典型岩溶流域土地整理的生态评价——以云南小江流域为例

以云南小江典型岩溶流域为例,在GIS支持下,通过选择评价因子和建立评价模型对岩溶区的土地整理进行了生态评价。结果表明: 流域生态评价分值较高的土地面积较少,而生态评价分值较低的土地面积较大。分值在80～ 100的土地整理主要任务是在保护生态环境质量和耕地数量的前提下,加快流域经济结构的调整,提高土地利用的经济效益;分值在70～ 80的土地整理主要任务是耕地数量保护和质量保护并重,提高土地的生产能力,提高经济效益,同时防止水土流失及化肥、农药施用对地下水造成的非点源污染; 分值在60～ 70的土地整理主要任务是着重于生态环境的保护和重建以及立体农业的综合开发; 分值在60以下的土地整理主要任务是土地石漠化的治理。      

Landslide risk: some issues that determine societal acceptance

This paper illustrates approaches to landslide risk acceptance in various parts of the world in the context of the willingness to accept that risk, the willingness to pay to reduce the risk, and the willingness to alter the environment in the process. These factors are interlinked using the ternary ??willingness diagram?? which is also used to demonstrate how such willingness may change over time and to compare a range of generic approaches to landslide remediation as well as different conceptual approaches to landslide risk management. The willingness construct is intended to provide a readily understood framework for infrastructure owners and operators, amongst others, to understand how their approach to risk management compares with those in other regions, countries and contexts. Issues relevant to the response of society and groups of individuals to landslide risk, its acceptance and management include cultural factors, regulation and planning, budgetary constraints, vehicular vulnerability, and the often limited size of the event footprint compared to the vulnerability shadow that is cast are also discussed.     

应用层次分析法评价富水优势断裂

基岩裂隙水探寻是一项意义重大的研究课题,富水优势断裂的确定是其中的关键。文章详细论述了运用层次分析法寻找富水优势断裂并进行分级的实施方法。这一方法的实施可归纳为"两个前题条件,五个分析步骤,一个结果判断",两个前题条件为富水性功能分类和构建优势指标体系,五个分析步骤为构建层次分析结构模型、构造判断矩阵、层次单排序及其一致性检验、层次总排序、对象层权重总排序;一个结果判断为利用层次分析的结果进行断裂富水性分级,从而最终确定出富水优势断裂。此法为富水优势断裂的定量化评价提供了一种简洁、实用的新方法。      

矿业城市矿产资源可持续力比较评价

从发展和循环经济的观点看, 由于科技进步的贡献, 矿产资源不仅取决于现今已发现的矿产资源, 还依赖于未来新的和潜在的矿产资源以及替代资源.基于此, 提出“矿产资源可持续力”新概念, 以表征其对人类社会发展的贡献能力.以系统论与可持续发展理论为基石, 建立了“矿产资源可持续力”概念模型及其指标体系, 以及区际间矿产资源可持续力的六因子评价模型, 对中国50座典型矿业城市进行了比较评价, 指出其可持续力演变规律为: 从矿业类型来看, 可持续力沿着石油、综合、冶金、煤炭类逐渐劣化; 从城市发展阶段来看, 沿着中、幼、老年顺序依次下降; 从城市地理分布来看, 沿着东、西、中部逐渐下降; 从城市规模来看, 按照小型、大型及以上、中型城市顺序依次下降.为国家开发矿业城市和矿业城市可持续发展提供了科学的决策依据.      

LNAPL污染物及水含量对石英砂介电常数的影响

为研究LNAPL污染物及水含量对石英砂介电常数的影响,首先以石英砂模拟单一土壤环境,利用柴油和水的混合物来模拟轻非水相液体(LNAPL)污染物污染土壤,然后通过矢量网络分析仪和开口同轴探头,分析高频超宽带电磁波在土壤中的反射并计算介电常数。实验结果显示,石英砂介电常数随着体积含水量和含油量的增加而增加,直到达到饱和状态,此时石英砂介电常数趋于稳定;石英砂介电常数实测值处于极化模型和De Loor模型之间,结果与De Loor模型接近。     

土地利用变化对全球气候影响的研究进展与方法初探

综合分析了土地利用与土地覆盖变化（LUCC）对全球气候影响研究的重要科学问题和国内外研究现状,在此基础上,考虑各学科的相互交叉、渗透和耦合等特点,提出并初步设计了土地利用变化对全球气候影响研究的星地一体化LUCC—气候—生态系统耦合研究技术方法体系,并就土地利用变化对全球气候影响的LUCC演变规律及动力学机制、LUCC...     

Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: a review

Many areas of the world are prone to several natural hazards, and effective risk reduction is only possible if all relevant threats are considered and analyzed. However, in contrast to single-hazard analyses, the examination of multiple hazards poses a range of additional challenges due to the differing characteristics of processes. This refers to the assessment of the hazard level, as well as to the vulnerability toward distinct processes, and to the arising risk level. As comparability of the single-hazard results is strongly needed, an equivalent approach has to be chosen that allows to estimate the overall hazard and consequent risk level as well as to rank threats. In addition, the visualization of a range of natural hazards or risks is a challenging task since the high quantity of information has to be depicted in a way that allows for easy and clear interpretation. The aim of this contribution is to give an outline of the challenges each step of a multi-hazard (risk) analysis poses and to present current studies and approaches that face these difficulties.     

运用差分GPS动态获取高精度土地资源变化数据的新技术

由于经济的飞速发展,许多耕地被占用变为非农业用地。土地管理部门需要及时准确地掌握城镇和农村用地的变化格局,为耕地保护政策的制定提供依据。但传统的土地变更测量方法存在难于准确获取变化边界坐标,成图困难且周期长、人为操作随意性大等不足。在分析各种GPS差分技术的基础上提出了运用移动差分GPS技术获取土地利用变化信息的新方法。作为国家“九·五”攻关项目的研究内容,该方法在包头市郊区县进行了实验,结果证明与传统测量方法相比,具有快速、准确,操作简便,GPS数据输入GIS,可以快速成图等优点。     

Deformation analysis of a burst red mud reservoir using combined descending and ascending pass ENVISAT ASAR data

After the catastrophic failure of a red mud reservoir in Hungary, we performed a persistent scatterer radar interferometry (PSI) deformation analysis to investigate the stability and motion history of the entire area focusing on the dam walls of the collapsed structure. Our aim was to contribute to the better understanding of the disaster and, more importantly, to see whether it was possible to prognosticate and consequently prevent the failure of the reservoir and to help avoiding such occurrences worldwide. Our earlier data revealed that the surroundings were generally very stable over the investigated 8 years time interval, whereas significant continuous motions were detected on the embankments. After these first results, we continued our PSI deformation study with the processing and evaluation of the complete ascending pass ENVISAT dataset and later with the combination of the results of the two different observation geometries. From our descending and ascending data, it was possible to combine motions determined in line-of-sight directions and to investigate horizontal and vertical components allowing the estimation of ‘total’ velocity vectors, magnitude and directions, at those locations of the reservoir and on the entire study area where reflections from both projections were available. It was also possible to get information from several other segments of the embankments of the failed reservoir where the descending geometry was unfavorable. With the combination, the complete ENVISAT PSI analysis using both ascending and descending orbit data enabled us to constrain the role of the soil structure and to look at the differential uplift or subsidence due to swelling soil effect. It also enabled us to constrain the role of the deposited mud, slurry, and accumulated water, and the strength and design of the structure in the failure of the red mud reservoir. Models were also constructed to visualize the observed motions of the reservoir embankments and to highlight the location of strain and stress accumulation providing significant constraints on the natural and anthropogenic origin of the disaster.     

A Modeling Approach for the Study of Contamination in a Fractured Aquifer

The study of contaminants propagation in fractured and karstic aquifers shows uncertainties caused by the conditions of anisotropy of the medium and by the presence of cavities and residual products that could make fluid flow and solute transport unforeseeable. Therefore, in aquifers characterized by fissured and fractured solid matrix, in order to set up remediation strategies, it is necessary to represent the conditions of groundwater flow and contaminant propagation in such a way as to take into consideration the high heterogeneity connected to the presence of fractures and channels that act as preferential flow ways. The study carried out in a specified site, located in the city of Bari, heavily contaminated by petroliferous substances allows to build a model able to simulate subterranean draining conditions that prove to be as near as possible to the real ones. This simulation could be helpful for the prevision of the dynamic behavior of the aquifer during the period of the treatment in order to allow optimizations on the technical and economical point of view and in order to check the effective functionality of the system in the presence of anthropic constraints.     

碳酸盐岩薄储层气藏地震参数综合预测

针对碳酸盐岩薄储层气藏预测受制于地震分辨率,用常规反演方法往往很难解决薄储层气藏预测问题,通过参数加权综合法研究,从地震信息中提取薄储层5大类共计35种地震波场特征参数,通过Karhune—Loeve变换压缩降维,采用广义线性分类判别及加权综合处理,可获得能反映薄储层气藏特征的综合参数,较好地解决薄储层气藏预测的难题。在实际推广应用中也见到了良好的效果．如四川同福场构造嘉陵江组嘉二^1气藏为一典型碳酸盐岩薄储层气藏,储层纵向上厚度较薄,一般有效储层厚度多为1m～3m,曾采用地震速度反演方法做过多轮储层预测,但因储层测井差异性特征不明显以及储层太薄等因素,预测效果均不理想,而采用地震参数综合法则较好地解决了本区薄储层气藏的预测难题,预测符合率达到95．5％。     

加强非金属矿产工作促进社会经济可持续发展

二十一世纪是我国全面推进工作化、市场化、科技化和国际化进程的时期，作为国民经济与社会发展基础的非金属矿产资源的调查评价、开发利用与保护面临新的机遇和挑战，存在着资源的有效供给、综合利用、深度加和环境保护等方面的矛盾，为此，本文通过对非金属矿产资源的特性和国内外开发研究现状等方面的分析，提出了进一步工作的建议；开放新资源，探索新用途，提出资源的综合利用程度；重视非金属矿产地质工作，增强矿产资源战略储备，加强非金属矿产资源管理，实现矿产秩序根本好转；搞好矿山生态环境建设，促进资源开发与环境保护协调发展；依靠科学技术进步，提高矿产资源利用效率。     

东海沉积地层矿物研究

本文据东海五口探井的559个碎屑矿物样资料,用主要重矿物的含量及其组合特征编绘了含量变化图,试图进行分层比较。位于西湖凹陷的平湖一井和玉泉1井重矿组合特征可比性较好;龙井2井三潭组以下与上两井缺少可比特点;灵峰1井除东海群外,其余地层与上列3井相比,差异是大的。     

Application of GIS for the determination of hazard hotspots after direct transportation linkages between Taiwan and China

A robust and reliable risk assessment procedure for the determination of transportation hazards between Taiwan and China needs to be developed. These hazards, which are related to mixed types of transport, including both air and maritime routes, play an important role in public security, and their effects need to be taken into consideration. After the implementation of direct cross-strait transportation, it has become necessary to master the spatial characteristics and distributions of maritime space policing cases and to plan effective control strategies in order to maintain public security. This study employs the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to analyze the spatial locations of maritime cases that arose in the Taichung Harbor area from 2000 to 2010. The characteristics related to the spatial characteristics are surveyed, estimates are made utilizing the gathering and scattering model, hotspots are explored, and planned patrol and monitoring points drafted to provide assignment information for coastal patrol institutions.     

Management options for a multipurpose coastal aquifer in Oman

Using MODFLOW 2005, this study numerically evaluated the effects of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) using treated wastewater (TWW) in managing the Al-Khawd coastal aquifer northeast of Oman. Our primary objective is to increase the urban water supply and to sustain the aquifer service with the lowest possible damage to the aquifer. A number of managerial scenarios were simulated and progressively developed to reduce seawater intrusion and outflow of the groundwater to the sea. An economic analysis was conducted to characterize the trade-off between the benefits of MAR and seawater inflow to the aquifer under increased abstraction for domestic supply. The results show that by managing irrigation wells and relocating public wells in conjunction with MAR practices, the abstracted volume for drinking purposes could be doubled. Even though injection of TWW is more expensive (due to the injection cost), it was observed to result in greater benefits. The results indicate that managing the aquifer would produce a net benefit ranging from $8.22 million (scenario 7) to $15.21 million (scenario 4) compared to $1.57 million with the current practice. In conclusion, MAR using TWW is a feasible solution to develop water resources in arid regions, and the best scenario depends on the decision maker’s preference when weighing the benefits of MAR and the level of damage to the aquifer. MAR could help manage stressed aquifer systems in arid zones to maximize the benefit of using the water for domestic purposes while minimizing the damage to the aquifer.     

Major kaolin processing developments

The kaolin industry has shown a phenomenal growth record from 1930 to the present and there is no indication that this growth will not continue. Innovative and efficient process developments enabled the kaolin industry to wet process over 5,000,000 tons in 1978 in Georgia and over 3,000,000 tons in the Cornwall district of southwestern England. These two regions supply the major tonnage of paper coating clays for the world's paper industry. The more important process developments are listed as follows: (1) development of chemicals for dispersion and flocculation; (2) continuous blungers to slurry the kaolin at the mine; (3) (continuous degritting by rake classifiers and hydrocyclones; (4) transport of kaolin slurry through pipelines from mine to plant; (5) continuous centrifuges for particle separation into coarse, medium, and fine sizes (6) chemical leaching of iron to improve brightness and color, (7) dewatering to high solids by: (a) continuous rotary vacuum filters; (b) automated plate and frame filter presses; (c) tube presses; (d) high speed contrifuges; (8) spray drying to low moisture and spherical shape to permit bulk hopper car shipments; (9) flotation to remove iron and titanium impurities to improve brightness and whiteness; (10) slurry clay shipments at 70 percent solids in tank cars; (11) high gradient magnetic separation to improve brightness and whiteness and to utilize marginal deposits; (12) delamination to utilize course kaolin stacks to make an improved product; (13) pugging and working the kaolin to improve viscosity; (14) a new development — dewatering to 80 to 85 percent solids using electrophoresis.Each of these developments is described and the future need to develop an efficient process to significantly lower the viscosity of high viscosity kaolins is discussed.     

对甘肃矿山生态保护修复资金管理的思考及建议

本文以甘肃省地矿局地质资料馆为例,通过馆藏资料现状和发展趋势分析,建设性的讨论了地矿行业图书馆馆藏图书及过刊修复整理和数据库建设的必要性和实施意义。提出以馆藏老旧、损毁资料修复和整理为手段,挽救和保护价值资源;以明确资料数据库建库要求、执行建库标准、采取内外资源相结合的方式,完成专题特色数据库建设,依托已有互联网网站等资源,构建高效服务平台,为使用者提供多层次、多方位、较为完备的检索查询和资源利用等综合服务,为管理者提供优化馆藏资源、完善馆藏体系、提高服务信息,力争使文献资料管理和服务上一个新台阶,为地质工作转型升级和高质量发展做出应有的贡献。     

地质灾害气象预报预警方法探讨--以四川省地质灾害气象预报预警为例

通过研究确定区域地质灾害发生的地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等地质环境背景条件,寻找地质灾害发生与气象因素的耦合关系,建立汛期地质灾害气象预报预警模型,结合强降雨天气的预报,对地质环境背景条件与气象因素的叠加评价,对地质灾害的易发程度及分布范围进行预报预警。以四川省地质灾害气象预报预警工作为例,初步建立了地质灾害气象预报预警模型和信息的评价、会商、签发、发布、接收、处理及反馈程序。2003年汛期应用证明,区域性地质灾害的预报预警水平明显提高。     

气候变化和人类活动对辽河中上游径流变化的贡献

辽河中上游地区腹地是科尔沁沙地, 河流径流是其重要补给源, 研究径流及其变化原因对水资源合理开发利用、生态环境治理有重要的实践意义. 以辽河中上游地区下洼、福山地、乌丹3个典型水文站点为基础, 将气候变化归结为水热条件变化, 通过改进的累积量斜率变化率比较法, 定量分析径流变化、气候变化和人类活动对径流变化量的贡献. 结果表明: 径流量多年来呈减少趋势, 随降水的增加而增加, 随平均气温的升高而减少. 径流量在2000年代最小, 相对1990年代减少了45.89%~82.13%. 径流突变点为1995年和1998年, 1995-2010年(1999-2010年)与1957-1994年(1957-1998年)相比, 下洼、福山地、乌丹站控制流域气候变化对径流减少的贡献率分别为41.57%、60.20%和36.76%, 人类活动贡献率分别为58.43%、39.80%和63.24%.