均质边坡离心试验锚杆的应力响应及布设探究

以低碳钢片模拟全长黏结锚杆,开展均质岩质边坡离心模型试验,研究了锚杆的应力响应规律。基于试验模型锚杆应力响应规律启发及实际均质边坡变形破坏演变规律,提出仅针对边坡松弛区进行局部强度折减,数值模拟探讨了均质岩质边坡单锚应力监测的较佳位置。结果表明:均质岩质边坡变形破坏起始于坡脚的剪切破坏,且随着边坡变形破坏的开展,靠近坡脚的全长黏结锚杆会较早产生明显的应力响应,锚杆应力增长速率会不断增加;锚杆应力监测点距离边坡潜在滑动面（塑性变形区）越近,锚杆应力响应时间越早,且量值越大;建议在距离坡脚0.25~0.35 H（H为边坡高度）的坡面处布设监测锚杆,但对于具体监测边坡对象,应具体问题具体分析。研究成果可为均质岩质边坡的锚杆监测工作提供一定的参考借鉴。      

库水位上升诱发边坡失稳机理研究

库水位上升有可能诱发边坡失稳破坏,湖北省秭归县三峡库区的千将坪高速滑坡即是一例。库水位上升对边坡稳定性的影响主要表现在孔隙水压力作用和滑动面强度参数的弱化上,采用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则描述了孔隙水压力对土体应力状态的影响,土体浸水后,在孔隙水压力作用下Mohr应力圆变小而向左移动并相对远离强度曲线。边坡稳定性分析表明,在库水位由坡脚上升到坡顶的过程中,孔隙水压力作用使边坡的稳定性先降低后增加。指出水库蓄水初期,由于孔隙水压力使边坡的稳定性降低,加上滑动面强度参数的弱化给边坡稳定性带来的不利影响,若边坡的安全储备强度不够,很可能发生滑坡。     

基于离心机和数值模拟的软硬互层反倾层状岩质边坡变形特征分析

我国西部山区建设揭露了众多大型弯曲倾倒变形体,它们多具有软硬互层结构。为进一步探明软硬互层反倾岩质边坡的变形破坏规律,本研究融合大型土工离心机试验与自开发的可以综合考虑节理面拉剪和压剪破坏的Hoek-Brown与Mohr-Coulomb联合强度准则,对此类边坡进行试验与数值模拟分析。首先,结合监测点位移和应力曲线对边坡的变形破坏过程进行详述并验证了所提出的强度准则及所建立的数值模型的正确性;然后,基于此数值模型研究不同几何因素对此类边坡倾倒破坏特征的影响。结果表明:（1）节理单元采用Hoek-Brown与Mohr-Coulomb联合强度准则可以较准确地模拟软硬互层反倾边坡的层间错动以及岩层弯折;（2）此类坡体倾倒变形破坏全过程为:层间先出现相互错动,然后边坡自坡脚部位开始出现弯曲变形,随后坡体后缘出现拉张裂缝,与此同时边坡整体向临空面弯曲倾倒,最终形成2个或3个破坏面;（3）随着岩层倾角的增大,边坡一级破坏面逐渐向坡体深处发展;（4）随着硬/软岩层厚比的减小,坡顶竖向位移变小,且坡体滑动的整体性逐渐增强;（5）随着软/硬岩层厚比的增加,坡体破坏面逐渐由粗糙的“锯齿状”向平滑的“圆弧状”过渡。     

三向地震作用下错距岩质边坡共振特性研究

地震引发的共振往往会对边坡造成严重的破坏,直接影响边坡的抗震性能。为研究错距岩质边坡的共振特性,通过有限元软件ANSYS建立三维边坡数值模型,分析错距对边坡固有频率的影响,并使用谐响应分析对坡面各点的共振响应规律及地震作用频率对边坡应力的影响进行探讨。结果表明：（1）在不同错距条件下均有可能出现共振现象,边坡错距越大,基频越小,坡面的水平共振位移大于竖向共振位移,前坡坡面位移峰值较大,发生共振的频率比后坡小;（2）低阶和高阶固有频率被激发都可引发共振,但高阶共振位移相对较小,前坡和后坡坡面水平位移峰值表现为：坡顶>坡中>坡脚,侧坡则是：坡中>坡顶>坡脚,在高频加载条件下,边坡会出现下部动力响应大于上部的现象;（3）坡体共振时发生的破坏主要以坡脚剪切破坏为主,最大剪切应力和最大拉应力出现的位置与加载频率范围有关,前坡更容易遭受破坏,低频地震动对前坡影响较大,而高频地震动则相反。所得结论可为错距边坡进行抗震设防时确定重点加固部位提供参考。     

FLAC应用于岩质高边坡的稳定性分析

针对岩质高边坡的稳定性采用差分方法进行分析,通过对原始边坡和开挖后边坡的比较,岩质高边坡的破坏方式为旋转剪切滑动,滑动面为圆弧形的,应用圆弧法计算边坡稳定性。位移场分析得出,边坡的水平位移和竖直位移均比较大,位移区分层明显。应力场分析结果表明,原始边坡最大主应力和最小主应力方向主要为垂直向下,在坡角处,最大主应力和最小主应力发生了明显的偏转;开挖后,最小主应力在坡脚处出现应力集中,最大主应力不明显,坡顶和坡面一定厚度的岩体处于应力区,坡面一定厚度的岩体向着临空面滑移。     

多层软弱夹层边坡岩体破坏机制与稳定性研究

以大量的实际工程为基础,基于Sarma极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法探讨层状岩质边坡在不同岩层倾角θ、边坡坡角β、结构面间距h条件下的安全系数与破坏面位置的变化规律,揭示复杂多层软弱夹层边坡岩体的破坏机制及稳定性特征。结果表明：不同θ条件下边坡岩体失稳机制和破坏面位置不同,随着θ的增大,破坏机制表现为滑移破坏→滑劈破坏→崩塌破坏→倾倒破坏→滑移破坏;当β、h一定时,直立层状边坡的稳定性略大于水平层状边坡,反倾向边坡的稳定性明显大于顺层边坡;β直接影响边坡岩体破坏特征,当β由30°增大至60°时,顺层边坡的安全系数约降低53%;反倾向层状边坡的安全系数约降低40%;h对边坡岩体破坏机制的影响较小,但对稳定性的影响较大,建议工程实践中加强密集结构面岩质边坡的监测和加固工作。     

坡顶荷载作用下岩质边坡倾倒破坏分析

坡顶荷载是公路边坡、铁路边坡以及矿山边坡等稳定性分析中不可忽略的因素,倾倒破坏是陡倾层状岩体边坡一类主要的变形破坏形式,研究坡顶荷载作用下岩质边坡块体倾倒破坏具有重要的工程指导意义。在Goodman和Bray块体倾倒破坏极限平衡逐步分析方法的基础上,基于传递系数法,通过建立坡顶荷载作用下岩质边坡倾倒破坏地质力学模型,提出了考虑坡顶荷载作用的边坡倾倒破坏的解析分析方法,推导出了坡顶荷载作用下反倾边坡坡脚剩余下滑力和维持边坡稳定所需要的支护力的计算公式,为该类边坡的设计和支护提供了理论依据。通过算例分析,探讨了不同岩块厚度和切坡角度下坡顶荷载对剩余下滑力和滑动比例系数的影响。结果表明:对于一个给定的边坡,岩块厚度存在一个临界值,当岩块厚度小于该临界值时,坡顶荷载对剩余下滑力的影响程度要明显大于岩块厚度大于该临界值的情况;切坡角度越大,坡顶荷载对边坡稳定性的影响越显著;随着坡顶荷载的增加,滑动比例系数逐渐增大。对比分析理论解与UDEC计算的数值解,表明两种方法计算结果是一致的,相互得到了验证。     

喷混凝土边坡温度场与应力场耦合的有限元时效分析

由于混凝土材料与岩土材料的热传导系数、比热容与热膨胀系数的差异,在温度的循环变化下使得喷射混凝土边坡容易于喷层与岩土层的结合面处产生应力集中而开裂。采用有限元的方法,考虑地应力与温度应力的耦合作用,分析了在一定的边界温度作用下不同时刻边坡喷层面的水平位移,以及喷层与岩层结合面处的剪应力的分布规律;指出在温度应力与地应力的共同作用下,喷混凝土边坡坡顶与坡脚均为容易发生破坏的地方,通常坡顶的破坏型式为拉张破坏而坡脚则为剪切破坏;边坡内的温度分布、边坡表面的位移与应力的变化均存在一定的时间效应,这一规律与实测规律比较吻合。分析结果表明,当温度变化剧烈时边坡的防护必须考虑温度应力的影响。     

层状岩质边坡破坏模式及稳定性的数值分析

运用FLAC3D模拟层状岩质边坡的破坏模式,并采用强度折减法分析结构面倾角与稳定性之间的关系。结果表明:①水平层状边坡坡顶变形破坏早于坡面和坡脚,形成拉破坏区。当结构面倾角较小时,顺倾向层状边坡主要发生滑移破坏;当结构面倾角较大时,发生弯折-溃曲破坏。直立层状边坡主要发生弯曲-板间拉裂-塌落破坏。逆倾向层状边坡的破坏形式为对于小倾角为滑移破坏,对于陡倾角为倾倒破坏。②对于顺倾向边坡,整体安全系数随结构面倾角先减小后增大,呈现两头高、中间低的形态,在倾角为30°时安全系数最小;对于逆倾向边坡,曲线呈现增大-减小-增大的态势,并且大部分高于顺倾向边坡曲线,符合实际情况。③所采用的低强度弹塑性单元能够比较真实地模拟软弱结构面的变形。     

北京千灵山生态修复边坡稳定性研究

开采形成的矿山岩质高陡边坡,造成山体缺损、水土流失、生态破坏,容易产生边坡失稳、崩塌滑落等地质灾害,急需进行生态修复治理。本文以北京市西郊千灵山生态修复岩质高陡边坡为例,根据地质雷达实测剖面分析及室内试验得到的岩体内部结构信息和岩石力学参数,建立了生态边坡的地质力学模型,并用有限元强度折减法对千灵山岩质高陡边坡生态修复前后的稳定性进行了模拟计算。结果表明,非降雨、降雨（饱水）条件下自然岩石边坡和生态修复后的边坡其安全系数分别为17、12.5、5、2;边坡变形以坡脚和生态带区域的中下部位最大,边坡潜在滑动面主要沿坡脚45＆#176;方向上扩展。因此,岩石边坡坡脚和生态带区域的中下部位应是重点加固区,需通过锚杆加固和有效排水对之进行处理。     

Influence of discontinuities and clay minerals in their filling materials on the instability of rock slopes

To assess the influence of discontinuities and clay minerals in their filling materials on the instability of rock slopes, seven rock slopes along the margin of Ganjnameh–Shahrestaneh Road, Hamedan Province, Western Iran were selected, and the physical and mechanical properties of their rocks and discontinuities were determined. By statistical studies of the discontinuities, rock slope stability analysis has been performed using kinematic and limit equilibrium methods so that safety factors for the rock slopes can be calculated. Also, sampling of filling materials and X-ray diffraction tests have been done to identify the clay minerals in the filling materials. The lithologies of the studied rock slopes are granite, diorite and hornfels. The presence of discontinuities and weakness planes with different orientations and clay minerals in filling materials of discontinuities are effective factors that cause plane, wedge and toppling failures in the rock slopes. Clay minerals as filling materials of discontinuities in the studied rock slope facilitate their instability by two different methods. First, absorption of water by infilling clay minerals causes the friction angle of discontinuity surfaces that leads to plane and wedge failures to be reduced. Second, water absorption causes the swelling of clay infilling minerals that leads to toppling failure.     

基于复杂结构精细描述的岩质高边坡稳定性分析

用数值方法对岩质高边坡进行稳定性分析时,描述岩体结构对的精细程度会影响分析结果,但常见的有限单元法程序仍难以对复杂节理岩体进行精细建模。为解决这一问题,将结构面网络模拟与离散单元法相结合,在UDEC软件中,利用FISH语言编写网络模拟程序,依据结构面统计资料和结构面分级,实现对复杂岩体结构的精细描述。以某大型水电工程边坡为例,在对岩体结构进行精细描述的基础上,采用离散元强度折减法对边坡进行稳定性分析。通过与极限平衡法和一般离散元结果的对比,表明基于复杂岩体结构精细描述确定的边坡潜在滑动面和安全系数是合理的,为复杂岩质边坡破坏模式和稳定性的分析提供了新的途径。     

Rock Slope Stability Assessment Using Geomechanical Classification and its Application for Specific Slopes along Kodaikkanal-Palani Hill Road,Western Ghats,India

Linear infrastructure networks like roads play a vital role in the socio-economic development of hill towns centered on tourism. Stability of the slopes along the hill roads are therefore a major concern and slope failures lead to disruption of traffic and loss of property/life or both. This study analyses the stability of cut-slopes along the Kodaikkanal – Palani hill road in the Western Ghats, India using rock mass classification systems like rock mass rating (RMR), slope mass rating (SMR) and continuous slope mass rating (CSMR). These geomechanical classifications provide a preliminary assessment of rock quality based on rock strength, discontinuity properties, hydrogeological condition of the slopes and slope stability based on the inherent rock strength parameters, discontinuity orientation and method of excavation. The results showed that both rock quality and discontinuity orientation contribute to type of failure in rock slopes with RMR > 40. SMR results are conservative while CSMR classification is matches more closely to the failures obtained from the field survey. CSMR classification represents continuous slope stability conditions and hence are more suitable for development of spatial database. Cutting of roads, thereby, steepening slopes has a definite influence on the stability of slopes.     

楞古水电站碎裂岩质边坡变形破坏模式研究

碎裂结构岩质边坡是地质工程中遇到的一种最不稳定边坡,其原岩松弛,结构面普遍张开,围岩自稳能力差,碎裂结构岩体出露不连续,空间分布存在差异,导致边坡破坏边界不明显,变形破坏机制很难确定。本文以雅砻江楞古水电站碎裂结构岩质边坡为例,在地质环境调查和平硐勘测的基础上,系统研究了碎裂岩体结构特征,分析了控制边坡变形破坏的边界条件和变形破坏模式,并运用UDEC离散元程序模拟验证。研究结果表明:碎裂岩质边坡的变形破坏主要受自身结构及内部相对长大结构面控制,变形演化过程依循应力调整、时效变形和局部失稳3个阶段,变形破坏模式分为断层主控底滑型和裂隙切割破坏型。目前针对碎裂结构岩质边坡研究相对较少,缺乏大型工程实例支撑,该研究成果为水利工程中这类边坡的研究提供了参考。     

岩质边坡复合型破坏机制的改进运动单元法研究

目前运动单元法的研究主要集中于土质边坡,未涉及到岩质边坡稳定性分析问题;而岩体中孕育有不同特性的结构面,控制着岩质边坡的力学行为。为求解结构面控制作用下岩质边坡“结构面滑移-岩桥剪断”复合型破坏问题,研究了塑性滑移区节点在岩桥内和结构面上的运动约束条件,推导了含结构面的运动单元计算公式,提出了改进运动单元法。通过经典算例的对比分析,验证了改进运动单元法计算结果的准确性。研究结果表明:岩桥位置、结构面贯通度和结构面倾角是控制岩质边坡力学行为的3个主要影响因素。岩桥越接近坡顶,改进运动单元法所得安全系数越大,而Jennings法无法反映岩桥位置的影响效应。高贯通度的结构面导致岩质边坡发生“结构面滑移-岩桥剪断”复合型破坏模式,安全系数较小;而低贯通度的结构面导致完整岩石发生破坏,安全系数较大。水平或陡倾角结构面导致滑裂面穿切结构面,安全系数较大;而对于其它倾角情况下的结构面,岩质边坡发生“结构面滑移-岩桥剪断”复合型破坏模式,安全系数较小。实例应用结果说明该方法可以有效评价岩质边坡的稳定状态,可在类似工程中应用推广。     

不同山体坡度初始地应力特点及对地下工程影响

在高山峡谷地区修建地下工程,山体坡度不同时会对初始地应力有十分重要的影响。通过数值分析研究了当山坡坡角分别为30°、45°和60° 时,在重力场条件下山体中在垂直向和水平向典型剖面中初始地应力分布的特点。经比较后认为,若在山体中取其直接埋深算出的垂直向地应力数值与实际值相差很大。山坡越陡,差值越大。随后,又在45°的山体中设定开挖2个不同位置的洞室,并采用了节理岩体的损伤-断裂模型做数值分析,比较二者的稳定性状况。结果发现,其围岩的损伤度十分不对称,而且离坡面（或坡脚）越近,则破损区越严重。并提出了相应的结论和建议     

含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究现状及发展趋势

含软弱夹层岩质边坡在自然环境和工程实践中都比较常见，稳定性差，边坡失稳产生了大量的滑坡灾害，造成大量人员伤亡和经济损失。因此，含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究一直是工程地质和岩土工程领域的研究重点之一。在收集整理国内外相关资料的基础上，从自重工况、开挖工况、暴雨和蓄水工况、地震工况方面总结了目前含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性的研究现状及进展，取得如下主要认识:(1)软弱夹层对岩质边坡稳定性有显著不利影响，含软弱夹层岩质边坡的稳定性比均质岩质边坡、不含软弱夹层的层状岩质边坡都差；(2)含软弱夹层岩质边坡的稳定性系数、变形特征和破坏模式与软弱夹层的含水状态、抗剪强度、倾角、厚度、间距、层数和边坡坡度有关；(3)开挖容易诱发坡体沿软弱夹层滑坡，含软弱夹层岩质边坡开挖后需要及时支护；(4)爆破层裂效应改变了软弱夹层与围岩的接触状态，减小了它们之间的凝聚力和摩擦力，导致边坡稳定性降低；(5)暴雨和蓄水都不利于含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定；(6)岩质边坡地震动力响应和变形破坏特征受软弱夹层参数(厚度、倾角、含水状态)、地震波特性(地震波的类型、幅值、频率、激振方向)和边坡结构(顺层或反倾)共同影响；(7)在软弱夹层对水平向动力响应的放大或减弱作用及厚层软弱夹层的消能减震作用方面仍然存在不同观点。在此基础上，分析了研究方法的优缺点，指出当前含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究存在的问题。最后，针对该领域的研究现状，提出了未来的研究重点和方向，主要包括:含多层软弱夹层岩质边坡的渐进性变形破坏过程和稳定性；全面深入研究单因素作用(开挖卸荷、爆破、地震、暴雨、库水位变化、地下水等)对含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性的影响机制；多因素耦合作用下含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性；支挡结构体系对含多层软弱夹层高陡岩质边坡的加固机制。     

Stability analysis of laterally confined slope lying on inclined bedding plane

A stability analysis of a laterally confined slope model, lying on an inclined bedding plane, was presented to evaluate the lateral shear resistance by considering the loading paths and failure envelopes. Two slope models were prepared on a bedding plane by compaction, one with and one without lateral confinement. The compacted models are related to the geological conditions at shallow depths where brittle deformation can occur and an excavation can induce horizontal field stress that significantly influences the stability of the slope. Three distinct loading paths, controlled by either tilting the angles or increasing the surcharge loads, were applied to achieve the failure of the slope models. Rankine’s passive earth pressure due to compaction was reduced by the shear strength reduction ratio. The shear strength reduction ratio was estimated through the least-squares fitting method based on the results of model tests at failure when the loading paths intersected the failure envelope. Provided that the effect of lateral confinement in a rock mass can be described by the shear strength reduction ratio, the proposed equations will be beneficial for slope stability analyses of laterally confined slopes on bedding planes. A case study of an undercut pit wall in an open-pit mine was demonstrated by showing that the unknown shear strength reduction ratio can be back-analyzed from the rainfall-induced landslide case. Therefore, the design of other undercut slopes with different geometries and groundwater conditions in the rock mass, which have undergone the same geological process as the back-analyzed case, is possible.

     

Investigation of rainfall-induced failure processes and characteristics of cataclinal and anaclinal slopes using physical models

In this study, two types of small-scale physical modeling tests have considered the impact of the infiltration of rainfall and groundwater level in order to investigate the processes involved in rock slope deformation and failure. The study conducted the physical tests under controlled conditions of groundwater level with rock block shape for two rock slope types (cataclinal and anaclinal slopes). Observations obtained during each stage of deformation and failure were used to explain how gravity deformation varies with groundwater conditions on cataclinal and anaclinal slopes, and infer how rainfall and groundwater influence slope failure. Our results indicate that groundwater level is a crucial factor in the deformation failure of slopes. The failure mechanisms of cataclinal slopes differ considerably from those of anaclinal slopes. The infiltration of surface water and groundwater can have a significant influence on rock layer deformation and the speed of failure. Different shapes of rock block have two toppling types of rock slope, the spherical rock model relatively close to flexural toppling type and the triangular rock model relatively similar to block flexural toppling type, respectively. Details of the failure characteristics of cataclinal and anaclinal slope models are discussed in this paper.     

Numerical analysis of slope stability based on the gravity increase method

A micromechanical model is proposed for studying the stability and failure process of slopes based on the gravity increase method (GIM). In this numerical model the heterogeneity of rock at a mesoscopic level is considered by assuming that the material properties conform to the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is a method used for describing the constitutive law of the meso-level element, the finite element method (FEM) is employed as the basic stress analysis tool, and the maximum tensile strain criterion and the Mohr–Coulomb criterion are utilised as the damage threshold. The numerical model is implemented into the Realistic Failure Process Analysis (RFPA) code using finite element programming, and an extended version of RFPA, i.e., RFPA-GIM, is developed to analyse the failure process and stability of slopes. In the numerical modelling with RFPA-GIM, the critical failure surface of slopes is obtained by increasing the gravity gradually but keeping material properties constant. The acoustic emission (AE) event rate is employed as the criterion for slope failure. The salient feature of the RFPA-GIM in stability analysis of slopes is that the critical failure surface as well as the safety factor can be obtained without any presumption for the shape and location of the failure surface. Several numerical tests have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of RFPA-GIM. Numerical results agree well with experimental results and those predicted using the FEM strength reduction method and conventional limit equilibrium analysis. Furthermore it is shown that selection of the AE rate as the criterion for slope failure is reasonable and effective. Finally, the RFPA-GIM is applied to several more complex cases, including slopes in jointed rock masses and layered rock formations. The results indicate that the RFPA-GIM is capable of capturing the mechanism of slope failure and has the potential for application in a larger range of geo-engineering.