大火成岩省研究新进展

大火成岩省（ｌａｒｇｅｉｇｎｅｏｕｓｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓ或ＬＩＰｓ）是指巨量的富铁镁岩石的连续侵位。包括大陆溢流玄武岩和相关的侵入岩、火山被动边缘、大洋高原、洋脊、海山群及洋盆溢流玄武岩。这些“火成岩省”不是产出在正常的大洋中脊扩张中心（Ｍ．Ｆ．Ｃｏｆｆｉｎ和Ｏ．Ｅｌｄｈｏｌｍ,１９９４）,也有人把它们称为超级地幔柱（Ｌａｒｓｏｎ,１９９１）。主要的３种类型为：大洋高原,以昂通爪哇（ＯｎｔｏｎｇＪａｖａ）和克尔格伦（Ｋｅｒｇｕｅｌｅｎ）为最大;火山被动边缘,以北大西洋为代表;大陆溢流玄武岩,以印度…     

大火成岩省研新进展

大火成岩省的含义是指连续的、体积庞大的火成岩(包括镁铁质和长英质火成岩)所构成的巨型岩浆岩建造。镁铁质大火成岩省可分为:大陆溢流玄武岩、火山被动陆缘、大洋高原玄武岩、大岩墙群和大层状侵入体。镁铁质大火成岩省是地幔柱岩浆活动的直接产物,一般与聚敛板块边界无关。长英质大火成岩省主要由酸性、中酸性熔结凝灰岩及与之有成因联系的花岗岩构成,与岩石圈伸展构造和玄武岩浆底侵作用有不可分割的联系。今后研究方向包括大火成岩省的形成与地幔动力学的联系以及它与大陆增生、大陆裂解和生物绝灭的关系。此外还包括大火成岩省与成矿作用研究     

峨眉山大火成岩省东区普安玄武岩系年代学、地球化学及成因研究

广泛分布于中国西南川、滇、黔三省的峨眉山玄武岩是我国最早被国际认可的大火成岩省,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。前人对大火成岩省西区玄武岩已达成多项共识,而对东区玄武岩的岩石组合、火山活动时限、岩石成因等方面还存在诸多争议。本文以峨眉山大火成岩省东区贵州普安玄武岩系为研究对象,通过解析典型剖面,明确该区玄武岩系岩石类型从底到顶总体为第1旋回的爆发相火山角砾岩、第2旋回的溢流相玄武岩以及第3旋回的火山沉积相凝灰岩。玄武岩系顶部凝灰岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果限定了大火成岩省东区火山活动时间持续上限为250 Ma。主微量元素显示该区玄武岩系以高Ti碱性玄武岩为主。玄武岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化为轻稀土元素富集的右倾曲线模式,Rb和Sr亏损、Ba和Hf富集等特征与贵州地区玄武岩、峨眉山大火成岩省西区高Ti玄武岩以及OIB地球化学特征基本一致。微量元素显示该区玄武岩源区可能为受交代的石榴石地幔橄榄岩,由深部地幔柱上升至石榴石橄榄岩稳定区部分熔融产生熔融体,和富集交代流体的大陆岩石圈地幔混合形成,岩浆上升运移过程中发生了一定程度分离结晶作用和微弱地壳混染作用。研究表明,峨眉山大火成岩省东区普安玄武岩系形成于峨眉山地幔柱边部埋深较大、低程度部分熔融以及高压的环境。     

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的时空特征和岩浆动力学

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是继峨眉山大火成岩省之后在中国境内发现的又一个二叠纪大火成岩省。近十多年来,对塔里木大火成岩省及其与地幔柱和大规模成矿的关系受到极大关注。本文结合近年来国内外的最新研究进展,对塔里木大火成岩省的时空分布、岩石地球化学特征、成因演化和动力学过程以及成矿潜力进行综述。塔里木大火成岩省的残余分布面积达25万km2,岩石类型主要有大陆溢流玄武岩(分布广泛),长英质火山岩类(主要分布在塔里木盆地的北部)和基性-超基性及中酸性侵入岩类等(主要出露于巴楚、巴什索贡和皮羌等地区)。该大火成岩省事件的岩浆活动时间主要集中在292~285 Ma(玄武岩和第一期长英质火山岩类形成阶段)和284~274 Ma(侵入岩类、含钒钛磁铁矿床和第二期长英质火山岩类形成阶段)。系统和深入的岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb同位素研究表明,塔里木大火成岩省从早期喷发的玄武岩到晚期的侵入岩类具有明显不同的地球化学特征,指示其岩浆源区发生了从富集岩石圈地幔来源到地幔柱来源的明显转变。结合相关的地质学和岩石学证据及铂族元素(PGEs)等研究,提出了一个上涌的地幔柱不断向位于岩石圈地幔底部的岩浆源区注入亏损地幔物质、持续改变其同位素地球化学特征并最终形成塔里木大火成岩省各主要岩石类型的岩浆演化新模型。最后,巴楚瓦吉里塔格含钒钛磁铁矿的存在也表明在塔里木大火成岩省中具有找寻大型钒钛磁铁矿床的潜力。     

亚洲3个大火成岩省(峨眉山、西伯利亚、德干)对比研究

峨眉山(～260 Ma)、西伯利亚(～250 Ma)和德干(～66 Ma)大陆溢流玄武岩是世界上3个重要的大火成岩省.大火成岩省至少具有4个通常被用于识别古地幔柱的标志:(1)先于岩浆作用的地表隆升;(2)与大陆裂谷化和裂解事件相伴;(3)与生物灭绝事件联系密切;(4)地幔柱源玄武岩的化学特征.虽然这3个大火成岩省都是来源于原始地幔柱,但是它们的地球化学特征有本质上的差异,反映其地幔柱曾与不同的上地幔库相互作用.(1)峨眉山和西伯利亚大陆溢流玄武岩的母岩浆,在上升过程中经受了与地球化学上和古老克拉通岩石圈地幔相同的上地幔库(EM1型幔源)的相互作用;(2)而德干大火成岩省没有受到地壳(或岩石圈)混染的原生玄武岩则显示地幔柱和EM2之间的Sr-Nd同位素变化.这种差异有可能制约了3个大火成岩省的成矿潜力.峨眉山和西伯利亚大火成岩省含有世界级岩浆矿床,而德干大火成岩省则不含矿.     

峨眉山玄武岩的地幔热柱成因

根据峨眉山玄武岩的岩石组合、岩相学特征将峨眉火成岩省分为盐源-丽江岩区、攀西岩区、贵州高原岩区和松潘-甘孜岩区。通过对研究区二叠世的区域地质背景和古地理环境的分析，对峨眉山玄武岩喷发与地幔热柱的关系及其火山喷发的大地构造背景进行了进一步系统归纳和总结。根据地层学关系大致确定峨眉山玄武岩的主喷发期是阳新世（中二叠）晚期-乐平世（晚二叠）早期，时限大致为259Ma-257Ma。峨眉山玄武岩微量元素地幔标准化曲线特征与OIB基本一致，反映出其成因与地幔热柱活动有密不可分的关系。     

藏南措美残余大火成岩省的西延及意义

在西藏南东部和澳大利亚南西部新识别出的早白垩世Comei-Bunbury大火成岩省的范围还未能得到很好约束。为探讨这一问题,本文报道了西藏南东部浪卡子-洛扎以西、江孜、康马地区广泛分布的近东西向基性岩墙和少量玄武岩的岩石学和地球化学数据。这些以辉绿岩、辉长岩为主的镁铁质岩石属于碱性-亚碱性玄武岩系列,在地球化学上主要包括高Ti的洋岛玄武岩型和低Ti的大洋中脊玄武岩型,两者的εNd(t)值分别为(+0.9～+2.0)和(+4.6～+5.8)。这两种类型岩石的地球化学特征均与措美残余大火成岩省内的对应类型可比,暗示它们与措美残余大火成岩省一样,均形成于由地幔柱作用于大陆岩石圈引起的伸展背景,代表该残余大火成岩省的西延。本文研究结果使得现今保留在特提斯喜马拉雅带上的Comei-Bunbury大火成岩省的残余面积接近50000km2。该大火成岩省的大规模岩浆活动可能是引发研究区甚至全球早白垩世大洋缺氧事件的一个重要因素。     

塔里木盆地二叠纪玄武岩的地球化学特征及其与峨眉山大火成岩省的对比

中国西部地区发育了塔里木大火成岩省和峨眉山大火成岩省,分别形成于280Ma左右和258~260Ma。对比两个大火成岩省的玄武岩的地球化学特征,发现塔里木玄武岩的岩石地球化学特征与峨眉山玄武岩相似,Fe ₂O₃＝15.29%~17.97%,大于10%,比MORB富铁,指示其深源以及地幔柱源特征,为典型的溢流玄武岩。稀土元素比值显示其落在由石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成的原始地幔熔融线上,表明该玄武岩是在厚的岩石圈下由异常热的地幔经低部分熔融形成的。微量元素特征比值分析,揭示了塔里木玄武质岩浆在上升过程中受到了一定程度的地壳混染。塔里木大火成岩省和峨眉山大火成岩省一样,可能起源同一个来自于核幔边界的超级地幔柱,它们很可能是塔里木板块和扬子板块在二叠纪北向漂移过程中先后穿越同一个超级地幔柱的结果。     

云南东川峨眉山玄武岩的特征及其意义

大火成岩省中巨量的火山熔岩一般被认为是地幔柱本身减压熔融及软流圈地幔部分熔融的产物,只有很少的熔浆是由被加热的岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物.然而,也有人认为,大量的熔岩可以是经交代作用而富集的岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物.大陆溢流玄武岩中蕴含着有助于解答上述问题的重要的地球化学信息.     

峨眉火成岩省：结构、成因与特色

峨眉火成岩省既有其它大火成岩省（如印度德干火成岩省）的一般特征,更独具中国特色：其形成于全球性重大地质变革——大陆敛合与解体的大背景之下,和板块构造体制向大陆构造体制转化过渡的关键时期;处于东部滨太平洋构造域与西部古特提斯构造域的交汇、叠加与枢纽部位;显示清楚完好的地幔热柱“头冠”与“尾柱”轮廓;火成岩省岩石圈存在异常显著的地幔热—侵蚀作用;火成岩省西部发育三套各具特色的成矿系统。深入研究峨眉火成岩省,不仅可提供中国境内地幔热柱岩浆作用典型实例,而且可深刻理解大陆岩石圈深部作用过程和大陆动力学程式,以及大规模成矿作用的深部约束机制。     

Frontiers in large igneous province research

Earth history is punctuated by events during which large volumes of mafic magmas were generated and emplaced by processes distinct from “normal” seafloor spreading and subduction-related magmatism. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age are the best preserved, and comprise continental flood basalts, volcanic rifted margins, oceanic plateaus, ocean basin flood basalts, submarine ridges, ocean islands and seamount chains. Paleozoic and Proterozoic LIPs are typically more deeply eroded and are recognized by their exposed plumbing system of giant dyke swarms, sill provinces and layered intrusions. The most promising Archean LIP candidates (apart from the Fortescue and Ventersdorp platformal flood basalts) are those greenstone belts containing tholeiites with minor komatiites. Some LIPs have a substantial component of felsic rocks. Many LIPs can be linked to regional-scale uplift, continental rifting and breakup, climatic shifts that may result in extinction events, and Ni–Cu–PGE (platinum group element) ore deposits.

Some current frontiers in LIP research include:

(1) Testing various mantle plume and alternative hypotheses for the origin for LIPs.

(2) Characterizing individual LIPs in terms of (a) original volume and areal extent of their combined extrusive and intrusive components, (b) melt production rates, (c) plumbing system geometry, (d) nature of the mantle source region, and (e) links with ore deposits.

(3) Determining the distribution of LIPs in time (from Archean to Present) and in space (after continental reconstruction). This will allow assessment of proposed links between LIPs and supercontinent breakup, juvenile crust production, climatic excursions, and mass extinctions. It will also allow an evaluation of periodicity in the LIP record, the identification of clusters of LIPs, and postulated links with the reversal frequency of the Earth's magnetic field.

(4) Comparing the characteristics, origin and distribution of LIPs on Earth with planets lacking plate tectonics, such as Venus and Mars. Interplanetary comparison may also provide a better understanding of convective processes in the mantles of the inner planets.

In order to achieve rapid progress in these frontier areas, a global campaign is proposed, which would focus on high-precision geochronology, integrated with paleomagnetism and geochemistry. Most fundamentally, such a campaign could help hasten the determination of continental configurations in the Precambrian back to 2.5 Ga or greater. Such reconstructions are vital for the proper assessment of the LIP record, as well as providing first-order information related to all geodynamic processes.     

洋底高原：了解地球内部的窗口

洋底高原是洋壳的重要组成部分,它是分布在洋底的一种面积广大、且具有异常洋壳厚度的区域。洋底高原通常规模巨大,绝大多数喷发于大洋环境,岩石组成主要为镁铁质到超镁铁质,岩石类型主要为拉斑玄武岩。大多数洋底高原的岩石组成较为相似,而且均形成于一期或两期时间较短却大规模集中喷发的岩浆活动,目前认为是大规模的热地幔物质从地幔深部上升到岩石圈底部,由于巨大地幔柱头部（地幔羽）引起的熔融作用形成的。正是由于洋底高原与地幔柱之间具有这种十分密切的关系,因此对洋底高原的研究将成为我们了解地球内部的窗口。以ODP对翁通-爪哇和凯尔盖朗（Kerguelen）海台的研究为例,简单介绍了洋底高原的基本特征、地幔柱在其形成过程中的作用以及目前在这一领域还未解决的一些问题。     

东北亚中生代火山岩研究若干问题的思考

东北亚中生代火山岩包括大陆边缘北北东向线型火山岩带,以及大陆内部俄罗斯西伯利亚、蒙古、中国大兴安岭等面型火山岩带。它们是东北亚古亚洲洋构造域向太平洋构造域转换时期深部地幔地球化学过程以及东亚大陆与古太平洋板块相互作用的产物。对它们的研究涉及古生代古亚洲构造域闭合过程的深部地幔的动力学和地球化学演化历史,以及东亚大陆边缘由被动边缘向活动大陆边缘转换历史。古亚洲域大洋岩石圈向地幔深部潜入而引发的热地幔     

Post-Collisional Transition from Subduction- to Intraplate-type Magmatism in the Westernmost Mediterranean: Evidence for Continental-Edge Delamination of Subcontinental Lithosphere

Post-collisional magmatism in the southern Iberian and northwesternAfrican continental margins contains important clues for theunderstanding of a possible causal connection between movementsin the Earth's upper mantle, the uplift of continental lithosphereand the origin of circum-Mediterranean igneous activity. Systematicgeochemical and geochronological studies (major and trace element,Sr–Nd–Pb-isotope analysis and laser ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar-agedating) on igneous rocks provide constraints for understandingthe post-collisional history of the southern Iberian and northwesternAfrican continental margins. Two groups of magmatic rocks canbe distinguished: (1) an Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene (8·2–4·8Ma), Si–K-rich group including high-K (calc-alkaline)and shoshonitic series rocks; (2) an Upper Miocene to Pleistocene(6·3–0·65 Ma), Si-poor, Na-rich group includingbasanites and alkali basalts to hawaiites and tephrites. Maficsamples from the Si–K-rich group generally show geochemicalaffinities with volcanic rocks from active subduction zones(e.g. Izu–Bonin and Aeolian island arcs), whereas maficsamples from the Si-poor, Na-rich group are geochemically similarto lavas found in intraplate volcanic settings derived fromsub-lithospheric mantle sources (e.g. Canary Islands). The transitionfrom Si-rich (subduction-related) to Si-poor (intraplate-type)magmatism between 6·3 Ma (first alkali basalt) and 4·8Ma (latest shoshonite) can be observed both on a regional scaleand in individual volcanic systems. Si–K-rich and Si-poorigneous rocks from the continental margins of southern Iberiaand northwestern Africa are, respectively, proposed to havebeen derived from metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere andsub-lithospheric mantle that was contaminated with plume material.A three-dimensional geodynamic model for the westernmost Mediterraneanis presented in which subduction of oceanic lithosphere is inferredto have caused continental-edge delamination of subcontinentallithosphere associated with upwelling of plume-contaminatedsub-lithospheric mantle and lithospheric uplift. This processmay operate worldwide in areas where subduction-related andintraplate-type magmatism are spatially and temporally associated. KEY WORDS: post-collisional magmatism; Mediterranean-style back-arc basins; subduction; delamination; uplift of marine gateways     

Global warming of the mantle beneath continents back to the Archaean

Throughout its history, the Earth has experienced global magmatic events that correlate with the formation of supercontinents. This suggests that the distribution of continents at the Earth's surface is fundamental in regulating mantle temperature. Nevertheless, most large igneous provinces (LIPs) are explained in terms of the interaction of a hot plume with the lithosphere, even though some do not show evidence for such a mechanism. The aggregation of continents impacts on the temperature and flow of the underlying mantle through thermal insulation and enlargement of the convection wavelength. Both processes tend to increase the temperature below the continental lithosphere, eventually triggering melting events without the involvement of hot plumes. This model, called mantle global warming, has been tested using 3D numerical simulations of mantle convection [Coltice, N., Phillips, B.R., Bertrand, H., Ricard, Y., Rey, P. (2007) Global warming of the mantle at the origin of flood basalts over supercontinents. Geology 35, 391–394.]. Here, we apply this model to several continental flood basalts (CFBs) ranging in age from the Mesozoic to the Archaean. Our numerical simulations show that the mantle global warming model could account for the peculiarities of magmatic provinces that developed during the formation of Pangea and Rodinia, as well as putative Archaean supercontinents such as Kenorland and Zimvaalbara.     

Conditioned duality between supercontinental 'assembly' and 'breakup' LIPs

A compilation of 178 more precise ages on 10 potential Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs) across southern Africa,is compared to Earth's supercontinental cycles,where 5 more prominent LIP-events all formed during the assembly of supercontinents,rather than during breakup.This temporal bias is confirmed by a focused review of field relationships,where these syn-assembly LIPs formed behind active continental arcs;whereas,the remaining postassembly-and likely breakup-related-LIPs never share such associations.Exploring the possibility of two radically different LIP-types,only the two younger breakup events(the Karoo LIP and Gannakouriep Suite) produced basalts with more enriched asthenospheric OIB-signatures;whereas,all assembly LIPs produced basalts with stronger lithospheric,as well as more or less primitive asthenospheric,signatures.A counterintuitive observation of Precambrian breakup LIPs outcropping as smaller fragments that are more peripherally located along craton margins,compared to assembly LIPs as well as the Phanerozoic Karoo breakup LIP,is explained by different preservation potentials during subsequent supercontinental cycles.Thus,further accentuating radical differences between(1) breakup LIPs,preferentially intruding along what evolves to become volcanic rifted margins that are more susceptible to deformation within subsequent orogens,and(2) assembly LIPs,typically emplaced along backarc rifts within more protected cratonic interiors.A conditioned duality is proposed,where assembly LIPs are primarily sustained by thermal blanketing(as well as local arc hydration and rifting) below assembling supercontinents and breakup LIPs more typically form above impinging mantle plumes.Such a duality is further related to an overall dynamic Earth model whereby predominantly supercontinent-orientated ocean lithospheric subduction establishes/revitalizes large low shear velocity provinces(LLSVPs) during assembly LIP-activity,and heating of such LLSVPs by the Earth's core subsequently leads to a derivation of mantle plumes during supercontinental breakup.     

Magmatic systems of large continental igneous provinces

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) formed by mantle superplume events have irreversibly changed their composition in the geological evolution of the Earth from high-Mg melts (during Archean and early Paleoproterozoic) to Phanerozoic-type geochemically enriched Fe-Ti basalts and picrites at 2.3 Ga. We propose that this upheaval could be related to the change in the source and nature of the mantle superplumes of different generations. The first generation plumes were derived from the depleted mantle, whereas the second generation (thermochemical) originated from the core-mantle boundary (CMB). This study mainly focuses on the second (Phanerozoic) type of LIPs, as exemplified by the mid-Paleoproterozoic Jatulian–Ludicovian LIP in the Fennoscandian Shield, the Permian–Triassic Siberian LIP, and the late Cenozoic flood basalts of Syria. The latter LIP contains mantle xenoliths represented by green and black series. These xenoliths are fragments of cooled upper margins of the mantle plume heads, above zones of adiabatic melting, and provide information about composition of the plume material and processes in the plume head. Based on the previous studies on the composition of the mantle xenoliths in within-plate basalts around the world, it is inferred that the heads of the mantle (thermochemical) plumes are made up of moderately depleted spinel peridotites (mainly lherzolites) and geochemically-enriched intergranular fluid/melt. Further, it is presumed that the plume heads intrude the mafic lower crust and reach up to the bottom of the upper crust at depths ～20 km. The generation of two major types of mantle-derived magmas (alkali and tholeiitic basalts) was previously attributed to the processes related to different PT-parameters in the adiabatic melting zone whereas this study relates to the fluid regime in the plume heads. It is also suggested that a newly-formed melt can occur on different sides of a critical plane of silica undersaturation and can acquire either alkalic or tholeiitic composition depending on the concentration and composition of the fluids. The presence of melt-pockets in the peridotite matrix indicates fluid migration to the rocks of cooled upper margin of the plume head from the lower portion. This process causes secondary melting in this zone and the generation of melts of the black series and differentiated trachytic magmas.     

From initiation to termination: a petrostratigraphic tour of the Ethiopian Low-Ti Flood Basalt Province

Continental flood basalts (CFBs), thought to preserve the magmatic record of an impinging mantle plume head, offer spatial and temporal insights into melt generation processes in large igneous provinces (LIPs). Despite the utility of CFBs in probing mantle plume composition, these basalts typically erupt fractionated compositions, suggestive of significant residence time in the continental lithosphere. The location and duration of residence within the lithosphere provide additional insights into the flux of plume-related magmas. The NW Ethiopian plateau offers a well-preserved stratigraphic sequence from flood basalt initiation to termination, and is thus an important target for study of CFBs. This study examines modal observations within a stratigraphic framework and places these observations within the context of the magmatic evolution of the Ethiopian CFB province. Data demonstrate multiple pulses of magma recharge punctuated by brief shut-down events, with initial flows fed by magmas that experienced deeper fractionation (lower crust). Broad changes in modal mineralogy and flow cyclicity are consistent with fluctuating changes in magmatic flux through a complex plumbing system, indicating pulsed magma flux and an overall shallowing of the magmatic plumbing system over time. The composition of plagioclase megacrysts suggests a constant replenishing of new primitive magma recharging the shallow plumbing system during the main phase of volcanism, reaching an apex prior to flood basalt termination. The petrostratigraphic data sets presented in this paper provide new insight into the evolution of a magma plumbing system in a CFB province.