福建省地质灾害与短时强降水的关系研究

福建省地质灾害具有点多面广的特点,据1991～2006年地质灾害资料及短时强降水的特征分析,地质灾害高发区主要集中在闽西北的中南部地区、闽中地区及闽南南部地区。短时强降水中心与地质灾害高发区的空间分布较一致,高值区域也分布在闽西北、闽中及闽南南部,最大高值中心出现在闽西北,其空间分布同山地地形和影响天气系统关系密切。短时强降水(强暴雨)均值的日变化特征呈单峰型,7时雨强最强;短时强降水极值的日变化特征呈双峰型,夜晚20时雨强最强,波峰至波谷的雨强持续时间在6～7小时。从不同持续性短时强降水雨强值来看,1,3 h及6 h触发地质灾害的平均雨强值界为30,50,120 mm。     

中国东北兴安岭地区年冻融频次的分布规律北大核心CSCD

冻融循环是影响寒区工程和环境变化的重要因素之一,而年冻融频次(冻融循环的年累计量)是可以直接标定冻融循环对寒区工程和环境造成影响大小的物理量,对寒区环境下年冻融频次的调查有重要意义。以中国东北兴安岭地区为研究对象,选取兴安岭地区18个气象站点1990—2017年地表温度数据进行整理,得出兴安岭地区各个站点的年冻融频次,并在空间分布和时间序列上分析了年冻融频次的变化情况。结果表明:年冻融频次在中国东北兴安岭地区随着纬度增加逐渐增多,随着经度的增加逐渐减少,随着海拔升高而逐渐增多,且均具有良好的线性趋势;年冻融频次在1990—2017年呈明显的减少趋势,在2004年前后发生突变。进一步分析发现,在影响年冻融频次空间分布的3个因素中,经纬度影响较大,海拔影响相对较小;在时间上年冻融频次变化与东北地区NDVI变化情况呈现良好的负相关性,表明年冻融频次在一定程度上与当地植被覆盖度有关,且随植被覆盖度的增加而减少。     

1970～2014年长江流域极端降水过程的时空变化研究

基于长江流域131个气象站数据,利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、主成分分析及R/S分析等方法分析了长江流域极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)主要强降水指数变化均呈现增加趋势。20世纪70年代主要极端降水指数呈持续下降趋势,20世纪80年代、90年代和2000年以后降水指数变化趋势年代差异增大,稳定性差。(2)强降水在太湖流域、鄱阳湖流域大部分地区和洞庭湖流域的下游地区呈显著增加。(3)除了弱降水指数外,各极端降水指数之间具有显著的相关性。(4)长江流域降水的主要特点在于弱降水变化不显著,强降水变化幅度较大,降水过程不稳定,容易发生洪涝灾害。     

1961—2016年东北地区冬季寒潮事件变化特征及其对区域气候变暖的响应

利用东北地区1961—2016年164个气象台站逐日平均气温和最低气温数据,根据国家标准《寒潮等级》（GB/T 21987—2017）的单站冷空气等级,计算近56年来各单站不同等级冷空气过程的频次、强度、持续日数,应用趋势系数、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析、相似系数等统计方法,研究了东北地区三种类型寒潮（超强寒潮、强寒潮、寒潮）的气候变化特征。结果表明：三种类型寒潮日数空间分布存在明显的地区差异,高海拔地区相对偏多,低海拔和平原地区相对偏少。年尺度上,1961—2016年三种类型寒潮日数和站次呈减少趋势,减少速率呈现为超强寒潮＞强寒潮＞寒潮;年代尺度上,三者均在20世纪60年代到70年代末期相对偏多,1980年开始进入一个相对偏少的时段,21世纪00年代中期以后有小幅度增加;寒潮日数和站次均存在明显的3~5 a短周期性变化。1961—2016年东北地区冬季气温在空间变化上全区呈一致的增加趋势,66%的站点增温显著,检测到冬季气温的突变点为1981年。东北地区气候变暖后,三种类型寒潮日数和站次均有明显的减少。     

河北唐山地区盛汛期短时强降水概念模型及物理量特征分析

利用2006-2013年区域自动站降水资料以及NCEP再分析资料,应用EOF分析和中尺度天气图分析等方法对唐山地区盛汛期短历时强降水的时空分布特征、天气学概念模型以及物理量特征进行研究.结果表明：唐山东北部是短时强降水的活跃区、西南部为不活跃区,但西南部极端短时强降水更强;存在5种降水空间分布类型,分别是“一致型”“西北多型”“东南多型”“东北异常偏多型”“东北异常偏少型”.700 hPa切变线是否断裂、副热带高压及高低空急流的位置以及高低空干湿区配置决定了降水分布;短时强降水发生时局地水汽丰富,暖云层厚度较大,垂直风切变较弱,存在一定的不稳定能量,强天气威胁指数较小、0℃层较高,大多数类型都有强的水汽辐合,但“东北异常偏多型”辐合较弱,其水汽主要来源于本地.     

2002-2011年新疆积雪时空分布特征研究北大核心CSCD

基于2002-2011年的MODIS积雪产品数据, 对新疆积雪的年际变化特征、年内变化特征及空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明： 年内积雪从10月中旬开始建立, 于1月面积达到最大, 7月面积达到最小.其中, 冬季积雪面积所占比例最大, 夏季最小. 2002-2011年新疆积雪面积总体上呈减少趋势. 其中, 春季和冬季为减少趋势;夏季的积雪由于其基本上都是高海拔的永久性积雪, 故比较稳定, 变化趋势不明显;秋季为上升趋势.新疆积雪空间分布极不均匀, 北疆积雪分布明显多于南疆.山区为积雪覆盖频次的高值区, 盆地为积雪覆盖频次的低值区.永久性积雪在阿尔泰山脉分布较少, 主要分布在天山山脉和昆仑山脉.就永久性积雪面积而言, 分布在海拔5 000~6 000 m的面积最大, 其次是海拔4 000~5 000 m, 再次是海拔6 000~7 000 m.     

1961-2016年中国天山不同级别降雪事件变化特征分析

为了更好地理解降雪对气候变化的响应及机理,利用天山山区及周边49个站点日气象资料,采用参数化降雪判识方案提取降雪序列,以百分位阈值法分级别分析天山山区1961-2016年降雪事件变化特征。结果表明:①天山山区降雪量和降雪频次呈山区大于盆地,北坡大于南坡,自西北向东南递减的分布特征。②过去56年来,天山山区降雪量显著增加,降雪频次微弱增加;各级别降雪量和降雪频次变化趋势表现为:小雪显著减少,中雪变化平稳,大雪和极端降雪显著增加;降雪显著增加区域集中分布于天山北坡中部和伊犁河谷地区,降雪量的增加主要由极端降雪量和频次的增加所致。③年降雪量、大雪降雪量和频次、极端降雪量和频次在20世纪80年代中期发生突变增加,其他级别降雪量和频次无明显突变。④天山山区降雪量和极端降雪量的增加与气温变暖有关。     

北方气旋变化及其对西北地区天气气候的影响

利用1957—1990年的地面天气图资料统计了北方气旋活动频次,分析了北方气旋的若干气候统计特征及其与西北地区天气气候的对应关系.结果表明,北方气旋发生频次在20世纪50年代末呈上升趋势,60—70年代处在下降通道中,尤其是冬季和秋季下降最为明显.春季北方气旋活动频次增加时,当年西北地区夏季降水明显偏少;北方气旋频次的减少是我国沙尘天气减少的重要原因之一.     

1961 - 2018年河西走廊寒潮频次时空变化特征及其环流影响因素研究

寒潮是我国北方地区冬、 春、 秋季节常见气象灾害之一, 产生的危害严重影响社会经济发展和人们生产生活。河西走廊生态环境脆弱且处于寒潮影响的重要区域, 揭示河西走廊寒潮频次时空变化特征可以为农牧业防灾减灾提供参考。基于1961 - 2018年河西走廊12个气象站逐日最低气温数据, 采用数据统计和空间可视化表达方法, 分析近60 a河西走廊寒潮频次时空变化特征, 并探讨北极涛动（AO）异常与寒潮频次的响应关系。结果表明： 从时间上看, 河西走廊的寒潮主要发生在10月至4月, 其中11月、 12月、 4月为寒潮高发时期, 近60 a河西走廊寒潮频次呈现出下降的趋势, 其中在20世纪80年代出现明显的低值, 下降趋势在季节上表现为秋季>春季>冬季; 河西走廊寒潮发生频次具有显著的空间差异, 其中西部地区最多, 东部地区居中, 中部地区最少; 北极涛动（AO）强弱与河西走廊寒潮频次变化具有时空响应关系, 当AO处于负相位时, 河西走廊各气象站寒潮发生频次较多, 并且在河西走廊东部和西部表现的较为明显。     

基于CI指数的甘肃省黄土高原地区气象干旱的变化趋势分析

基于甘肃省黄土高原区33个气象站1962-2010年气象资料, 利用综合气象干旱指数(CI)对其近50 a的干旱频率和平均持续时间的空间分布、 干旱强度趋势变化和极端干旱事件频次进行了分析, 此基础上应用基于分型理论的R/S方法对干旱强度未来变化趋势进行了预测. 结果表明: 甘肃省黄土高原区干旱发生频率和多年平均持续天数在兰州-靖远一带和庆阳北部属于高值区, 而岷县、 渭源一带属于低值区; 106° E以西"临洮-通渭-天水"一带和庆阳东南部是干旱变幅最大的地方. 20世纪90年代以来, 干旱强度增大的较快, 四季均呈现出干旱强度变大的趋势, 其中春、 秋季干旱强度加剧的趋势明显, 夏季近10 a都处于非常严重的干旱状态, 但未通过0.01的显著性检验; 20世纪60年代至今, 极端干旱事件发生频次快速增多. 四季干旱强度Hurst指数H 均大于0.5, 同时分维数D 均小于1.5, 因此, 未来一段时间干旱强度仍然保持与过去相一致的变化趋势. 研究结果可为相关部门制定相应抗旱对策提供科学依据.     

Trends in extreme rainfall over ecologically sensitive Western Ghats and coastal regions of Karnataka: an observational assessment

Rainfall is one of the pivotal climatic variables, which influence spatio-temporal patterns of water availability. In this study, we have attempted to understand the interannual long-term trend analysis of the daily rainfall events of ≥?2.5 mm and rainfall events of extreme threshold, over the Western Ghats and coastal region of Karnataka. High spatial resolution (0.25°?×?0.25°) daily gridded rainfall data set of Indian Meteorological Department was used for this study. Thirty-eight grid points in the study area was selected to analyze the daily precipitation for 113 years (1901–2013). Grid points were divided into two zones: low land (exposed to the sea and low elevated area/coastal region) and high land (interior from the sea and high elevated area/Western Ghats). The indices were selected from the list of climate change indices recommended by ETCCDI and are based on annual rainfall total (RR), yearly 1-day maximum rainfall, consecutive wet days (≥?2.5 mm), Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII), annual frequency of very heavy rainfall (≥?100 mm), frequency of very heavy rainfall (≥?65–100 mm), moderate rainfall (≥?2.5–65 mm), frequency of medium rainfall (≥?40–65 mm), and frequency of low rainfall (≥?20–40 mm). Mann-Kendall test was applied to the nine rainfall indices, and Theil-Sen estimator perceived the nature and the magnitude of slope in rainfall indices. The results show contrasting trends in the extreme rainfall indices in low land and high land regions. The changes in daily rainfall events in the low land region primarily indicate statistically significant positive trends in the annual total rainfall, yearly 1-day maximum rainfall, SDII, frequency of very heavy rainfall, and heavy rainfall as well as medium rainfall events. Furthermore, the overall annual rainfall strongly correlated with all the rainfall indices in both regions, especially with indices that represent heavy rainfall events which is responsible for the total increase of rainfall.     

Trend and spatial distribution of rainfall & rainy days over Andaman & Nicobar Islands

The present study examines the characteristics and climatological features of daily rainfall data over Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Analysis of rainfall data reveals a large monthly deviation over the northern latitudes as compare to southern latitudes of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Also, it is found that rainfall increases from north to south latitudes in all the seasons except monsoon, where a reverse pattern exists. In trend analysis, a statistically significant decreasing trend (confidence level >95?%) is observed for yearly rainfall and rainy days over the region. Analysis of daily rainfall intensity for each year shows increasing trend for frequency of rather heavy rain (35.6?C64.4?mm) and significant decreasing trend for frequencies of light rain (2.5?C7.5?mm), and very heavy rain (>124.5?mm) over the region. Many times, very heavy rain events are associated with cyclonic disturbances affecting Andaman & Nicobar Islands region. The analysis of cyclonic disturbances over the region reveals a stronger and more significant decreasing trend. So, one of the causes for decreasing trend in very heavy rain over Andaman & Nicobar Islands may be due to significant decreasing frequency of cyclonic disturbances affecting this region.     

中国极端降水事件的频数和强度特征

使用1951-2004年中国738个测站逐日降水资料,采用百分位的方法定义极端降水事件的阈值,分析了不同持续时间的极端降水事件的时空分布及变化趋势特征。结果表明,极端降水事件多发于35°N以南,特别是在长江中下游和江南地区以及高原东南部,且在这些地区极端降水事件持续时间也较长。季节分布上,主要出现在夏季,以低持续性事件为主。在中国东部地区,持续时间越长的极端降水其强度往往越强。趋势分析表明,全国持续1d极端事件的相对频数具有上升趋势而平均强度具有下降趋势,其空间上均表现为全国大部分上升、华北和西南等地下降的趋势。持续2d以上极端事件在长江中下游流域、江南地区和高原东部等地区有显著增多和增强的趋势,而在华北和西南地区有减少和减弱趋势,但全国平均的趋势不显著。     

高度城镇化背景下珠三角地区极端降雨时空演变特征

为分析城镇化发展程度与极端降雨变化之间的关系,选取珠江三角洲地区22个雨量站1973—2012年的小时降雨资料,利用空间分析、线性回归、滑动平均和Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法,分析高度城镇化背景下珠三角地区极端降雨时空分布规律和变化特性,并解析暴雨雨型变化特征。结果表明:①珠江三角洲高度城镇化地区极端降雨量上升了44.3 mm/（10 a）,呈显著增加趋势,相邻其他地区则无明显变化,高度城镇化地区的前汛期极端降雨量显著增多是造成其年极端降雨量增加的主要原因。②珠三角地区暴雨雨型以单峰型为主,其中以雨峰在前的Ⅰ型暴雨占比最高,约为33.7%,高度城镇化地区Ⅰ型暴雨发生频率明显增加,易导致暴雨内涝事件增加,需加强高度城镇化地区防洪排涝工作。     

Some characteristics of very heavy rainfall over Orissa during summer monsoon season

Orissa is one of the most flood prone states of India. The floods in Orissa mostly occur during monsoon season due to very heavy rainfall caused by synoptic scale monsoon disturbances. Hence a study is undertaken to find out the characteristic features of very heavy rainfall (24 hours rainfall ≥125 mm) over Orissa during summer monsoon season (June–September) by analysing 20 years (1980–1999) daily rainfall data of different stations in Orissa. The principal objective of this study is to find out the role of synoptic scale monsoon disturbances in spatial and temporal variability of very heavy rainfall over Orissa. Most of the very heavy rainfall events occur in July and August. The region, extending from central part of coastal Orissa in the southeast towards Sambalpur district in the northwest, experiences higher frequency and higher intensity of very heavy rainfall with less interannual variability. It is due to the fact that most of the causative synoptic disturbances like low pressure systems (LPS) develop over northwest (NW) Bay of Bengal with minimum interannual variation and the monsoon trough extends in west-northwesterly direction from the centre of the system. The very heavy rainfall occurs more frequently with less interannual variability on the western side of Eastern Ghat during all the months and the season except September. It occurs more frequently with less interannual variability on the eastern side of Eastern Ghat during September. The NW Bay followed by Gangetic West Bengal/Orissa is the most favourable region of LPS to cause very heavy rainfall over different parts of Orissa except eastern side of Eastern Ghat. The NW Bay and west central (WC) Bay are equally favourable regions of LPS to cause very heavy rainfall over eastern side of Eastern Ghat. The frequency of very heavy rainfall does not show any significant trend in recent years over Orissa except some places in north-east Orissa which exhibit significant rising trend in all the monsoon months and the season as a whole.     

广东省1960～2007年降雨侵蚀力变化趋势分析

降雨侵蚀力反映由降雨引起的土壤侵蚀的潜在能力.本文利用广东省25个站点48年(1960～2007)的日雨量资料计算了各站的降雨侵蚀力,并用Mann-Kendall(M-K)非参数检验和克里格空间插值法分析了降雨侵蚀力的时空变化规律.结果表明:广东省降雨侵蚀力的空间分布呈沿海向内陆逐渐递减的趋势.全省大部分地区的年降雨侵蚀力呈现不明显上升趋势,且存在较明显的年代际和年际变化.降雨侵蚀力的年内分布特征和降雨量分布类似,呈"双峰型",主要集中在4～9月的雨季.对于季节序列,冬季、春季和夏季大部分地区的降雨侵蚀力有不同程度的上升,秋季全省几乎所有地区呈下降趋势.汛期的降雨侵蚀力变化特征与年降雨侵蚀力相似.     

Spatial variability of rainfall trends in Iran

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the spatial variability of rainfall trends using the spatial variability methods of rainfall trend patterns in Iran. The study represents a method on the effectiveness of spatial variability for predicting rainfall trend patterns variations. In rainfall trend analysis and spatial variability methods, seven techniques were used: Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope method, geostatistical tools as a global polynomial interpolation and the spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I), high/low clustering (Getis-Ord General G), precipitation concentration index, generate spatial weights matrix tool, and activation functions of semiliner, sigmoid, bipolar sigmoid, and hyperbolic tangent in the artificial neural network technique .For the spatial variability of monthly rainfall trends, trend tests were used in 140 stations of spatial variability of rainfall trends in the 1975–2014 period. We analyzed the long and short scale spatial variability of rainfall series in Iran. Spatial variability distribution of rainfall series was depicted using geostatistical methods (ordinary kriging). Relative nugget effect (RNE) predicted from variograms which showed weak, moderate, and strong spatial variability for seasonal and annual rainfall series. Moreover, the rainfall trends at each station were examined using the trend tests at a significance level of 0.05. The results show that temporal and spatial trend patterns are different in Iran and the monthly rainfall had a downward (decreasing) trend in most stations, and the trend was statistically significant for most of the series (73.5% of the stations demonstrated a decreasing trend with 0.5 significance level). Rainfall downward trends are generally temporal-spatial patterns in Iran. The monthly variations of rainfall decreased significantly throughout eastern and central Iran, but they increased in the west and north of Iran during the studied interval. The variability patterns of monthly rainfall were statistically significant and spatially random. Activation functions in the artificial neural network models, in annual time scale, had spatially dispersed distribution with other clustering patterns. The results of this study confirm that variability of rainfall revealing diverse patterns over Iran should be controlled mainly by trend patterns in the west and north parts and by random and dispersed patterns in the central, southern, and eastern parts.     

南京市强降水天气长期动态及变异性规律

基于南京市1951～2016年汛期(6～9月)各月降水资料,分析研究区强降水天气的长期动态及变异性规律。长期动态结果表明,近66年来南京市强降水天气发生频率显著增加,平均每10年增加0.31次;不同规模强降水中,暴雨、大暴雨天气发生频率均呈增加趋势,其中暴雨天气呈显著增加。多年(7a、10a、15a)月际排序值滑动标准差均通过置信度99%显著性检验,强降水天气变异性呈显著下降趋势;强降水天气汛期盛行月份趋于集中(7月),月间格局趋于稳定,与多年的月际排序值滑动标准差得出强降水天气变异性呈下降趋势的结论相吻合。     

Impact of Rainfall Variability on River Hydrology: A Case Study of Southern Western Ghats,India

The Western Ghats plays a pivotal role in determining the hydrological and hydroclimatic regime of Peninsular India. The mountainous catchments of the Ghats are the primary contributors of flow in the rivers that sustains the life and agricultural productivity in the area. Although many studies have been conducted in the past decades to understand long term trends in the meteorological and hydrological variables of major river basins, not much attention have been made to unfold the relationship existing among rainfall and river hydrology of natural drainages on either side of the Western Ghats which host one of the unique biodiversity hotspots across the world. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this paper to examine the short term (last three decades) changes in the rainfall pattern and its influence on the hydrological characteristics of some of the important rivers draining the southern Western Ghats as a case study. The short term, annual and seasonal trends in the rainfall, and its variability and discharge were analyzed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s estimator of slope. The study showed a decreasing trend in rainfall in the southwest monsoon while a reverse trend is noticed in northeast monsoon. Correspondingly, the discharge of the west and east flowing rivers also showed a declining trend in the southwest monsoon season. The runoff coefficient also followed the trends in the discharge. The runoff coefficient of the Periyar river showed a decreasing trend, whereas the Cauvery river exhibited an increasing trend. A high-resolution analysis of rainfall data revealed that the number of moderate rainfall events showed a decreasing trend throughout the southern Western Ghats, whereas the high intensity rainfall events showed an opposite trend. The decline in groundwater level in the areas which recorded an increase in high intensity rainfall events and decrease in moderate rainfall events showed that the groundwater recharge process is significantly affected by changes in the rainfall pattern of the area.     

Regional frequency analysis of daily rainfall extremes using L-moments approach

Daily extreme precipitation values are among environmental events with the most disastrous consequences for human society. Information on the magnitudes and frequencies of extreme precipitations is essential for sustainable water resources management, planning for weather-related emergencies, and design of hydraulic structures. In the present study, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfalls was investigated for Golestan province located in the northeastern Iran. This study aimed to find appropriate regional frequency distributions for maximum daily rainfalls and predict the return values of extreme rainfall events (design rainfall depths) for the future. L-moment regionalization procedures coupled with an index rainfall method were applied to maximum rainfall records of 47 stations across the study area. Due to complex geographic and hydro-climatological characteristics of the region, an important research issue focused on breaking down the large area into homogeneous and coherent sub-regions. The study area was divided into five homogeneous regions, based on the cluster analysis of site characteristics and tests for the regional homogeneity. The goodness-of-fit results indicated that the best fitting distribution is different for individual homogeneous regions. The difference may be a result of the distinctive climatic and geographic conditions. The estimated regional quantiles and their accuracy measures produced by Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the estimation uncertainty as measured by the RMSE values and 90% error bounds is relatively low when return periods are less than 100 years. But, for higher return periods, rainfall estimates should be treated with caution. More station years, either from longer records or more stations in the regions, would be required for rainfall estimates above T=100 years. It was found from the analyses that, the index rainfall (at-site average maximum rainfall) can be estimated reasonably well as a function of mean annual precipitation in Golestan province. Index rainfalls combined with the regional growth curves, can be used to estimate design rainfalls at ungauged sites. Overall, it was found that cluster analysis together with the L-moments based regional frequency analysis technique could be applied successfully in deriving design rainfall estimates for northeastern Iran. The approach utilized in this study and the findings are of great scientific and practical merit, particularly for the purpose of planning for weather-related emergencies and design of hydraulic engineering structures.