四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组有机质差异富集的主控因素探讨

近些年来,四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发实践表明页岩气具有差异富集特征。基于四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组页岩TOC、XRD及元素等分析数据,结合前人已发表的相关数据资料,对川南、川东及川东北地区开展了有机质差异富集特征初步分析,并从矿物组分（黏土矿物含量）、保存条件及古生产力3个方面探讨其控制因素。研究表明：1）有机质差异富集特征表现为：五峰组沉积时期,四川盆地及其周缘有机质富集程度差异相对较小,川东地区有机质富集程度略高于川南地区和川东北地区;而龙马溪组沉积早期,有机质富集程度差异相对较大,川东北地区有机质富集程度明显高于川东地区和川南地区;2）差异的保存（氧化还原）条件是造成四川盆地及其周缘不同地区五峰组-龙马溪组有机质差异富集的主控因素。     

中国南方海相页岩气选区关键参数探讨

中国南方海相页岩具有热演化程度高和经历过多期构造运动等特征,基于多个页岩气区块的勘探开发实践,提出了以保存条件为核心、地质评价为重点,兼顾经济评价的页岩气有利区选区思路,筛选出了有机质含量、有机质成熟度和压力系数3项中国南方海相页岩气选区的关键评价指标。有机质含量是页岩气富集成藏的物质基础,在选区时应本着"高中找厚"的原则,即在TOC含量平均较高的页岩层段(系)寻找富有机质页岩连续厚度大的页岩层段;成熟度过高对页岩气的富集成藏有消极的影响,在选区时应本着"高中找低"的原则;压力系数可以直观反映页岩气的保存程度,压力系数越高,表明页岩气的保存程度越好,在选区时应本着"强中找高"的原则,即在强构造的地质背景下寻找压力系数高的区块。以湘西北牛蹄塘组页岩气的实际勘探情况为例,认为湘西北地区牛蹄塘组页岩气具有较好的勘探开发前景,但是成熟度过高和保存条件差(压力系数低)是影响湘西北地区页岩气富集与高产的主要潜在风险。     

四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素——以焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组为例

利用钻井、地震及样品实验数据资料,首先对焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气的形成条件进行了评价,然后探讨了四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素。研究认为:焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组泥页岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度高、类型好、热演化程度较高、储集物性以及含气性好、以及良好保存条件和可压性等特点;四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素是富有机质泥页岩的发育程度、保存条件、天然裂缝的发育和泥页岩的可压裂性等,因为富有机质泥页岩的发育为页岩气的生成和储集提供了丰富的物质基础,良好的保存条件是页岩气富集的关键,天然裂缝和可压裂性是高产的重要保证。     

渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩矿物学特征及其油气地质意义

渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组泥页岩的矿物成分主要为石英和黏土矿物,其次为长石,此外还含有少量黄铁矿、硬石膏等含硫矿物,以及极少量的碳酸盐矿物。沉积学及矿物学研究表明,五峰-龙马溪组的沉积环境以浅海陆棚为主,而浅海陆棚属还原环境,有利于有机质富集和保存,可以更好地形成页岩气;页岩含石英量较多并且脆性指数较高,因此有利于形成裂缝以利于渗流。与相邻的涪陵地区相对比,两者可比性较高,并且渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩的石英等脆性矿物含量大于涪陵地区,而黏土矿物含量、碳酸盐矿物含量远小于涪陵地区;渝东北田坝地区黏土矿物组合反映,五峰-龙马溪组已进入了晚期成岩作用阶段,该阶段所对应的有机质成熟度为高成熟-过成熟,表明其成熟度条件有利于形成页岩气藏;进一步研究还发现,五峰组及龙马溪组页岩具有较高的孔隙度和渗透性,能为页岩气储存提供较好的储集空间。     

四川盆地下古生界硅质页岩层系中硅质来源及其对有机质保存的影响初探

四川盆地下古生界两套硅质页岩层系(寒武系底部页岩和奥陶系—志留系五峰组—龙马溪组页岩)是其重要的页岩气产层,五峰组—龙马溪组硅质含量与TOC及含气量呈正相关性,暗示硅质矿物对该地区页岩气的生成具有重要意义。但硅质来源复杂,且存在后期硅质流体的注入。因此,本文在总结前人的研究成果基础上,对四川盆地寒武系底部硅质岩系和五峰组—龙马溪组硅质岩系的硅质特征进行了详细的岩石学分析,揭示了3种硅质来源特征:(1)同沉积无机硅质流体;(2)生物硅;(3)后期无机硅质流体。其中寒武系底部以同沉积无机硅质流体和生物硅来源为主,同沉积硅质流体导致有机质快速石化埋藏,有机质内部结构及形态保存较好;五峰组—龙马溪组硅质来源以后期无机硅质流体和生物硅来源为主,有机质在保存过程中受硅质流体的影响很小,有机质腐泥化作用充分,内部结构和形态多数保存较差。该研究初步揭示了两套页岩层系的硅质发育岩石学特征,及其对有机质保存的影响,期望能为四川盆地两套页岩气储层差异性提供新的思路和基础地质数据。     

海相和湖相页岩气富集机理分析与思考:以四川盆地龙马溪组和自流井组大安寨段为例

本文关注四川盆地龙马溪组和自流井组大安寨段两个页岩气代表层段,以涪陵页岩气田龙马溪组和元坝、涪陵自流井组大安寨段比较系统的实验分析资料为基础,从页岩储层的岩性、物性、电性及含气性、有机地球化学特性、脆性等"六性"对比的角度,对海相和湖相页岩气形成基本条件、富集机理和潜力层段进行分析和讨论,认为有机孔隙的发育程度是造成其含气性差异的主要原因,受TOC含量、热演化程度和有机质类型的影响,海相页岩有机质孔隙更加发育。两套页岩层系都具有较好的勘探前景,发育条带状或纹层状灰岩的浅湖-半深湖相富有机质泥页岩是湖相页岩气勘探的有利相带;龙马溪组底部深水陆棚含骨针放射虫笔石页岩岩相是龙马溪组勘探最有利的页岩岩相,另外富含有机质的浅水陆棚相带泥页岩发育的区域、保存条件受到一定程度破坏但吸附气含量仍较高的区域同样具有一定勘探潜力。     

川东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件分析

上奥陶统五峰组(O_3w)—下志留统龙马溪组(S_ll)是川东南地区页岩气勘探开发的重要层系。利用钻井、测井、地震及分析化验等资料,明确了川东南地区具有较好的页岩气成藏条件。该区位于深水陆棚有利沉积相带,优质页岩(TOC2.0%)厚度大,介于20~50 m之间,呈北东—南西向展布,有宜宾—泸州和石柱—建南两个厚度中心,有机质丰度高(平均TOC2.0%),热演化程度适中(2.0%Ro3.0%),脆性矿物含量高(平均65.4%),有机质孔发育,以微孔—中孔为主,含气量高(大于2 m~3/t),盆内压力系数普遍高于1.2,保存条件好,页岩埋深普遍在1500~4500 m。综合以上分析,选取优质页岩厚度、页岩埋深及页岩气保存条件3个参数作为核心评价指标,孔隙度、总有机碳含量和含气量作为辅助评价指标,建立了页岩气有利区评价标准,评价出涪陵—武隆—彭水、丁山—松坎、五指山—昭通—长宁及威远—富顺—永川共4个有利区带,为川东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气下一步勘探指明了方向。     

滇东北DD1井五峰-龙马溪组页岩气地质特征及其勘探启示

四川盆地南缘五峰-龙马溪组页岩气勘探难度大。以滇东北彝良县DD1井页岩气调查井为例,利用钻测井、岩心分析测试等资料评价其页岩气地质条件。滇东北彝良县DD1井的五峰-龙马溪组富有机质页岩厚度较小、有机质丰度低、热演化程度高、含气性差、N₂含量高,其主要评价指标与盆地内JY1、N203等盆内页岩气高产井差异明显。在页岩气核心评价参数对比基础之上,对DD1井五峰-龙马溪组页岩气勘探失利的地质因素进行深入分析,认为其原因主要在于3个方面：1）五峰-龙马溪期距离黔中古隆起较近,五峰-龙马溪组下段为浅水潮坪相沉积,缺乏黑色富有机质页岩的物质基础;2）五峰-龙马溪组页岩热演化程度高,导致页岩孔隙度变差;3）五峰-龙马溪组埋深较浅,多种尺度裂缝发育,页岩气逸散严重,页岩气构造保存条件差。对滇东北彝良县DD1井页岩气钻探失利的分析,为盆外五峰-龙马溪组页岩气勘探提供了启示意义。     

四川盆地及其周缘奥陶系五峰组志留系龙马溪组页岩气富集主控因素分析

四川盆地及周缘地区奥陶系五峰组志留系龙马溪组页岩气富集主控因素包括：(1)特殊的古环境所形成的优质页岩是富集的基础。四川盆地及其周缘在五峰组和龙马溪组沉积时期,在弱挤压背景下发生了陆内拗陷沉降,奥陶纪末期冰期后全球性海平面快速上升,形成了较大规模的深水陆棚环境,为低等生物的大规模繁殖提供了有利条件,闭塞的海湾背景,为有机质的保存提供了有利的地球化学环境,欠补偿状态导致了地层中的高有机质含量。特殊生物类型所形成的大量有机硅,使成岩早期就形成了具有较强抗压实能力的岩石骨架,为早期生成原油的滞留提供了良好的空间,也为后期油向气转化时形成并保持大量的有机质孔奠定了物质基础。(2)有机质孔和特殊裂缝是页岩气富集的重要保障。有机碳含量高的优质页岩,有机质孔也发育较多,页岩的含气量大,游离气所占的比例更高。特殊裂缝主要指页岩层理缝和小尺度裂缝。在层理面堆积的笔石和藻类等成烃生物促进了这类层理缝的发育。小尺度裂缝提高了页岩自身的储集空间和渗流能力,有利于页岩气的聚集和成藏。(3)适度抬升状态下的有效保存是富集的关键。构造变形和抬升剥蚀是一把双刃剑。如果变形与抬升剥蚀作用太强,地层的封闭保存系统会破坏,导致不论是常规还是非常规的油气系统完全或者部分失效。因抬升产生微裂缝但没有出现大的穿层裂缝或断裂,即表现为一种“裂而不破”的状态是最理想的。远离断裂尤其是通天断裂、具有一定埋深且地层平缓的地区页岩气保存条件良好。四川盆地内与周缘地区保存条件的差异,主要是由于燕山中期运动所控制的构造变形、沉降沉积与抬升剥蚀作用的差异性所决定的。四川盆地及周缘地区奥陶系五峰组志留系龙马溪组页岩气有利富集区是位于富有机质黑色页岩厚度较大的深水陆棚沉积中心区、有机孔和微裂缝或页理发育的层段以及燕山期抬升时间晚且喜山期抬升幅度小区带所叠合的区域。     

四川盆地及周缘下古生界五峰组龙马溪组页岩岩相分类

基于涪陵焦石坝地区页岩气高产工业气流的推动,四川盆地及其周缘下古生界五峰组龙马溪组页岩已经成为了中国页岩气研究的重点,至今已取得大量相关研究成果,这进一步推动了页岩气研究工作的深入。但作为页岩及页岩气研究的基础--页岩岩相分类这个问题却一直存在明显争议,为此本文全面梳理了国内外页岩岩相分类方案及相关研究,有机结合了国内五峰组龙马溪组页岩的研究和勘探实例,确定了页岩岩相分类的两个核心指标(石英百分含量、纹层发育程度),构建了五峰组龙马溪组页岩岩相的分类流程,建立了9种不同类型的页岩岩相：(1)贫硅不平行纹层页岩;(2)中硅不平行纹层页岩;(3)富硅不平行纹层页岩;(4)贫硅平行纹层页岩;(5)中硅平行纹层页岩;(6)富硅平行纹层页岩;(7)贫硅不明显纹层页岩;(8)中硅不明显纹层页岩;(9)富硅不明显纹层页岩。在系统的页岩岩相分类基础上进一步提出了四川盆地及周缘进行页岩气勘探最有利层段的页岩岩相的三高特征：高石英含量、高TOC含量及高压裂性。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.