成都盆地浅层土壤中Cd来源初探

利用四川成都盆地多目标地球化学调查获取的大量数据，通过先线性回归再因子分析等多元统计分析方法，重点研究了浅层土壤Cd元素与其他元素的相关性及在空间上的分布规律，得出浅层土壤中Cd的回归方程及其由元素组合表征的2类来源：自然作用与人为作用。龙门山岩体、沉积地层和硫化物矿床是Cd的主要自然来源；农业活动和城市污染是Cd的人为源，表现为人为作用与自然作用的叠加这为生态评价和污染防治提供了重要参考。     

成都盆地浅层土壤中磷的分布特征及来源分析

选取四川成都盆地浅层土壤为研究对象,将研究区分为龙门山区、盆周丘陵区和平原区3个区,通过等值线图得出磷的大面积异常区分布在人口密度大、工农业发达的平原区.并依据浅层土壤中关系较密切的3类基本元素组合共16种元素进行因子分析,得出成都盆地平原区浅层土壤中磷来自:①龙门山的震旦纪、寒武纪、泥盆纪含磷地层(磷矿)及表壳岩石风化后通过成都盆地平原区三大流域--沱江、岷江、蒲江水系影响整个平原区冲洪积沉积物(后改造为水稻土)的自然源;②人类工农业活动通过各种方式进一步叠加的人为源.     

成都盆地平原区浅层土壤Cd、Pb、Zn分布特征及其成因初探

通过多目标地球化学调查在成都盆地平原区浅层土壤内发现呈面状分布的Cd、pb、Zn等元素高值区.为了研究它们的成因,应用多元统计方法分析了这些元素在不同景观区及不同环境介质中的分布特征及相关关系,利用参考元素对Cd、Pb、Zn的富集含量进行了定量估算.结果表明,平原区浅层土壤内Cd、Pb、Zn元素的分布明显不同于物源区及平原区深层土壤,在元素之间的典型相关关系及元素富集的分布特征上,均表现出明显的人为源特征.Cd、Pb、Zn元素的富集主要出现在平原区中部的城镇及农田区,与成都盆地浅层样地球化学图上的高值区一致.Cd、Pb、Zn元素的富集,是在自然背景的基础叠加了人为源含量,但尚未达到危害程度.     

北京平原区土壤地球化学特征及影响因素分析

基于北京平原区土壤地球化学调查数据,运用数理统计、因子分析、相关性分析、回归分析等方法研究了土壤元素的横向和纵向分布特征,并探讨其影响因素。结果表明:北京平原区土壤CaO、MgO、Na 2O、Hg、Cd、Sr、Ba、Sn等含量偏高,Sb、As、Th、W、Br、U、I、Mo、有机质等含量偏低。R型因子分析结果显示,F1因子为反映土壤原始背景特征的元素组合,F2、F4、F6因子为反映人类活动对土壤元素分布特征影响的元素组合,F3因子为反映成土母质基本信息的元素组合,F5因子为反映成土母岩基本特征的元素组合。利用一元非线性回归分析对部分元素的垂向分布特征进行数学建模,回归系数R 2值为0.542~0.960,拟合效果总体较好;从区域尺度上初步判断出人类活动对重金属元素Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn影响深度约150~200 cm,对养分指标N、P、S、Se、有机质影响深度约50~100 cm。一般情况下,褐土中Se、Bi、Li、有机质、Mo、W等39项元素与指标的含量高于潮土,不同土壤质地中As、Cd、Cr、Ni、N、B等29项元素含量的大小关系为:砂质壤土<砂质黏壤土<黏壤土<壤质黏土,耕地土壤中Cd、N、P、有机质含量明显高于林地,中心城区土壤中有害重金属元素、养分指标的含量普遍高于郊区。     

浙江省长兴县煤山盆地地球化学异常特征及环境质量初步评价

农业地质环境调查是新兴的地学研究领域。文章以长兴县农业地质环境调查结果为依据，结合区域浅层、深层土壤及浅层地下水测试分析数据的统计特征，圈定了煤山盆地土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Ni、Pb等重金属和与采煤有关的S、Br、Cl、F等不同元素的地球化学异常图，重点分析了异常的空间表现特征，并对土壤、浅层地下水环境质量进行初步评价。结果表明由于大量的煤矸石露天堆放，随着雨水的冲刷，煤矸石中的有毒、有害元素已进入土壤并发生表层富集现象，致使煤山镇、葆青煤矿一带15．5k^2土壤达到轻度一中度污染程度；煤矿矿灯厂虽然已在20世纪80年代停产关闭，但在长达30多年的生产过程中残渣、废液的排放，与之有关的Cu、Pb等有害元素对其周围1km^2左右范围内的土壤造成的重度污染，至今仍然存在。另一方面，盆地中虽然大量煤矸石的堆放已对局部土壤环境质量造成污染，但与煤矸石有关的有毒、有害物质尚未对浅层地下水造成影响。     

分形理论在太原盆地土壤重金属元素分析中的应用

通过对太原盆地地球化学取样中土壤浅、深层元素多重分形特征的详细分析研究,确定了8种微量元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn、Ni）在盆地的背景区和异常区以及元素的分维值,并依据分维值对微量元素进行了分类研究。在此基础上,对其富集趋势进行了尝试性分析,认为土壤浅层、深层差异性大,浅层富集趋势强于深层。为太原盆地土壤质量评价提供了可靠的依据。     

统计分析在土壤热磁组分测量异常解释中的应用

将因子分析和聚类分析应用在土壤热磁组分测量数据处理中,对准苏吉花试验区十四种元素的组合特征进行探讨分析。根据组合变量中元素间的相关性和因子得分来制作因子得分计量图,划分和圈定地球化学综合异常,分析每个因子对矿体的指示意义。结果显示,矿化指示元素组合可以划分为F1(Cu-Mo-Ag-W-Bi-Te)、F2(Pb-Sb-As-Mn-Fe)和F3(Zn-In-Cd),其中F1因子得分高值区与已知矿体具有很好的对应关系,F2因子组合则进一步佐证了土壤热磁组分对矿化指示元素的富集作用,为土壤热磁组分测量强化微弱矿化信息、识别有效异常提供了更深层次的依据。     

黑龙江省哈尔滨-齐齐哈尔地区土壤常量元素地球化学特征初探

为了研究黑龙江省哈尔滨-齐齐哈尔地区的土壤常量元素来源及分布特征,采用统计学方法,对该地区土壤常量元素地球化学特征进行了统计分析。分析结果表明:研究区内表、深层土壤常量元素质量分数的相关系数为显著相关,K_2O、Na_2O表层土壤略有贫化,CaO表层土壤富集作用明显。在该地区土壤常量元素共生组合共有2个,即SiO_2–K_2O–CaO–MgO和Al_2O_3–TFe_2O_3–Na_2O两个组合。第一因子主要反映了土壤母质成份,第二因子主要反映了表层土壤的风化物成份及酸碱度。     

江汉平原富硒土壤来源解析及其生物富集程度研究 ——以沙洋县东北部为例

硒是人体必需的微量元素,具有重要的生物学功能。本研究测定了江汉平原沙洋县东北部土壤、大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、肥料、岩石以及大宗农作物(水稻、小麦、大豆、油菜、玉米)中硒的含量,通过土壤硒元素平面、垂向分布特征,综合运用因子分析、聚类分析、相关性分析及相关因素贡献量统计,探讨研究区富硒土壤来源,并对土壤硒生物富集程度进行分析。结果表明：研究区表层土壤硒背景值为0.25 mg/kg,略低于江汉流域背景值和中国土壤(A层)背景值。R型因子分析结果显示,F1因子为反映土壤原始背景特征的元素组合,F2因子为反映土壤成土母质基本特征的元素组合,F3、F4因子为人类活动对土壤元素分布特征影响的元素组合。表层土壤硒元素平面特征和土壤元素组合特征皆显示其具有较强的空间自相关性,受自然成因成土母质影响较大,硒高值区主要分布在汉江冲积带内。典型土壤垂直剖面则揭示了汉江冲积带中土壤高硒区存在一定的外源输入,研究区表层土壤明显受到人类活动的影响,但大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、肥料等的硒贡献量较低。农作物可食部分硒富集程度大小为：大豆>小麦>水稻>油菜>玉米,部分大豆出现了硒超富集现象。富硒农作物...     

太原盆地重金属元素地球化学分布特征

研究了太原盆地土壤中8种重金属元素As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Ni,Pb,Zn,Cu的来源及分布规律,首次计算了太原盆地区域土壤背景值,分析了盆地中重金属元素的污染状况;认为Hg,Cd,As的污染情况最为严重.用太原市和太原盆地的深、浅层数据作出8种重金属元素的多重分形图,对8种重金属元素在生态环境中的影响作用进行了统计分析,总结了重金属元素的分形规律,得出各影响因素的相对重要性.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.