乌鲁木齐河源冰碛物的ESR测年研究

应用ESR测年技术对采自乌鲁木齐河源区上望峰、下望峰与高望峰的冰碛物进行了测年, 上望峰冰碛年代为(35±3.5) ka BP; 下望峰冰碛3个年代分别为(171.1±17) ka BP、 (176±18) ka BP、 (184.7±18) ka BP; 高望峰冰碛年代为(459.7±46) ka BP. 经对ESR测年结果的可靠性讨论并结合地貌地层与已有的14C年代、 ESR年代数据得出: 上望峰冰碛沉积于MIS 2相对应的末次冰期晚期; 下望峰冰碛系两次冰川作用沉积的, 公路之上冰碛于MIS 4相对应的末次冰期早期沉积的, 以下老的冰碛沉积于MIS 6相对应的冰期; 河源区最老的冰碛高望峰冰碛形成于MIS 12相对应的冰期. 高望峰冰碛年代同时还表明本段天山至少于此时已经上升到与当时冰川气候相耦合的高度, 进入了冰冻圈, 开始发育冰川.     

中国第四纪冰期划分改进建议

由刘东生主持1位研究者提出的"以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表"一文发表已近2a,其中由施雅风执笔第四纪冰期与海洋同位素对比部分.由于新情况的出现,需作适当改进:1)周尚哲等应用ESR测年确定祁连山北坡摆浪河源中梁赣海拔299m,高出现代河床500m处冰碛年代为42.9ka BP,天山乌鲁木齐河上游高出河床200～300m的高望峰阶地冰碛样品ESR测年为477.1ka BP和459.7ka BP,均相当于MIS 12阶段,该阶段国际上对应Kansan-Mindel冰期,与MIS 2、MIS和MIS 1都是100ka周期δ¹⁸O值特低时期;2)古里雅冰芯记录中相当于MIS3b阶段,δ¹⁸O值折算温度比现代低5℃左右,已经发现台湾雪山山庄期冰碛TL年代为(44.25±3.72)ka BP,天山乌鲁木齐河谷一处冰碛ESR年代45.9ka BP,喜马拉雅山、喀喇昆仑山和兴都库什南坡测定对应此时段冰川前进更为显著,初步检查亚、欧、北美、南美和澳洲12个地区23个地点相应于MIS 3b冷期冰川前进规模均超过MIS 2阶段,即常说LGM时,推测MIS 3b的降温值虽不及MIS 2,但降水较多,有利于冰川发展;3)MIS 3a暖期,不仅青藏高原异常暖湿,而且中国全境的降水量普遍高于现代,并有较大范围的海侵与仅低于现代海面8～10m的高海面,气候环境实际达到间冰期程度.上述3点应补充入中国冰期划分表.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源末次冰期冰川沉积光释光测年

乌鲁木齐河源地区是中国冰川遗迹保存最丰富、地貌最典型的区域之一,是根据冰川遗迹重建第四纪冰川历史的理想地区。大量的研究工作以及技术测年结果也使其成为试验冰川沉积光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年可行性的理想地点。共采集了6个冰碛及上覆黄土样品用于光释光测年。提取38~63 μm的石英颗粒,运用SAR-SGC法测试等效剂量。各种检验表明测试程序是适用的。通过地貌地层关系、重复样品、已有年代的对比等方法,检验该地冰川沉积OSL测年的可行性。结果表明,OSL年代结果与地貌地层新老关系非常吻合,与已有的其他测年技术的年代结果也具可比性,表明这些样品的OSL信号在沉积之前晒退较好,OSL年代是可信的。冰川观测站侧碛垄的OSL年代为14.8±1.2 ka;9号冰川支谷口附近冰碛的OSL年代为13.5±1.1 ka和17.2±1.3 ka;上望峰冰碛的OSL年代为20.1±1.6 ka。综合OSL年代结果与此前其他测年结果,这几套冰碛垄形成于深海氧同位素MIS 2阶段应该是比较统一的认识。上望峰冰碛上覆黄土的OSL年代（10.5±0.8 ka）也印证了该结论。OSL年代指示上望峰冰碛对应于末次冰期最盛期,冰川观测站和9号冰川支谷谷口冰碛对应于晚冰期。下望峰冰碛的OSL年代为36.3±2.8 ka,对应于MIS 3阶段。下望峰冰碛的形成时代,仍有待更多沉积学以及测年工作进一步确定。     

天山乌鲁木齐河流域冰川地貌与冰期研究的回顾与展望

乌鲁木齐河源于天山北列喀拉乌成山的北坡,区内保存着形态多样、较为清晰的第四纪冰川侵蚀与沉积地形.经过老中青数代人的考察研究,取得如下研究成果:1)查清了河源区冰川地形的分布与特征,运用冰川沉积学与地貌地层学原理对乌鲁木齐河出山口处的扇形地进行了冰川与非冰川成因的鉴别;2)基于地衣法、常规14 C与AMS14 C、TL、ESR、CRN(10Be)等多种定年方法的测年结果,并结合地貌地层学原理,建立了乌鲁木齐河流域小冰期、新冰期、末次冰期(MIS 2～4)、MIS 6与MIS12较完整的冰川演化序列,为我国第四纪冰川研究树立了一个典型范例.展望未来,乌鲁木齐河源区的冰川地貌演化模拟与古环境重建等需作进一步研究,喀拉乌成山南坡的冰川地形有待进行综合定年;若以乌鲁木齐河源流域冰期序列为参照,冰川发育与天山的构造抬升以及东、中与西段天山冰川发育是否具有一致性,天山地区是否保存有更老冰碛等科学问题尚待深入探讨.     

季风的发展与冰川的消失——从台湾高山末次冰期冰川发育特征说起

台湾高山有无第四纪冰川之争,经历60a后终于得到澄清．此次查明台湾雪山主峰区有3套 不同时期的冰川遗迹．如冰斗湖、冰坎、大型磨光面和擦痕以及冰碛垄等,分别命名为山庄冰阶(末 次冰期早期．44.25±3.72ka BP)、黑森林冰阶(末次冰期最盛,18.26±1.52 ka BP)、雪山冰阶(末次冰 期晚期,10.68±0.84 ka BP)尤其以早期冰川规模大为特征．澄清了地学界近65a来的怀疑,将为 全球变化研究增添新内容．     

山东蒙山第四纪冰川遗迹光释光测年研究及冰期划分与对比

针对蒙山发育的第四纪冰川遗迹,采用光释光(Optic Stimulated Luminescence)的测年方法,对遗迹较新的冰碛垄进行了采样与测试,首次在我国东部中低山区获得了8.2ka BP与18.2~22.2ka BP两个时间段的冰期年龄值,对应于8.2ka BP早全新世全球冷事件与末次冰盛期。根据冰碛垄的特征与测定年龄值,结合我国以往其他地区冰期的对比研究,在蒙山建立了拦马冰期与蒙山冰期。本项研究,确认并发展了李四光关于我国东部第四纪冰川理论。     

天山玛纳斯河源鹿角湾冰川地貌与冰期序列

在鹿角湾冰川区40 km²的考察范围内,共发育了18个冰斗.按斗底高度的不同,可以将18个冰斗分成3个高度等级,分别代表了3次雪线高度不同的冰进.冰斗朝向以偏北为主,说明水热条件对冰斗发育是限制因素.18号冰斗和2号冰斗朝向偏南,说明其所代表的冰进阶段水热条件组合有利于冰川的长期存在,从而发育了大规模的向阳冰斗.鹿角湾冰川共发育了10道保存比较完整的冰碛垄,按冰碛垄表面特征和产出位置,结合测年资料,将10道冰碛垄划分为5套冰碛地层.对冰碛垄上所采冰碛土样品进行年代测试的结果是:冰碛丘陵上组地层属于小冰期沉积,较早的两次冰进结束时间为(680±60)a BP和(250±60)a BP;冰碛丘陵组地层属于新冰期沉积,3次冰进结束年代分别为:(4.2±0.4)ka BP,(2.9±0.3)ka BP,(1720±60)a BP;末次冰期晚期结束年代为1.1~1.2 ka BP.其它几次冰进阶段未能取得可信的测年数据.     

东帕米尔高原喀拉库勒湖的成因及其年代

喀拉库勒湖位于东帕米尔高原的康西瓦河流域.研究区的地质构造资料显示,断层活动形成的慕士塔格-公格尔山之间的断层谷是喀拉库勒湖形成的基础.对本区的地貌考察得知,源自慕士塔格峰东坡和公格尔山西坡的古冰流曾数次占据整个河源区,形成规模较大的山麓冰川.现存的喀拉库勒湖为一冰碛堰塞湖,其形成时间与最后一次古冰流填充河源区,阻塞慕士塔格峰西北侧自西南向东北汇入康西瓦河的阔克萨依克河水流的时间相一致.应用OSL测年技术对采自喀拉库勒湖外围冰碛丘陵中的砂质透镜体进行定年,获其年代范围为(26.8±1.3)~(41.7±4.4)ka.结合本区已有的ESR年代学资料(37.8±3.6)~(48.2±4.6)ka、邻近区域的古气候记录以及我国西部第四纪冰川演化序列综合分析可以得出,喀拉库勒湖主要形成于末次冰期中冰阶,时间上可对应于MIS3中期.     

昆仑山垭口地区"望昆冰期"冰碛宇宙成因核素10Be测年

昆仑山垭口地区是东昆仑山现代冰川作用中心之一,在第四纪冰期间冰期旋回中保留了多套较为完整的冰川沉积.位于垭口盆地西侧山脊上的望昆冰碛,是本区已知最老的冰川沉积.应用宇宙成因核素10Be暴露年龄方法对望昆冰碛进行年代测定,5个样品中有4个介于(56.9±5.6)～(38.2±3.5)ka BP之间,相当于MIS3阶段,明显年轻于前人所测ESR和古地磁年代,且与地貌系列不符.这一结果不能代表望昆冰碛的实际年代,而应为所测漂砾后期暴露的年代,反映了MIS3阶段昆仑山垭口地区曾遭受过强烈地表剥蚀过程.望昆冰碛10Be暴露年龄显著地年轻,表明应用宇宙核素暴露年代测定冰碛物形成时代具有复杂性,应充分考虑后期剥蚀等地表过程,并应使用其他测年方法进行相互验证.     

天山夏特河流域晚第四纪冰川沉积序列与地貌演化

夏特河源于天山最大现代冰川作用中心托木尔—汗腾格里峰的东北坡,流域内保存有形态较为清晰的四套冰川沉积。这些地形记录了夏特河流域的古冰川变化,对它们进行研究可获得该地晚第四纪以来的冰川时空演化规律。在第三套冰碛夹层中的砂质透镜体里采集了5个OSL年代学样品,应用单片再生（SAR）测年技术测得它们的年龄为（13.3±0.8）~（20.1±1.3） ka。基于测年结果、各套冰碛距现代冰川的远近、冰碛垄的完整程度、冰碛物的风化胶结状况及接触关系,并参阅托木尔—汗腾格里峰南坡与东南坡以及东、中、西段天山其他流域的年代学资料,可初步得出：第一套和第二套冰碛分别沉积于小冰期和新冰期;第三套冰碛形成于末次盛冰期及随后的冰消期,可对应于海洋氧同位素阶段（MIS） 2;保存在河口的第四套冰川沉积及与其相关联的宽阔且长达数十千米的“U”形谷共同指示,它应形成于冰川规模较大的倒数第二次冰期,时间上可对应于MIS 6。     

龙门山古冰川作用

汶川地震中央区域龙门山主山九顶山海拔4 984 m,山脊北坡有三处成排分布不少规模较小的冰斗-冰川谷地形,恢复当时雪线高度在4 100 m高度。根据其形态保存程度、古今雪线高度差等情况判断,应当是2阶段冰川作用遗存。据气温和降水资料,现在九顶山雪线高度在5 000 m,刚好超出九顶山顶部。故而九顶山3 800 m以上目前处于冰缘环境,石冰川、石环、融冻泥流等冰缘现象比较突出。九顶山不存在更老的冰川作用及其地貌遗存,是青藏高原以东5 000 m上下的高山只是在末次冰期时抬升跨越冰期雪线而发育冰川这一新观点的又一证据,也是青藏高原第四纪晚期剧烈抬升的又一证据。     

Paleoclimatic field studies in and along the Qinling Shan (Central China)

Recent investigations in and along the mountains south of the Loess Plateau (Central China) give no evidence of Pleistocene glaciations below 2800 m asl. Reliable Late-Pleistocene glacial landforms and till only occur in the Qinling Shan (3767 m). The paleosnowline in altitudes of 3250–3300 m was more than 1000 m lower than at present. A Late-Pleistocene periglacial region has been descended to about 2300 m asl, resulting an increase of the sediment yield of the rivers and intensified sediment aggradation in the valleys in and along the Qinling Shan. The Late-Pleistocene descend of the coniferous forest was comparable to the snowline depression. A spruce-fir forest dominated along the northern flank of the mountain range during the time 30-20 ka BP. Towards the end of the Pleistocene glacial periods respectively at the beginning of the following interglacial phase, dissection of alluvial deposits and terracing began in the mountain valleys and in the northern foreland. The replacement of forest vegetation by a more steppe-like vegetation as well as the loess accumulation along the northern Qinling Shan indicates increasing aridity as the climate warmed at the end of the last glacial period and during the Early Holocene. The widespread occurrence of Mid-Holocene paleosols within the loess proves a more moist and warm interval, which is followed by a drier and cooler Late Holocene period.     

晚第四纪MIS6以来柴达木盆地成盐作用对冰期气候的响应

气候是控制柴达木盆地盐类沉积的主要因素之一,但是其作用机制尚待明确。作者以柴达木盆地察汗斯拉图盐湖的3个含盐剖面为研究对象,采用多接收电感耦合等离子质谱(MC-ICP-MS)铀系测年测定其沉积时代,并通过X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)分析测定其盐类矿物种类。铀系测年显示D18剖面石盐和芒硝层的沉积时代为13.1±2.0 ka BP～15.9±2.5 ka BP,其中芒硝沉积年代属于末次冰期MIS2晚期;MXK2剖面芒硝层的沉积时代分别为131.7±39.5 ka BP和158.3±10.8 ka BP,D12剖面芒硝层的沉积时代分别为166.6±20.2 ka BP和198.0±20.6 ka BP,可以对应于倒数第二次冰期MIS6。XRD分析确定了3个剖面的盐类矿物主要为芒硝、石盐和石膏。综合多个盐湖晚第四纪成盐数据,本文认为倒数第二次冰期MIS6和末次冰期MIS2是柴达木盆地晚第四纪重要的成盐期,冰期的冷干气候有利于石盐和芒硝等盐类沉积。柴达木盆地"冰期成盐"的根本原因,是由于冰期环境下盆地周边山体冰川规模的扩张以及干冷的冰期气候,共同造成了盐湖补给水量的减少。此外,晚第四纪MIS6和MIS2的冰期降温也是导致盆地中冷相盐类沉积的直接原因。     

Quaternary glaciation of Mt. Qomolangma-Xixabangma region

The uplift of the Himalaya and Qinghai-Xizang plateau began at the end of Pliocene to the beginning of Early Pleistocene, changing the atmospheric circulation in Asia, enhancing the South Asian monsoon and enormously effecting the climatic conditions and glacial development.According to the evidence of glacial deposits, geomorphology, paleobiology, paleopedology, etc., at least four glaciations can be recognized. The uplift of the Himalayas was earlier than that of other mountains, so that the glaciation occurred in Early Pleistocene, forming small piedmont glaciers on the N slope, whilst at the same time there were wide short valley glaciers on the S slope. During the Middle Pleistocene, the height of Himalaya was about 4000 m a s l, the monsoon was strong, and much water vapour reached the interior of the plateau, the most favourable period for glacial development. Great piedmont glaciers and small ice caps formed on the mountains N of Himalayas and great valley glaciers occurred on the S slope, but no great ice sheet covered the plateau.During the early Late Pleistocene, the Himalayas had risen to over 5000 m asl, forming a barrier against the incursion of the Indian monsoon, so that the precipitation decreased sharply on the plateau N of Himalayas, thus diminishing the extent of the glaciation. But on the high mountains of the S part of Xizang and on several high mountains of the S slope of the Great Himalaya, the precipitation increased and the extent of glaciation reached a maximum. Since Last Glaciation, the precipitation of the alpine zone has decreased more sharply, the climate has become drier and colder, becoming unfavourable for glacial development.During the Holocene, three stages may be distinguished, i.e. the recession in Early Holocene (10,000-8000 BP); the disappearance of most glaciers in the Hypsithermal period in Middle Holocene, (8000-3000 BP); and the neoglacial fluctuations in Late Holocene (3000 BP up to present). The glaciers of the Neoglaciation advanced several hundred meters or even 3–5 km farther than existing glaciers.     

西藏阿里阿伊拉日居山脉第四纪冰川作用

在西藏阿里阿伊拉日居山脉南北两麓及切割山脉的各沟谷中,分布着4套早更新世以来的冰川沉积物。根据这些冰川沉积物的地层层序和冰川沉积物的电子自旋共振(ESR)年龄测定结果,将阿伊拉日居山脉南北两麓所发生的4次早更新世以来的冰川作用,分别命名为札达冰期(1161-952 ka BP)、阿伊拉日居冰期(762-730 ka BP)、学朗冰期(336-211 ka BP)和弄穷冰期(105-15 ka BP),并与青藏高原及其他地区冰期进行了对比。各次冰期的冰川性质分别为大型山岳冰川、冰帽、山麓冰川和中小型山谷冰川。全新世时期,现代冰川有过冰川推进。近期冰川则发生了明显的后退。     

西藏阿伊拉日居山南麓第四纪冰川沉积物及其ESR年龄测定

在西藏札达盆地北缘阿伊拉日居山南北两麓及切割山脉的各沟谷中, 分布着 4 套第四纪冰川与冰水沉积物, 其冰川沉积物的电子自旋共振(ESR)测年结果分别为 1 161~730 ka BP、319~336 kaBP、211 ka BP和105~15 ka BP. 测年结果表明, 在札达盆地北缘阿伊拉日居山南麓所发生的 4 次冰川作用, 其形成时期分别为早更新世晚期、中更新世中晚期、中更新世晚期和末次冰期.     

Glacial advances constrained by Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan

Numerous large landslide deposits occur in the Tien Shan, a tectonically active intraplate orogen in Central Asia. Yet their significance in Quaternary landscape evolution and natural hazard assessment remains unresolved due to the lack of "absolute" age constraints. Here we present the first ¹⁰Be exposure ages for three prominent (> 10⁷ m³) bedrock landslides that blocked major rivers and formed lakes, two of which subsequently breached, in the northern Kyrgyz Tien Shan. Three ¹⁰Be ages reveal that one landslide in the Alamyedin River occurred at 11–15 ka, which is consistent with two ¹⁴C ages of gastropod shells from reworked loess capping the landslide. One large landslide in Aksu River is among the oldest documented in semi-arid continental interiors, with a ¹⁰Be age of 63–67 ka. The Ukok River landslide deposit(s) yielded variable ¹⁰Be ages, which may result from multiple landslides, and inheritance of ¹⁰Be. Two ¹⁰Be ages of 8.2 and 5.9 ka suggest that one major landslide occurred in the early to mid-Holocene, followed by at least one other event between 1.5 and 0.4 ka. Judging from the regional glacial chronology, all three landslides have occurred between major regional glacial advances. Whereas Alamyedin and Ukok can be considered as postglacial in this context, Aksu is of interglacial age. None of the landslide deposits show traces of glacial erosion, hence their locations and ¹⁰Be ages mark maximum extents and minimum ages of glacial advances, respectively. Using toe-to-headwall altitude ratios of 0.4–0.5, we reconstruct minimum equilibrium-line altitudes that exceed previous estimates by as much as 400 m along the moister northern fringe of the Tien Shan. Our data show that deposits from large landslides can provide valuable spatio-temporal constraints for glacial advances in landscapes where moraines and glacial deposits have low preservation potential.     

长白山现代理论雪线和古雪线高度

根据冰川地貌和地形特征、岩性、冰川沉积物的风化程度以及OSL测年结果,认为长白山地区发育两期冰川作用,即末次冰盛期和晚冰期,测年结果分别为20.0±2.1ka和11.3±1.2ka。根据平衡线（ELA）处6～8月多年平均气温（T）和年降水量（P）的关系,计算长白山现代理论雪线高度为3380±100m。通过积累区面积比率AAR（accumulation-arearatio）、冰川末端到山顶高度TSAM（the terminal to summit altitudinal）,冰川末端至分水岭平均高度Hofer（the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area）、末端至冰斗后壁比率THAR（toe-to headwall altitude ratios）、冰斗底部高程CF（cirque-floor altitudes method）、侧碛堤最大高度法MELM（maximum elevation of lateral moraines）等方法计算该区末次冰盛期雪线高度为2250～2383m,平均值2320±20m。考虑到末次冰盛期后地壳上升20m,当时雪线的实际高度为2300±20m,冰盛期的雪线降低值为10⁸0±100m。晚冰期北坡和西坡的雪线高度分别为2490m和2440m,平均值2465m,考虑新构造运动后的雪线实际高度2454m,降低值926±100m。长白山新构造运动（LGM上升约20m,晚冰期上升约11m）在末次冰盛期以来对冰川发育的影响不明显。     

Late Quaternary glacial and climatic history of northern Cumberland Peninsula,Baffin Island,N.W.T., Canada

Radiocarbon dates on molluses in marine facies associated with glacial deposits in northern Cumberland Peninsula indicate both main fiord (Laurentide) ice and local glaciers remained at their late Wisconsin maxima until ca. 8000 BP. Essentially continuous deglaciation followed; local corrie glaciers melted out by 7100 BP and by 5500 BP fiord glaciers had receded behind the present margin of the Penny Ice Cap. The Hypsithermal warm interval probably lasted from ca. 8000 to 5000 BP. Lichenometry and radiocarbon dates on peat and buried organic horizons delimit a detailed Neoglacial chronology. Of 46 outlet and corrie glaciers investigated, the oldest Neoglacial moraines are dated lichenometrically at 3200 ± 600 BP. Subsequent advances terminated immediately prior to ca. 1650, 780, 350, and 65 yr BP, the most recent of which marked the most extensive ice coverage during the Neoglacial. The highest occurrence of lateral moraines from late Wisconsin advances of local and Laurentide ice suggest that at the late Wisconsin glacial maximum, depression of snowline varied from 450 m below present at the coast to 350 m below present level in the vicinity of the Penny Ice Cap. Moraines, surrounded by glacial ice and lying above the present steady-state ELA, suggest that during the Hypsithermal snowline was up to ca. 200 m above its present elevation. A radiometrically controlled reconstruction of relative summer paleotemperatures for the postglacial derived independently of lichenometry agrees well with the lichenometric age dating of moraines. The data suggest that between ca. 1650 and 900 BP climatic conditions were unfavorable for glacier growth, whereas the period ca. 800-65 yr BP was one of general glacial activity. During the last decade permanent snow cover has been increasing in the area. Previously reported data on climatic trends in the Canadian Arctic based on palynological analyses are similar to the chronology reported here.