流和积雪融水等样品,进行了氢氧稳定同位素和水化学组分测定,并进行了同位素特征的对比研究。分析结果表明,温泉水体δ¹⁸O变化范围为-19.04%~-12.71‰,平均值为-16.42‰;δ²H变化范围为-144.07‰~-88.63‰,平均值为-122.37‰。河水的δ¹⁸O变化范围为-15.90‰~-10.85‰,平均值为-13.86‰;δ²H变化范围为-118.21‰~-71.12‰,平均值为-98.99‰。康定冷泉δ¹⁸O和δ²H分别为-13.66‰和-106.74‰。道孚积雪融水的δ¹⁸O和δ²H分别为-10.27‰和-65.41‰。不同类型水体样品氢氧稳定同位素组成主要分布在全球和区域大气降水线上表明了大气降水成因,缺少明显的氧同位素漂移特征。不同类型水体同位素值差异较大显示出温泉与河水、积雪融水之间补给来源的不一致性。温泉同位素值具有明显的同位素高程效应,鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上氧同位素高程效应为-0.23‰/100m,氢同位素高程效应为-1.95‰/100m。温泉氧同位素漂移与相关离子比值、Na-K-Mg三角图、Li和Sr元素等指标表明研究区域大部分温泉的水岩作用强度弱。氢氧稳定同位素特征、水岩作用特征和循环深度揭示出温泉的成因为远距离大气降水运移补给地下水,地下水在地下热储层加热后通过断裂上升到地表形成温泉,这为认识青藏高原东缘地热水循环、断裂带活动性与演化特征提供了依据。     

Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical study of water in the karst aquifer and submarine springs of the Syrian coast

The groundwater of major karst systems and submarine springs in the coastal limestone aquifer of Syria has been investigated using chemical and isotopic techniques. The δ¹⁸O values of groundwater range from ?6.8 to ?5.05‰, while those for submarine springs vary from ?6.34 to +1.08‰ (eastern Mediterranean seawater samples have a mean of +1.7‰). Groundwater originates from the direct infiltration of atmospheric water. Stable isotopes show that the elevation of the recharge zones feeding the Banyas area (400–600 m a.s.l.) is higher than that feeding the Amrit area (100–300 m a.s.l.). The ¹⁸O_extracted (¹⁸O content of the seawater contribution) for the major submarine springs suggests a mean recharge area elevation of 600–700 m a.s.l., and lower than 400 m a.s.l. for the spring close to Amrit. Based on the measured velocity and the percentage of fresh water at the submarine springs outlet, the estimated discharge rate is 350 million m³/year. The tritium concentrations in groundwater (1.6–5.9 TU) are low and very close to the current rainfall values (2.9–5.6 TU). Adopting a model with exponential time distribution, the mean turnover time of groundwater in the Al-sen spring was evaluated to be 60 years. A value of about 3.7 billion m³ was obtained for the maximum groundwater reservoir size.     

玛曲高原区潜水水化学和氢氧同位素特征

玛曲高原区地下水是黄河的重要补给水源,然而其水化学特征及形成机理认识还十分有限。通过采集玛曲潜水、河水和黄河河道沉积物,系统研究了玛曲高原区地下水水化学、同位素特征以及水文地球化学过程。结果表明:河水和潜水的溶解性总固体含量低,分别为72~195 mg/L和207~459 mg/L,水化学成分以Ca2+和HCO3-为主,水样中砷浓度为0.46~17.7μg/L。氢氧同位素结果表明,地下水和河水补给来源为当地大气降水,河水相对潜水富集δ18O和δD。河水水化学组成主要受蒸发浓缩作用的影响,而潜水主要受碳酸盐岩溶解作用的影响。潜水水样SI白云石小于0的占68%,表明潜水中白云石处于不饱和状态。某些潜水砷含量超标的原因可能是沉积物铁锰氧化物矿物的还原性溶解,而砷的来源可能是玛曲河道和浅层松散沉积物中吸附态砷。研究成果有助于揭示黄河上游玛曲段地下水的来源及地下水化学成分的形成机理。     

Identifying the recharge sources and age of groundwater in the Songnen Plain (Northeast China) using environmental isotopes

The recharge sources and groundwater age in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were confirmed using environmental isotopes. The isotopic signatures of the unconfined aquifers in the southeast elevated plain and the north and west piedmont, cluster along local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) with a slope of about 5. The signature of source water was obtained by the intersection of these LMWLs with the regional meteoric water line (RMWL). This finding provides evidence that the recharge water for these areas originate from the Changbai Mountains and the Low and High Hingan Mountains, respectively. Groundwater in the unconfined aquifer in the low plain yields a LMWL with a slope of 4.4; its nitrate concentration indicates the admixture of irrigation return flow. The δ-values of the unconfined aquifer in the east elevated plain plot along the RMWL, reflecting recharge by local precipitation. The mean residence time of groundwater in these aquifers is less than 50?years. However, the ¹⁴C age of the groundwater in the confined Quaternary aquifer ranges from modern to 19,500?years, and in the Tertiary confined aquifer from 3,100 to 24,900?years. Modern groundwater is mainly recharged to the Quaternary confined aquifer on the piedmont by local precipitation and lateral subsurface flow.     

Impact of rock-water interactions and recharge on water resources quality of the Agadir-Essaouira basin,southwestern Morocco

The Agadir-Essaouira area in the occidental High Atlas Mountains of Morocco is characterized by a semi-arid climate. The scarcity and quality of water resources, exacerbated by long drought periods, constitute a major problem for a sustainable development of this region. Groundwater resources of carbonate units within Jurassic and Cretaceous aquifers are requested for drinking and irrigation purposes. In this study, we collected 84 samples from wells, boreholes, springs, and rivers. Hydrochemical and isotopic data were used to examine the mineralization and origin of water, which control groundwater quality. The chemical composition of water seems to be controlled by water-rock interactions, such as dissolution of carbonates (calcite and dolomite), weathering of gypsum, as well as ion exchange processes, which explain the observed variability. Stable isotopes results show that groundwater from the mainly marly Cretaceous aquifer are submitted to an evaporation effect, while samples from the chiefly calcareous Jurassic aquifer indicate a meteoric origin, due to a rapid infiltration of recharge runoff through the karstic outcrops. The low values of δ¹⁸O and δ²H suggest a local recharge from areas with elevations ranging from 400 to 1200 m for the Cretaceous aquifer and from 800 to 1500 m for the Jurassic units.     

Seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in a wetland system of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,southwest China: a quantitative assessment of groundwater inflow fluxes

The Caohai Wetland serves as an important ecosystem on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and as a nationally important nature reserve for migratory birds in China. In this study, surface water, groundwater and wetland water were collected for the measurement of environmental isotopes to reveal the seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD), sources of water, and groundwater inflow fluxes. Results showed that surface water and groundwater are of meteoric origin. The isotopes in samples of wetland water were well mixed vertically in seasons of both high-flow (September) and low-flow (April); however, marked seasonal and spatial variations were observed. During the high-flow season, the isotopic composition in surface wetland water varied from ?97.13 to ?41.73‰ for δD and from ?13.17 to ?4.70‰ for δ¹⁸O. The composition of stable isotopes in the eastern region of this wetland was lower than in the western region. These may have been influenced by uneven evaporation caused by the distribution of aquatic vegetation. During the low-flow season, δD and δ¹⁸O in the more open water with dead aquatic vegetation ranged from ?37.11 to ?11.77‰, and from ?4.25 to ?0.08‰, respectively. This may result from high evaporation rates in this season with the lowest atmospheric humidity. Groundwater fluxes were calculated by mass transfer and isotope mass balance approaches, suggesting that the water sources of the Caohai Wetland were mainly from groundwater in the high-flow season, while the groundwater has a smaller contribution to wetland water during the low-flow season.     

Isotopic variations of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater of carbonate aquifer in an arid environment

The stable isotopic characteristics were used together with the total chloride to assess changes in groundwater from recharge zones into the carbonate aquifer in an arid environment. The aquifer under study represents a major source of groundwater and thermal springs in Al-Ain city, which are located at the northern part of Jabal Hafit in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The relationship between oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of groundwater is established and is described by δD?=?2.2δ¹⁸O???9.96. The lower slope and y-intercept of groundwater samples relative to the local meteoric waterline suggests that the isotopic enrichment is due to the evaporation of shallow groundwater after recharge occurs. The majority of the shallow groundwater samples have a negative deuterium excess (d-excess) which might be ascribed to high a degree of evaporation, while most of the groundwater samples from deep wells, have a positive value of d-excess which may be related to a low degree of evaporation. The δ¹⁸O values of the thermal waters suggest enrichment towards δ¹⁸O of the carbonate rocks because of the exchange with oxygen at higher temperatures. A possible mixing between thermal or hot water and shallow groundwater is evident in some samples as reflected by δD vs. Cl and d-excess vs. δ¹⁸O plots.     

Isotopes in the Hueco Bolson aquifer, Texas (USA) and Chihuahua (Mexico): local and general implications for recharge sources in alluvial basins

Stable isotope data for the Hueco Bolson aquifer (Texas, USA and Chihuahua, Mexico) distinguish four water types. Two types relate to recharge from the Rio Grande: pre-dam (pre-1916) river water with oxygen-18 and deuterium (δ¹⁸O, δD, ‰) from (?11.9, ?90) to (?10.1, ?82), contrasts with present-day river water (?8.5, ?74) to (?5.3, ?56). Pre-dam water is found beneath the Rio Grande floodplain and Ciudad Juárez, and is mixed with post-dam river water beneath the floodplain. Two other types relate to recharge of local precipitation; evidence of temporal change of precipitation isotopes is present in both types. Recharge from the Franklin and Organ Mountains plots between (?10.9, ?76) and (?8.5, ?60) on the global meteoric water line (GMWL), and is found along the western side of the Hueco Bolson, north of the Rio Grande. Recharge from the Diablo Plateau plots on an evaporation trend originating on the GMWL near (?8.5, ?58). This water is found in the southeastern Hueco Bolson, north of the river; evaporation may be related to slow recharge through fine-grained sediment. Pre-dam water, recognizable by isotope composition, provides information on groundwater residence times in this and other dammed river basins.     

刘桥矿区地下水环境同位素特征研究

通过对刘桥矿区主要含水层的环境同位素测试分析,表明研究区内各含水层δ18O值为-5.5 1‰~-10.87‰,平均-9.34‰;δD值为-5 6.3‰~83.4‰,平均-71.4 8‰,且δD与δ18O值自浅到深依次降低。还分析了该矿区地表水、新生界松散层一含水和二含水、煤系砂岩水、太灰水、奥灰水氢氧稳定同位素一般特征,研究了矿区主要含水层水的补给环境及奥灰水与其他含水层之间的联系。