软岩崩解分形机制的数学模拟

膨胀性软岩是工程中常见的岩体,其特点之一是吸水膨胀崩解。通过研究软岩崩解物的粒度及其分形特征变化规 律,根据分形概念建立了模拟红层软岩崩解的数学模型,模拟与实测结果的发展趋势基本相同,表明软岩的崩解过程是一个分形。根据该成果,工程中可通过少量的崩解试验数据确定数学模拟模型的参数,从而计算得到软岩崩解物的分数维不再变化的临界值,并可对更长时间后软岩的崩解分数维进行预测。     

投影寻踪模型在膨胀岩判别与分级中的应用

由于泥质岩富含黏土矿物,尤其是成岩程度较低的中新生代泥质岩常具有显著的膨胀性,而成为膨胀岩的主要类型。在对现有膨胀岩判别指标进行全面分析后,提出以蒙脱石含量、胶结系数和比表面积作为泥质岩膨胀性判别与分级的三大指标。基于投影寻踪模型方法,以新疆大坂隧洞工程中采集的20个泥质岩样为样本进行了分析。根据20个样本最优投影值的移动平均趋势线,该处泥质岩的膨胀性可分为非膨胀、微膨胀、弱膨胀和强膨胀4个等级。与较为常用的岩块干燥饱和吸水率指标判别结果基本一致,结果表明,所选指标和方法是可靠的。     

泥质岩的工程分类和膨胀势的快速预测

泥质岩的工程问题主要与它们的强度低和易于膨胀、软化等特性密切相关。本文根据大量不同类型的未扰动岩块的干燥饱和吸水率的试验结果和泥质岩单轴抗压强度的分布,提出了一种简单有效的泥质岩工程分类方法。研究结果表明,未扰动岩块的干燥饱和吸水率的大小,能够反映泥质岩的成岩胶结作用,粘土矿物组成、物理化学性质等对泥质岩水稳性或膨胀性的综合影响。因此,根据这一指标可以对泥质岩的膨胀势进行快速有效的预测。由于这一分类指标灵敏性高、方法设备极为简单等优点,因此易于在工程现场广泛采用。     

贵南高铁南宁段古近系泥岩膨胀性判别指标适用性分析

贵南高铁南宁段古近系泥岩是湖沼沉积型半成泥岩,易遇水软化,失水崩解,有一定胀缩性。依托贵南高铁南宁段泥岩样品膨胀性试验数据及路堑边坡人字型骨架开裂的实际现象,采用了相关性、线性回归、匹配度等分析方法,对膨胀性判别指标适用性进行了研究。研究结果表明,干燥饱和吸水率单指标膨胀潜势分级结果与实际较接近,天然湿度样品的膨胀力、交换阳离子含量、蒙脱石含量及自由膨胀率等单指标膨胀潜势分级结果易下降1–2个等级。     

膨胀岩崩解特性的干湿循环效应与粒度熵表征

膨胀岩是一种特殊软岩,在干湿循环作用下容易崩解泥化。针对延吉膨胀岩,开展干湿循环作用下膨胀岩浸水崩解试验,研究其粒径变化规律。根据干湿循环后粒径分布,引入标准基础熵表征膨胀岩崩解特性,并与崩解比进行类比分析。研究结果表明:各粒组含量在前3次干湿循环中变化较大,第3次干湿循环后逐渐趋于稳定;随着干湿循环次数的增加,粗颗粒含量逐渐减少,细颗粒含量增加,土颗粒大小经历了由均匀到不均匀,再到均匀的过程;标准基础熵与崩解比存在明显的线性负相关关系,标准基础熵随着崩解比的增大而减小,表明利用标准基础熵表征颗粒分布规律是合理可行的;随着干循环次数的增加,标准基础熵先减小,后逐渐稳定,与级配曲线及其衍生指标变化规律相同,再次验证该方法的可行性和适用性,为膨胀岩的崩解破碎分析提供一种新的量化指标;膨胀岩路堑边坡开挖以后,应及时采取防水保湿措施,防止发生崩解泥化现象。     

基于分形理论的粉砂质泥岩酸雨崩解特征研究

黏土岩的崩解过程易受环境条件(如崩解液特征)影响,酸雨作用对其影响显著,但其酸雨崩解特征有待研究。目前对黏土岩崩解特征的评价多采用耐崩解性指数,仅考虑崩解后大于2mm的残留颗粒质量,未反映崩解后的整体粒径分布特征。本文以典型酸雨区攀枝花机场滑坡为依托,选取滑带粉砂质泥岩,开展不同pH值条件下的岩石崩解试验;引入分形理论,建立分形维数与酸雨历时、降雨酸度间的相关关系,定量刻画粉砂质泥岩酸雨崩解特征及影响因素;采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法分析不同酸度崩解溶液的离子成分差异,以探索降雨酸度造成岩石崩解特征差异的本质原因。结果表明:采用分形理论可以较好地反映粉砂质泥岩酸雨崩解特征,分形维数越大,粉砂质泥岩崩解程度越大;分形维数与酸雨历时、降雨酸度之间皆存在明显对数正相关关系;不同降雨酸度粉砂质泥岩崩解特征存在差异的原因在于白云石、方解石溶蚀程度不同。研究成果可为酸雨地区黏土岩的工程性质评价提供参考。     

软岩膨胀崩解试验及分形机理

在室内崩解试验和大气条件模拟的渐进崩解试验中,通过跟踪崩解过程物碎屑的颗粒级别变化发现,软岩膨胀崩解过程是一个多重分形过程。在崩解达到一定程度后,崩解碎屑物的颗粒级别不再发生变化,软岩吸水膨胀崩解停止,此时崩解物的分数维亦达到一个不再变化的临界值。该临界值可用来定量表征软岩崩解的机理。该结论对工程实际具有指导意义。     

膨胀岩的判别与分类标准

膨胀岩的判别与分级是膨胀岩研究的重要内容。本文在分析和总结了前人研究成果的基础上,提出了一种以膨胀岩中亲水矿物成分的含量为基础控制指标,以岩块的干燥饱和吸水率、极限膨胀量、极限膨胀力为主要控制指标新的标准。并利用新的标准对文献中的工程实例进行了分析应用。     

泥质岩膨胀势判断及其破坏机理分析

应用曲永新提出的不规则岩块干燥饱和吸水率判别法和成岩胶结系数指标法,对山西某一煤矿巷道中泥质岩的膨胀性进行综合判定,其属于非膨胀性泥质岩。并对巷道中岩样的矿物组成成分进行分析,岩石中石英和铁矿的含量较多,且分布极不均匀,所含粘土矿物主要为高岭石。最后,从岩石的矿物组成、结构构造、节理面及微节理面的特征以及岩石在受压力时裂隙的扩张情况等角度,综合分析得出泥质岩以脆性破坏为主。     

南宁轨道交通一号线穿越膨胀岩区工程详勘探讨

通过分析南宁盆地第三系泥岩工程地质及水文地质条件,并结合南宁轨道交通工程建设特点,探讨了1号线穿越膨胀岩区的岩土工程勘察方法、试验项目及相关注意事项。提出了南宁轨道交通穿越膨胀岩区详细勘察中对钻孔间距及封孔要求、现场描述等内容;其中对室内试验建议补充岩石矿物的鉴定、吸水率和饱和吸水率试验、耐崩解试验、膨胀性试验;原位试验项目建议增加地应力试验、现场基床系数K_(30)试验、现场浸水载荷试验、水平膨胀力试验项目。并针对一些特殊勘察项目,如现场测定基床系数K_(30)、热物理指标及水平膨胀力等提出一些建议。     

Slaking durability and its effect on the doline formation in the gypsum

Texture and grain size is of great importance in understanding the mechanical properties of rocks. The aim of this study was to investigate textural and slaking durability characteristics, and correlate them with the gypsum types where the dolines occurred, with particular reference to the texture and crystal size. The investigation comprised two stages: field work and laboratory testing. Initially, rock samples were obtained from various representative karstified and non-karstified locations. Thereafter, mineralogical, physical and slaking durability characteristics of the gypsum samples were determined by means of laboratory testing. After the field and laboratory works, the geological, mineralogical and slaking durability characteristics of the study area gypsum were reviewed and discussed from the point of view of doline formation. Results showed that fine grain sized alabastrine gypsum tends to be karstified and leads to doline formation. This is closely related to the crystal size, texture and attributable to the slaking durability of the gypsum. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the texture, especially crystal size, and effective porosity are important parameters controlling the slake durability of the gypsum and doline formation.     

Factors affecting the durability of selected weak and clay-bearing rocks from Turkey, with particular emphasis on the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles

Weathering can induce a rapid change of rock material from initial rock-like properties to soil-like properties. The resistance of a rock to short-term weathering is described through a durability parameter called the slake durability index. As durability is an important engineering parameter, particularly for weak and clay-bearing rocks, it was assessed by a number of tests. The main purpose of this study is to assess the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles and controls of mineralogical composition and strength on durability. For this purpose, 141 samples of different types of weak and clay-bearing rocks were selected from different parts of Turkey, and relationships between the above-mentioned rock characteristics were statistically investigated. The samples were subjected to multiple-cycle slake durability testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and uniaxial compression testing. In addition, to assess the influence of mineralogical composition on durability, the mineral contents of the original material and the material passing from the drum of the slake durability apparatus after each cycle were also determined by XRD. The results indicate that the type and amount of clay minerals are the main factors influencing the variations of the slake durability index in all samples. The durability of the clay-bearing rocks studied correlates best with the amount of expandable clay minerals. A strong relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and the fourth-cycle slake durability index is found only for the marls among the rock types studied. Assessment of gradation results of the spoil pile materials consisting of clay-bearing rocks also reveals that the increase in percentage of fines in old piles is indicative of material degradation, as is evident by multiple-cycle slaking. It is emphasized that two-cycle conventional slake durability testing did not appear to offer an acceptable indication of the durability of weak and clay-bearing rocks when compared with multiple-cyclic wetting and drying. Comments on the performance of the test are made that aim to make the testing process and interpretation of the results more reliable.     

Durability Characterization of Marls from the Region of Dalmatia,Croatia

Durability is one of the most important engineering properties of weak and clay-bearing rocks. Weathering can induce a rapid change in rock material from initial properties to soil-like properties. The sensitivity of a rock type against weatherability is usually described by a durability parameter, such as the slake durability index. However, marl resistance is not detected satisfactorily by the durability indices by using slake durability test as suggested by ISRM for two wetting–drying cycles. The results of this study are obtained from samples of compact or laminated eocene marls from region of Dalmatia, Croatia. The samples were subjected to 4 cycles of slake durability, point load tests, determination of dry density, determination of carbonate content and absorption of water. The scatter of data suggests that strength probably has no influence on the durability of marls. On the other hand a separate group of marl samples have a second-cycle slake durability index higher than approximately 85%, and the durability of these samples is classified as “medium-high” to “high”, although the visual inspection of samples after testing, suggests that they should have “medium” to “low” durability classification. According to obtained results these samples of marl fulfil the criterions for the durability classification: a carbonate content lower than approximately 65%, a dry density lower than 2.4 Mg/m³, and values of water absorption higher than 5%.     

红层软岩崩解性路用控制方法研究

采用灰色关联度分析法对红层软岩的矿物成分、化学成分、崩解试验等数据进行了分析。分析表明, 水理特性不稳定的粘土矿物始终是影响软岩崩解的主要因素之一, 而不同的化学成分对红层软岩崩解性的影响程度不同。通过以纯水、MgCl2, FeCl3, NaCl, CaCl2盐溶液作为红层软岩岩块浸泡液的崩解试验, 说明纯水浸泡下软岩的崩解性最强, 而所选3种盐溶液对所选红层软岩样品的崩解性均有抑制作用, 其中又以CaCl2抑制作用最强。在此基础上提出公路施工中填筑前以浇水作为加快红层软岩崩解, 填筑压实中以掺入石灰作为抑制软岩崩解路用控制方法。     

Slake durability study of shaly rock and its predictions

More than 35% of the earths crust is comprised of clay-bearing rocks, characterized by a wide variation in engineering properties and their resistance to short term weathering by wetting and drying phenomenon. The resistance to short-term weathering can be determined by slake durability index test. There are various methods to determine the slake durability indices of weak rock. The effect of acidity of water (slaking fluid) on slake durability index of shale in the laboratory is investigated. These methods are cumbersome and time consuming but they can provide valuable information on lithology, durability and weather ability of rock. Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) techniques seem very well suited for typical complex geotechnical problems. In conjunction with statistics and conventional mathematical methods, a hybrid method can be developed that may prove a step forward in modeling geotechnical problems. During this investigation a model was developed and compared with two other models i.e., Neuro-fuzzy systems (combination of fuzzy and artificial neural network systems) and artificial neural network system, for the prediction of slake durability index of shaly rock to evaluate the performance of its prediction capability.     

Slake durability and mineralogical properties of some pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks

Slake durability of rocks is an important property of rock-mass and rock-materials in geotechnical practice. The slake durability of rocks is closely related to their mineralogical composition. In this paper, mineralogical examinations and slake durability tests for argillaceous clastic rocks, especially pyroclastic rocks, sandstones and mudstones of Neogene Tertiary age from Japan, were performed in order to assess the slake durability and rock alteration process of these rocks as well as to understand the relationship between mineralogy and durability.The mineral composition and textural features of the rocks were studied by means of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the slake durability test was carried out by using the standard testing method of ISRM [Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 16 (1979) 148] in distilled water and in the aqueous solutions with dissolved electrolytes of NaCl and CaCl₂.The pyroclastic rocks and tuffaceous sandstone, rich in di-octahedral and tri-octahedral Fe smectite, respectively, show distinctively different slaking behaviors. The pyroclastic rocks show relatively high slaking (Id₂=55.5% and Id₁₀=10.5%) than the tuffaceous sandstone (Id₂=94.1% and Id₁₀=87.8%, refer to text for Id₂ and Id₁₀). This difference in the slake durability observed in these rocks is due to the microscopic occurrences of smectite present in the interspaces between the particles (pyroclastic rocks) and zeolite cementing the interspaces (tuffaceous sandstone) as alteration minerals. In addition, the durability results of tuffaceous sandstone show that the slake durability decreases as the degree of weathering increases (weathered material Id₂=88.7% and Id₁₀=65.3%). Furthermore, two mudstones of Miocene and Pliocene ages, having different clay mineral compositions (smectite vs. illite+chlorite), show the lowest and the highest slake durability among the tested clastic rocks. Hard mudstone shows the highest (Id₂=98.1% and Id₁₀=95.5%) while the soft mudstone shows the lowest (Id₂=33.9% and Id₆=0.4%.) slake durability. Thus, the slake durability of pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks is greatly affected by their mineral composition and texture, and is closely related to their alteration history. Slake durability is also affected by the kind of dissolved electrolyte and its concentration in the aqueous solution, providing some useful information for geotechnical practice.     

Comparing the Slaking of Clay-Bearing Rocks Under Laboratory Conditions to Slaking Under Natural Climatic Conditions

The objective of this study was to compare the laboratory slaking behavior of common clay-bearing rocks to their slaking behavior under natural climatic conditions observed during a 1-year experimental study. Five-cycle slake durability tests were performed in the laboratory on five claystones, five mudstones, five siltstones, and five shales. Twelve replicate specimens of each of these 20 rocks were also exposed to natural climatic conditions for 12 months. After each month of exposure, one replicate specimen of each rock was removed from natural exposure and its grain size distribution was determined. The results of laboratory tests and field experiment were compared in terms of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th cycle slake durability indices (Id₁, Id₂, Id₃, Id₄, Id₅), grain size distribution of slaked material, and disintegration ratio (D _R), where D _R is the ratio of the area under the grain size distribution curve of slaked material for a given specimen to the total area encompassing all grain size distribution curves of the specimens tested. Correlations of Id₁, Id₂, Id₃, Id₄, and Id₅ with D _R values for laboratory specimens exhibit R ² values of 0.87, 0.88, 0.83, 0.75, and 0.70, respectively. However, the relationship between Id₂ and D _R, determined after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of natural exposure, becomes weaker with increasing time of exposure, with R ² values of 0.65, 0.63, 0.63, and 0.25, respectively. The fifth-cycle slake durability index (Id₅) for laboratory tested specimens shows a better correlation with D _R values for naturally exposed specimens (R ² up to 0.80). A comparison of grain size distribution curves of slaked material for laboratory specimens, after the 2nd cycle slake durability test, with those of specimens exposed to natural climatic conditions shows that the laboratory test underestimates the field durability for claystones, and overestimates it for siltstones.     

软岩力学特性研究

本文讨论了软岩的基本特性。根据软岩的膨胀崩解耐久性、冻融作用、力学性质试验结果、, 分析软岩力学特性与赋存环境(含水量、地应力、温度)和时间的关系。总结了软岩的力学性质变化特征。并提出软岩强度取值原则。     

Investigation of the effect of aggregate shape and surface roughness on the slake durability index using the fractal dimension approach

Argillaceous rocks cover about one thirds of the earth's surface. The major engineering problems encountered with weak- to medium-strength argillaceous rocks could be slaking, erosion, slope stability, settlement, and reduction in strength. One of the key properties for classifying and determining the behavior of such rocks is the slake durability. The concept of slake durability index (SDI) has been the subject of numerous researches in which a number of factors affecting the numerical value of SDI were investigated. In this regard, this paper approaches the matter by evaluating the effects of overall shape and surface roughness of the testing material on the outcome of slake durability indices.

For the purpose, different types of rocks (marl, clayey limestone, tuff, sandstone, weathered granite) were broken into chunks and were intentionally shaped as angular, subangular, and rounded and tested for slake durability. Before testing the aggregate pieces of each rock type, their surface roughness was determined by using the fractal dimension. Despite the variation of final values of SDI test results (values of I_d), the rounded aggregate groups plot relatively in a narrow range, but a greater scatter was obtained for the angular and subangular aggregate groups. The best results can be obtained when using the well rounded samples having the lowest fractal values. An attempt was made to analytically link the surface roughness with the I_d parameter and an empirical relationship was proposed. A chart for various fractal values of surface roughness to use as a guide for slake durability tests is also proposed. The method proposed herein becomes efficient when well rounded aggregates are not available. In such condition, the approximate fractal value for the surface roughness profile of the testing aggregates could be obtained from the proposed chart and be plugged into the empirical relation to obtain the corrected I_d value. The results presented herein represent the particular rock types used in this study and care should be taken when applying these methods to different type of rocks.