同位素填图与深部物质探测(Ⅰ):揭示岩石圈组成演变与地壳生长

固体地球科学的一个重要任务是探测地球深部过程与不同圈层协同演变。深部物质探测、地球物理结构探测和深钻一起构成深部探测的三大途径。岩浆岩“探针”及区域同位素(如全岩Nd、锆石Hf)示踪填图是深部物质探测的主要手段,可以用来揭示深部物质组成特征及时空变化,确定不同类型地壳省,划分大地构造边界,估算大陆地壳生长量、方式,分析区域成矿规律。这一技术广泛应用后,有望实现深部结构探测与物质探测结合,开展深部物质填图。中国大陆是深部物质探测的良好实验室,需要解决的重大问题包括：多块体拼合的岩石圈及陆壳深部物质组成架构,不同类型造山带地壳生长与深部物质组成结构,不同构造单元深部物质组成与成矿作用及其浅部成矿制约。文中重点总结和探讨了岩浆岩全岩Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Lu-Hf同位素区域填图以及捕获锆石信息填图的思路、方法和注意的问题,以及可以解决的重大地质问题,并探索性提出今后开展的重点研究方向。     

揭示三维岩石圈物质架构的技术方法体系框架

长期以来，岩石圈深部探测主要依赖地球物理手段和深部钻探，缺乏深部物质探测技术。对深部物质的了解也主要局限于两种途径：一类是地球物理推测方法，依据地表获得的深部岩石的物性测定，解释或推测深部物质的某些特征；另一类是捕虏体方法(Xenolith- based methodology)，直接获取深部物质信息。本文重点探索的第三种途径，即充分利用地表出露的岩浆岩，通过岩石探针和同位素填图，示踪深部物源(物质)特征。特别是利用大数据分析和数字填图，了解深部物质三维架构及四维演变。在此基础上，总结上述三种途径，构建较完整的以岩石探针和同位素填图为核心的揭示岩石圈三维物质组成架构的方法体系。研究显示，在岩相学研究的基础上，通过系统开展Sr、Nd、Hf、Pb等多元同位素示踪填图，结合地球物理资料，可有效揭示岩石圈深部物质组成架构。通过中亚增生造山带(北疆)、青藏高原碰撞造山带(冈底斯- 三江)和华北- 扬子克拉通三个典型大地构造单元关键地区的实践，显示多元同位素示踪深部物质的一致性和有效性，以及同位素填图结果与地球物理探测结果的对应性。基于这些成果，笔者初步提出了揭示岩石圈三维物质组成架构的方法体系框架。该方法体系具有良好应用前景，有望成为与地球物理探测相结合和匹配的深部物质架构探测技术，为规范开展深部物质架构探测、物质演变过程及深部动力学过程研究提供技术支撑。     

同位素填图与深部物质探测(Ⅱ)：揭示地壳三维架构与区域成矿规律

地球深部是大规模成矿作用的“驱动机”、“供应源”和“传输带”。深入揭示深部物质组成与分布、物质循环与能量转换、三维架构与动力过程,对理解成矿作用至关重要。岩浆岩“探针”及区域同位素(如全岩Nd、锆石Hf)填图是探索深部物质组成与演化过程的主要手段,可以探测地壳深部物质组成的三维架构,揭示新生地壳/古老地壳/再造地壳的空间分布与时空演变,从而为提升区域成矿规律认识提供深部物质制约证据,有助于成矿潜力的定量半定量评价及其区域成矿预测。文章重点总结和探讨了岩浆岩全岩Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素区域填图在解决地壳三维架构与成矿规律方面的应用成果,深入探讨了巨量岩浆岩发育的深部驱动机制及其成矿制约,对比总结了不同类型造山带(如中亚增生造山带、青藏高原碰撞造山带、秦岭复合造山带等)和不同克拉通的地壳深部组成结构与成矿制约特色。研究显示：不论是什么造山带和克拉通,深部年轻地壳分布区制约了铜金、铜镍等矿床的形成分布;古老地壳控制了大型钼矿、铅锌矿、稀有金属等矿产;两者过渡地带常常发育铁矿等。这些研究不仅揭示了区域成矿规律,而且对成矿预测与成矿潜力评价有潜在的应用价值,有可能成为成矿规律研究特别是深部物质探测及成矿背景研究的新方向。     

新疆东准噶尔扎河坝一带碱性花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、Lu-Hf同位素特征及地质意义

正中亚造山带(CAOB)位于西伯利亚板块北部和华北—塔里木地块之间,是世界上最大的显生宙增生造山带。东准噶尔位于中亚造山带中西部边缘,北接阿尔泰造山带,南接天山造山带。该区域由几个北西—南东向古生代变质沉积单元和蛇绿岩带组成。东准噶尔花岗岩以A型和I型为主,     

东准噶尔卡拉麦里晚古生代岩石圈"阶段式"拆沉机制——来自A型花岗岩带同位素年代学及地球化学的证据

东准噶尔是中亚造山带在新疆北部区域的重要组成单元,是晚古生代岩浆剧烈活动的区域,以发育卡拉麦里巨量富碱花岗岩带为主要特征,也是中亚造山带发育年轻地壳的典型地区.通过分析该地区巨量深成岩浆岩来重塑岩石圈拆沉作用及新生地壳生长机制成为新的研究热点.近年来,众多学者对卡拉麦里岩带内的6个主要岩体的岩相学、岩石地球化学、年代学...     

造山带岩石圈化学结构平面图的编制——以秦岭—大别造山带为例

国内外岩石圈化学组成的编图研究还处于探索阶段。笔者从岩石圈化学结构的思路出发 ,提出了编图的 3个地球化学指标 (铅同位素组成、T2DM 和同位素年代学 )和表示方法。以秦岭—大别造山带为例 ,同位素组成图可以反映构造分区和地壳生长历史 ,对造山过程和深部壳幔相互作用也有明确的显示 ;结合地质年代学的资料 ,化学结构平面图具有反映时空演化四维信息的能力。     

造山带岩石圈化学结构平面图的编制——以秦岭—大别造山带为例

国内外岩石圈化学组成的编图研究还处于探索阶段。笔者从岩石圈化学结构的思路出发 ,提出了编图的 3个地球化学指标 (铅同位素组成、T2DM 和同位素年代学 )和表示方法。以秦岭—大别造山带为例 ,同位素组成图可以反映构造分区和地壳生长历史 ,对造山过程和深部壳幔相互作用也有明确的显示 ;结合地质年代学的资料 ,化学结构平面图具有反映时空演化四维信息的能力。     

造山带岩石圈化学结构平面图的编制--以秦岭-大别造山带为例

国内外岩石圈化学组成的编图研究还处于探索阶段。从岩石圈化学结构的思路出发，提出了编图的3个地球化学指标（铅同位素组成、T2DM和同位素年代学）和表示方法。以秦岭－大别造山带为例，同位素组成图可以反映构造分区和地壳生长历史，对造山过程和深部壳幔相互作用也有明确的显示；结合地质年代学的资料，化学结构平面图具有反映时空演化的能力。     

东昆仑—西秦岭造山带对接处三叠纪花岗质岩石时空演化、物源特征对比及其大地构造意义

造山带组成与演化是大地构造研究的主要课题, 造山带之间的对接关系更是造山带研究的重要节点。在两大造山带对接地带, 构造-岩浆演化的对比, 特别是深部物质组成结构和基底属性的对比, 可为完整认识造山带的物质组成和构造演化提供重要的依据。基于花岗质岩石同位素填图(Sm-Nd、Lu-Hf)在其年代学、区域性大面积展步和易于示踪等方面的优势, 区域性的同位素填图逐步成为一项重要的技术方法, 应用于探讨造山带深部组成结构, 对比造山带基底属性异同。     

中国花岗岩与大陆地壳生长方式初步研究

中国大陆造山带花岗岩可分为东西两个区，西区的中亚造山带、秦祁昆造山带和青藏高原冈底斯造山带为与大洋发育有关的造山带花岗岩，东区主体的东北、华北和华南是形成于中国大陆拼合之后的燕山期造山带花岗岩。根据不同造山带花岗岩的形成背景、地质地球化学特征差异，以阿尔泰、东昆仑、华北燕山、东北和南岭造山带花岗岩为例讨论花岗岩与大陆地壳生长的关系，区分出中国大陆的5种大陆地壳生长方式：阿尔泰式是古亚洲洋背景上形成的古生代对流地幔物质、热输入和上地壳混合为主的方式；东昆仑式是元古代造山带TTG陆壳背景基础上古生代一早中生代对流地幔物质和热输入，改造元古宙造山带基底的方式；东北式是燕山期中亚造山带背景上对流地幔物质和热输入改造显生宙陆壳的生长方式；燕山式是燕山期对流地幔物质和热输入改造太古宙基底的方式；南岭式燕山期对流地幔输入大陆的是以热为主、物质为辅，大陆地壳生长是以陆壳物质再循环为主（零增长）的生长方式。它们构成中国大陆显生宙地壳生长的基本方式。     

No excessive crustal growth in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Further evidence from field relationships and isotopic data

We provide new field observations and isotopic data for key areas of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), reiterating our previous assessment that no excessive crustal growth occurred during its ca. 800 Ma long orogenic evolution. Many Precambrian blocks (microcontinents) identified in the belt are exotic and are most likely derived from the northern margin of Gondwana, including the Tarim craton. Ocean opening in the Palaeo-Asian Ocean, arc formation and accretionary processes began in the latest Mesoproterozoic along the southern margin of the Siberian craton and continued into the Neoproterozoic, giving rise to tectono-metamorphic terranes distinct from the exotic microcontinents in that they include tectonically mixed ancient crust as well as juvenile, mantle-derived igneous rocks. Several previous assessments of crustal growth based on the distribution of oceanic and island arc complexes and on Nd isotopic data for post-accretion igneous rocks are questionable, and we show that such data, in combination with the occurrence of old zircon xenocrysts, frequently signify tectonic mixing of juvenile and ancient crustal components.The only truly juvenile terranes, including oceanic crust and intra-oceanic arcs, seem to occur in northeastern Kazakhstan, in the Altai-Sayan region of Siberia and in the Lake and Trans-Altai zones of Mongolia. The largest area of pre-CAOB continental crust forms a broad belt from northwestern Kazakhstan via the Kyrgyz North and Middle Tianshan to the Yili Block and Chinese Central Tianshan in NW China. Most arcs in the CAOB formed on older continental crust, or with substantial addition of old crustal material via sediment recycling, similar to the situation in the present Southwest Pacific in southern Indonesia, and we suspect that the volume of old material in the lower crust of the CAOB is considerable but largely unaccounted for because of lack of geophysical data. Comparing the lithospheric mantle domains as revealed by Os model ages, with ancient crust at least Mesoproterozoic in age and predating formation of the CAOB significantly reduces the volume of new juvenile crust generated during the orogeny. We conclude that the volume of truly juvenile crustal material in the CAOB is about 20%, similar to that in other accretionary orogens through Earth history, and considering the ca. 800 Ma history of the belt this is not anomalous.     

Spatial and temporal radiogenic isotopic trends of magmatism in Cordilleran orogens

An intrinsic feature of Cordillera-style orogenic systems is a spatial trend in the radiogenic isotopic composition of subduction-related magmatism. Magmatism is most isotopically juvenile near the trench and becomes increasingly evolved landward. A compilation of radiogenic isotopic data from the central Andes, U.S. Cordillera, and Tibet (the most well-studied examples of modern and ancient Cordilleran systems) demonstrate such spatial trends are long-lived and persist throughout the life of these continental subduction margins. The consistency of the isotopic trend through time in magmatic products is surprising considering the plethora of orogenic processes that might be expected to alter them. In addition to longevity, spatial isotopic trends encompass a broad spectrum of geochemical compositions that represent diverse petrogenetic and geodynamic processes. The two end-members of the spatial isotopic trends are represented by melts sourced within isotopically juvenile asthenospheric mantle and melts sourced from isotopically evolved continental lithospheric mantle and/or lower crust. Mantle lithosphere generally thins toward the magmatic arc and trench in Cordilleran orogens because sub-lithospheric processes such as delamination, subduction erosion, and subduction ablation, operate to thin or remove the continental mantle lithosphere. With time, magmatic additions may impart the isotopic composition of the mantle source on the lower crust, giving rise to an isotopically homogenous deep lithosphere. The results of this analysis have significant implications for interpreting temporal and spatial shifts in isotopic composition within Cordilleran orogens and suggest that the continental mantle lithosphere may be a significant source of magmatism in orogenic interiors.     

Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits

Ages of giant gold systems (>500 t gold) cluster within well-defined periods of lithospheric growth at continental margins, and it is the orogen-scale processes during these mainly Late Archaean, Palaeoproterozoic and Phanerozoic times that ultimately determine gold endowment of a province in an orogen. A critical factor for giant orogenic gold provinces appears to be thickness of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath a province at the time of gold mineralisation, as giant gold deposits are much more likely to develop in orogens with subducted oceanic or thin continental lithosphere. A proxy for the latter is a short pre-mineralisation crustal history such that thick SCLM was not developed before gold deposition. In constrast, orogens with protracted pre-mineralisation crustal histories are more likely to be characterised by a thick SCLM that is difficult to delaminate, and hence, such provinces will normally be poorly endowed. The nature of the lithosphere also influences the intrinsic gold concentrations of potential source rocks, with back-arc basalts, transitional basalts and basanites enriched in gold relative to other rock sequences. Thus, segments of orogens with thin lithosphere may enjoy the conjunction of giant-scale fluid flux through gold-enriched sequences. Although the nature of the lithosphere plays the crucial role in dictating which orogenic gold provinces will contain one or more giant deposits, the precise siting of those giants depends on the critical conjunction of a number of province-scale factors. Such features control plumbing systems, traps and seals in tectonically and lithospherically suitable terranes within orogens.     

印度-亚洲大陆碰撞过程中新特提斯洋岩石圈的命运

印度-亚洲大陆碰撞之后的新特提斯洋板片的断离过程及其产生的岩浆作用一直是青藏高原南部地质研究中受到广泛关注但存在极大争议的问题.分析了青藏高原南部拉萨地块上新特提斯洋板片断离存在的问题,总结了目前用于限制板片断离过程的岩石学方法.对拉萨地块南部典型地区早新生代镁铁质岩石开展了详细的地质年代学、主微量元素和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学分析,厘定了~57 Ma和~50 Ma与新特提斯洋板片断离过程密切相关的两套岩石.~57 Ma的镁铁质岩石显示出高的Zr/Y和Ti/Y比值,不同于拉萨地块南部广泛分布的岛弧岩浆地球化学特征,表明它们形成于板内伸展背景下,很可能代表了新特提斯板片断离的开始.~50 Ma的镁铁质岩石为富闪深成岩,反映了印度-亚洲大陆碰撞后南拉萨地块岩石圈中的富水环境,暗示大洋板片断离后仍然持续释放流体至上覆岩石圈地幔中.结合拉萨地块上已有的镁铁质岩石的年代学和地球化学数据,重建了新特提斯洋在印度-亚洲大陆碰撞之后从初始撕裂至板片完全断离的全过程,即新特提斯板片在~57 Ma开始发生初始撕裂,随后以高角度俯冲并与印度大陆岩石圈脱离,导致中拉萨和南拉萨地块同时出现广泛的镁铁质岩浆作用,在~50 Ma大洋板片完全断离.拉萨地块内部岩石圈地幔地球化学组成存在极大的不均一性,中拉萨地块和南拉萨地块东部的局部地区存在古老的岩石圈物质组成,而南拉萨地块中部主要为亏损的岩石圈.拉萨地块内局部古老富集岩石圈可能受到新特提斯洋板片断离后深部地幔物质上涌的影响转变为新生的亏损岩石圈,这一过程很可能促进了拉萨地块的中酸性岩浆大爆发作用和大陆地壳生长.      

The building blocks of continental crust: Evidence for a major change in the tectonic setting of continental growth at the end of the Archean

Oceanic arcs are commonly cited as primary building blocks of continents, yet modern oceanic arcs are mostly subducted. Also, lithosphere buoyancy considerations show that oceanic arcs (even those with a felsic component) should readily subduct. With the exception of the Arabian–Nubian orogen, terranes in post-Archean accretionary orogens comprise < 10% of accreted oceanic arcs, whereas continental arcs compose 40–80% of these orogens. Nd and Hf isotopic data suggest that accretionary orogens include 40–65% juvenile crustal components, with most of these (> 50%) produced in continental arcs.Felsic igneous rocks in oceanic arcs are depleted in incompatible elements compared to average continental crust and to felsic igneous rocks from continental arcs. They have lower Th/Yb, Nb/Yb, Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, reflecting shallow mantle sources in which garnet did not exist in the restite during melting. The bottom line of these geochemical differences is that post-Archean continental crust does not begin life in oceanic arcs. On the other hand, the remarkable similarity of incompatible element distributions in granitoids and felsic volcanics from continental arcs is consistent with continental crust being produced in continental arcs.During the Archean, however, oceanic arcs may have been thicker due to higher degrees of melting in the mantle, and oceanic lithosphere would be more buoyant. These arcs may have accreted to each other and to oceanic plateaus, a process that eventually led to the production of Archean continental crust. After the Archean, oceanic crust was thinner due to cooling of the mantle and less melt production at ocean ridges, hence, oceanic lithosphere is more subductable. Widespread propagation of plate tectonics in the late Archean may have led not only to rapid production of continental crust, but to a change in the primary site of production of continental crust, from accreted oceanic arcs and oceanic plateaus in the Archean to primarily continental arcs thereafter.     

Flow of ultra-hot orogens: A view from the Precambrian, clues for the Phanerozoic

This contribution emphasizes first-order structural and metamorphic characters of Precambrian accretionary orogens to understand the kinematics and thermomechanical state of the continental lithosphere in convergent settings involving massive juvenile magmatism. We define a new class of orogens, called ultra-hot orogens (UHO), in which the weakest type of lithosphere on Earth is deformed. UHO are characterized by (1) distributed shortening and orogen-scale flow combining vertical and horizontal longitudinal advection, under long-lasting convergence, (2) homogeneous thickening by combined downward movements of supracrustal units and three-dimensional mass redistribution in the viscous lower crust, and (3) steady-state, negligible topography and relief leveled by syn-shortening erosion and near-field sedimentation. The flow analysis of UHO provides clues to understanding crustal kinematics beneath high plateaus and suggests that the seismic reflectivity pattern of hot orogens is an image of the layering produced by lateral flow of the lower crust and associated syn-kinematic plutonism.In between the UHO and the modern cold orogens (CO), developed by shortening of lithosphere bearing a stiff upper mantle, two classes of orogens are defined. Hot orogens (HO, representative of Cordilleran and wide mature collisional belts) share flow pattern characteristics with UHO, but involve a less intense magmatic activity and develop high topographies driving their collapse. Mixed-hot orogens (MHO, representative of magmatic arcs and Proterozoic collisional belts) are orogens made of UHO-type juvenile crust and display CO-like structure and kinematics. This classification points to the fundamental link between the presence of a stiff lithospheric mantle and strain localization along major thrusts in convergent settings. A high Moho temperature (> 900 °C), implying thinning of the lithospheric mantle, enhances three-dimensional flow of the lithosphere in response to convergence. Overall, this classification of orogens emphasizes the space and time variability of uppermost mantle temperature in controlling plate interactions and continental growth.     

The lower crust of the Gangdese magmatic arc,southern Tibet,implication for the growth of continental crust

Magmatic arcs are thought to be the primary sites of modern-day continental crustal growth, and arc crustal sections provide an exceptional opportunity to directly observe the geological processes that occur there, yet few deeply exposed arc sections are available for direct study. The Gangdese magmatic arc, southern Tibet, formed during the Mesozoic subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Asian continents, and represent juvenile continental crust. However, the petrological components and compositions of the lower crust of the Gangdese arc remain unknown. Based on detailed geological mapping, we conducted a systemic geochemical, geochronological and zircon Hf isotopic study of well-exposed high-grade metamorphic and migmatitic rocks from the lower crust of the eastern Gangdese arc. The results obtained show that Late Cretaceous garnet amphibolites, dioritic and granitic gneisses, and Paleocene–Eocene garnet amphibolites and granitic gneisses are the main components of the Gangdese lower arc crust. These meta-intrusive rocks witnessed a long period of magmatic, and metamorphic and anatectic processes from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Eocene, and have chemical compositions that range from ultramafic to felsic, with an average SiO₂ content of 57.61 wt% and Mg# value of 0.49. These new data indicate firstly that the Gangdese lower arc crust has an overall intermediate composition and typical feature of juvenile crusts, and therefore supports the recent proposition that continental lower crusts are relatively felsic in composition, instead of mafic. We consider that the downward transport of felsic intrusives and associated sedimentary rocks into the deep crustal levels and subsequent partial melting resulted in componential and compositional changes of the Gangdese arc lower crust over time. This is a potential key mechanism in transforming primary lower arc crust to mature continental lower crust for the magmatic arcs with a complete growth history.     

大陆碰撞造山带复合叠加型岩石圈热结构——以云南三江地区为例

在获得云南一批大地热流、岩石放射性生热率数据的基础上,结合研究区地质—地球物理资料,提出并建立了云南三江地区大陆碰撞造山带复合叠加型岩石圈热结构模式。这一模式有助于了解云南三江地区三叠纪以来构造作用产生的深部热背景,从地热学角度探讨了区内岩浆岩、火山岩和变质岩的分布规律。     

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度与有关地球物理参数的关系--以泉州-黑水地学断面为例

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)是反映岩石圈综合强度的参数,它反映了岩石圈的整体特征。分析岩石圈有效样性厚度与反映深部地质特征的有关地球物理参数之间的关系,对研究控制Te的因素、各因素之间的关系以及探索大陆构造与大陆动力学等具有重要意义。泉州一黑水地学断面Te与地壳厚度、热岩石圈厚度、均衡重力异常、磁性构造层底面深度、上地幔低速层顶界面深度、上地幔低阻层顶面深度之间的关系研究表明：Te与大地热流关系密切的“热”地球物理参数磁性构造层底面深度、热岩石圈厚度相关性好;与地壳厚度有一定的相关性;上地幔低速层顶界面深度和上地幔低阻层顶面深度与大陆岩石圈Te相关性均较差。