碎石土斜坡土体水平抗力分布规律研究

斜坡上或临近斜坡顶部设置工程结构（桩基础）时,桩身变形将导致基桩对桩侧岩土体产生水平挤压作用,如果因桩身变形过大而导致桩前坡体失稳,即桩侧岩土体抗力弱化甚至消失,则会引发工程事故,土体抗力的实际分布规律并未探明。本文统计分析碎石土斜坡场地4根桩基（深入覆盖层）的水平静载荷试验数据,来分析同一坡度碎石土场地土体水平抗力沿深度的变化、土体抗力随桩身位移的变化特点,进而获得土体在不同抵抗变形阶段（弹性、塑性阶段）土体水平抗力分布的一般规律。     

斜坡碎石土地基水平抗力系数研究

现有水平受荷桩地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值取值通常是基于天然地基的水平面假设,而对斜坡地基情况下,m值取值至今没有相应的规范或者经验可循。为了研究碎石土地基斜坡上地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值的取值,通过室内水平静载试验研究斜坡碎石土地基桩基水平承载特性,探讨m值随斜坡坡度的变化情况,提出了基于水平碎石土地基m值来确定不同斜坡坡度碎石土地基m值的修正公式和相应的取值范围,并通过现场试验进行了验证,为山区工程建设时m值的取值提供一定的参考。研究结果表明:斜坡碎石土地基m值取值范围为23~65 MN/m4,并且m值随着坡度的增大而减小。     

考虑基岩层面影响的水平受荷嵌岩桩模型试验研究

西南地区常见碎石土-基岩斜坡地基,在此类地基上的嵌岩桩基础,其上覆土层、嵌固段基岩多为倾斜。然而岩石试样中结构面倾角改变时,岩石试样的强度也随之发生变化。故当嵌固段基岩存在层面且层面具有倾角时,往往对桩基的水平承载特性影响很大,所以基岩层面是影响嵌岩桩水平承载性能的主要因素之一。本文采用物理模型试验,通过改变嵌固段基岩层面倾角,得出嵌固段基岩不同层面倾角对于桩顶位移,桩身内力的发展规律,进而研究其对水平受荷嵌岩桩承载性能的影响。试验结果表明:在碎石土-层状基岩斜坡地基场地中,嵌固段基岩存在层面会降低嵌岩桩水平承载性能。相对于完整基岩,嵌固段层状基岩存在水平层面时,临界荷载下降了17%、最大弯矩值下降了23%、最大剪力值下降了37.5%;而嵌固段基层层面为倾斜时,嵌岩桩水平承载性能下降的更多,且层面倾角为逆向30°时比顺向30°更加不利于嵌岩桩的水平受荷;桩身最大弯矩点与最大剪力点位置随嵌固段层状基岩倾角变化影响比较小,最大弯矩点位置几乎没有变化,最大剪力点位置在嵌固段基岩层面为顺向30°与逆向30°时下降了1倍桩径。该项研究可为在不同层面倾角下的层状岩体斜坡地基上受水平荷载的嵌岩桩设计作一定的指导。     

碎石土地基在不同含石量下桩-土水平作用特性及m值的研究

四川输电线路经过的山区场地中,碎石土地基分布普遍,而碎石土是一种介于岩石和土体之间特殊的岩土体,水平受荷碎石土桩基础在不同含石量下水平承载特性具有较大的差异,现行规范给出的地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值取值范围较为宽泛。研究碎石土地基在不同含石量下桩-土水平作用特性与m值取值是输电线路塔桩基设计中有待解决的问题。通过室内单桩水平静载试验,得到了不同含石量的碎石土地基对桩顶位移、桩身内力、地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值的影响,以及不同含石量下m值的变化趋势。对比分析得到试验特征规律,研究桩身弯矩、剪力曲线与桩侧土压力曲线,不同含石量条件的m值变化趋势。结果表明:随着碎石土地基含石量提高,桩身最大弯矩值呈非线性增大,且最大弯矩值约在埋深0.3 m截面位置处;碎石土含石量的提高,地基土水平抗力会有所增大,桩侧土压力零点位置也会有所提高;m值随着含石量的提高而增大。含石量每提高10%,m值约增大1.15~1.40倍,该项研究可作为地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值取值的一个参考。     

碎石土及碎石土-基岩地基斜坡场地m值研究

四川山区输电线路常在陡峻斜坡走线,碎石土、基岩二元结构地层分布普遍。针对此类场地和地基,斜坡桩基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值取值是陡峻边坡输电线路铁塔桩基设计中亟待解决的问题。根据单桩水平静载试验获取m值,采取现场试验、室内模型试验、数值模拟3种方法进行综合分析,研究了陡峻边坡碎石土、碎石土-基岩地基基桩水平作用力参数m值的变化规律、影响因素及取值。得出以下结论：斜坡场地m值随坡度的增大呈线性减小,且碎石土地基减小幅度大于碎石土-基岩地基;对m值影响程度最重要的因素依次为场地坡度、土体密实度、桩长、桩径;提出陡峻边坡碎石土、碎石土-基岩场地考虑以上重要影响因子的m值估算公式,并给出了修正系数。     

现浇薄壁管桩水平受力特性试验研究

现浇薄壁管桩（Cast-in-place Concrete Thin-wall Pipe Pile, 简称PCC桩）作为一种新型桩基础,已在很多地基处理工程中得到应用,但有关其水平承载性的研究还很少。通过现场试验,对水平荷载下PCC桩的水平承载性、泥面处桩荷载-位移关系、桩周土压力变化以及桩侧地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m与位移关系等特性进行初步分析,同时对单向多循环加载和慢速维持荷载两种加载方式对桩受力特性的影响进行比较。试验表明,PCC桩有较好的水平承载性,在水平荷载下,PCC桩的受力主要集中在桩的上部;与慢速维持荷载法相比,单向多循环法对桩的水平承载性以及桩土作用的非线性影响较大。     

非均匀地基中倾斜桩基竖向承载特性模拟试验研究

群桩基础中设计的倾斜桩基以其横向阻抗能力强等优势在港口、码头以及桥梁基础中得到了较为广泛应用。随着山区及不均匀地基土地区高速公路等基础设施的建设,在滑坡、斜坡变形体和不均匀地基上设计倾斜群桩桥梁基础的情况将会越来越多。由于倾斜桩基受力状态的复杂性,目前倾斜桩基础设计仍参考竖向桩基承载力计算理论,凭借经验进行设计。对此人们虽然做了许多探索,但仍未形成完善的设计计算理论和标准。为此,结合厦深客运专线某特大桥桩基选型研究项目,利用相似材料物理模拟试验,就倾角为0°～12°周边斜桩的群桩基础竖向承载力进行了试验研究。结果表明,竖直桩基的荷载-沉降曲线呈缓变型,倾斜桩基则呈陡降型;就倾斜群桩基础竖向承载力而言,倾斜基桩的合理倾角为8°左右;竖直桩基中角桩轴力最大,边桩轴力次之,中桩轴力最小,倾斜桩基中的中桩轴力最大,角桩轴力次之,边桩轴力最小;倾斜桩基桩身弯矩分布形式与基桩的倾角有关,当倾角达到12°时,桩身将出现反向弯曲段。基桩倾角的不同是导致倾斜桩基和竖直桩基竖向承载特性显著不同的主要原因之一。     

粉质黏土中沉箱-桩复合基础水平向承载性能试验研究

为进一步研究沉箱-桩复合基础的水平向承载性能,开展粉质黏土中单桩、沉箱-桩复合基础在水平向荷载和竖向及水平向组合荷载作用下的系列试验,对沉箱-桩复合基础的水平荷载与位移关系、桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力分布规律及群桩效应等进行了研究。结果表明,在水平荷载作用下沉箱对桩顶的约束使桩身弯矩分布较桩顶自由情况要更均匀,并能有效地降低桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力,提高了基础水平承载能力;在同时作用有竖向和水平向组合荷载时,沉箱底摩擦力参与抵抗水平力作用、桩顶竖向力也有利于进一步提高基础水平承载力;试验获得了不同桩数、桩顶约束、荷载作用条件下的沉箱-桩复合基础群桩效应系数,对于桩距为6倍桩径的情况,桩与桩之间的相互影响很小。     

可液化场地桩基震后水平变形预测模型研究

近海海域实测数据显示,风机主要承受大幅值、长历时的水平向环境荷载。在服役周期内,位于高烈度区域内的近海风机遭受地震作用的概率极大。这些持续性的、量值巨大的初始水平环境荷载对风机的地震响应所产生的影响尚不清晰,目前相关研究多基于数值模拟方法。以福建海域某拟建近海风电场为对象,利用ZJU-400超重力振动台,开展了嵌岩桩单桩基础在砂土中的超重力物理模型试验,揭示了初始水平荷载与地震动荷载耦合作用下的桩身弯矩和位移响应。此外,引入超孔压参数来表征耦合荷载作用下的桩-土弱化效应,建立了能反映不同超孔压比下的大直径单桩基础桩身土反力-桩-土水平位移曲线模型。结合非线性Winkler地基梁理论框架,所构建的预测模型可以较有效地预测近海风机嵌岩单桩在初始水平荷载作用下的震后弯矩及位移分布。     

水平循环荷载下风电机桩基础离心模型试验研究

在近海风力发电工程中桩基是常用的基础型式,海上风力发电机桩基础一般建立于复杂软土地基、承受着海上风浪、潮流等近似水平向的循环荷载作用,而风力发电机组运行对基础的承载力和变形有严格的要求。因此,研究水平循环荷载下桩土系统变形规律和相互作用机制具有重要的意义。针对典型的近海风机单桩基础,选取典型的饱和砂性土地基,通过离心模型试验的方法研究了水平循环荷载下的风机桩基础的受力变形规律。试验结果表明,水平向循环作用下,桩周围土体中变形主要呈现为挤压或塌陷产生的沉降和水平向变形,变形主要集中在桩周围较小的范围内;变形呈现逐渐累积特性,其大小随着循环次数的增加而增加;桩身弯矩峰值出现在埋深上1/3处,多次循环后的弯矩大小和分布变化不大;桩周围土体中不同位置产生不同的超静孔隙水压力,孔隙水压力发展对土体变形有一定影响     

考虑坡度效应的水平受荷桩应变楔计算方法

由于坡度效应的存在,常规方法并不适用于斜坡上水平受荷桩的计算,首先开展了斜坡上基桩的横向加载破坏试验,以确定斜坡上基桩的破坏模式。在此基础上,沿坡体方向对破坏土楔体进行斜向单元划分,提出了考虑坡度效应的土体应变楔模型,对于其中的关键参数应变楔深度与应变楔土体应变采用迭代求解。迭代过程中,建立基桩横向受荷的桩-土相互作用方程并用有限杆单元法求解,当求解得到的桩身地面处位移与应变楔模型中地面处土体位移之差小于某一允许值时,得到的基桩的水平位移及内力即为最终解答。通过与试验测试数据的对比,验证了该方法的合理性。最后,将土体破坏深度与边坡斜率的比值定义为陡坡效应影响范围,并对其影响因素进行了对比分析。结果表明,陡坡效应的影响范围受土体强度参数及基桩尺寸等多因素影响,其随着桩径的增加而减小,且随土体强度的增强而减小。     

斜坡地基刚性桩水平承载力上限分析

为探讨斜坡地基刚性桩水平极限承载力的计算方法，介绍柔性桩的等效刚性桩有效嵌入深度并引入极限水平地基反力分布形式。根据荷载指向坡外及坡内两种情况，提出适用于斜坡地基桩前土体的两种极限破坏模式。然后，基于极限分析上限定理，推导出两种荷载方向下的刚性桩极限承载力，并引入多组现场试验，验证了理论方法的合理性。探讨了边坡坡角、内摩擦角、黏聚力及荷载方向对极限承载力的影响，得出了一些规律性结论，并基于以上分析结果，提出斜坡地基刚性桩水平极限承载力随坡角变化的拟合公式。这些分析为斜坡地基上基桩设计提供了一定的参考，具有理论及工程应用价值。     

Effect of Edge Distance from the Slope Crest on the Response of a Laterally Loaded Pile in Sloping Ground

Compared to the field tests, the numerical modelling is an economical way to analyze the response of laterally loaded piles in sloping grounds. This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element analysis to investigate the effect of edge distance from the slope crest of a laterally loaded pile embedded in the sloping ground for different slope angles and pile lengths. The results show that the pile top displacement and the bending moment in the pile decrease with an increase in the edge distance, whereas they increase as the slope angle is increased. The response of the pile in sloping ground is compared with its response in the level ground. The comparison is used to develop a simple methodology for estimating the pile top displacement and the maximum bending moment for any edge distance from the slope crest considering their values for level ground.     

Load transfer approach for laterally loaded piles

A two‐parameter model has been proposed previously for predicting the response of laterally loaded single piles in homogenous soil. A disadvantage of the model is that at high Poisson's ratio, unreliable results may be obtained. In this paper, a new load transfer approach is developed to simulate the response of laterally loaded single piles embedded in a homogeneous medium, by introducing a rational stress field. The approach can overcome the inherent disadvantage of the two‐parameter model, although developed in a similar way. Generalized solutions for a single pile and the surrounding soil under various pile‐head and base conditions were established and presented in compact forms. With the solutions, a load transfer factor, correlating the displacements of the pile and the soil, was estimated and expressed as a simple equation. Expressions were developed for the modulus of subgrade reaction for a Winkler model as a unique function of the load transfer factor. Simple expressions were developed for estimating critical pile length, maximum bending moment, and the depth at which the maximum moment occurs. All the newly established solutions and/or expressions, using the load transfer factor, offer satisfactory predictions in comparison with the available, more rigorous numerical approaches. The current solutions are applicable to various boundary conditions, and any pile–soil relative stiffness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软土地层高承台桥梁群桩基础横向承载特性研究

高承台群桩基础是高速铁路桥梁基础的一种常用形式,受到风、地震等荷载作用影响,常常需要承受较大的横向荷载。采用室内物理模型试验和三维有限元程序ABAQUS对软土地层中单桩、群桩的横向承载特性进行了研究,软土采用修正剑桥黏土本构模型,试验结果与有限元计算结果吻合较好。群桩研究方案包括了桩数的变化以及桩间距的变化。结果表明,群桩基础的基桩平均横向承载力（总承载力/桩数）较单桩基础显著增加,且水平荷载方向桩间距越大,其横向承载力越大;群桩基础基桩受力存在三维空间效应,不同位置基桩受力大小排序为角桩最大,其次为边桩,最小为中间桩,弯矩极值差异可达20%,群桩基础桩周土影响范围距外围基桩边缘净距离约为16D (D为桩径)。桩与桩相互影响效应对群桩水平承载不利,承台约束效应对水平承载有利。探讨了考虑上述两种效应的群桩效应系数计算方法,通过计算验证了该方法在软土地区高承台群桩基础横向承载力计算中的适用性。     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of seismic motions on behavior of piles in liquefied soils

In the present study an analytical procedure based on finite element technique is proposed to investigate the influence of vertical load on deflection and bending moment of a laterally loaded pile embedded in liquefiable soil, subjected to permanent ground displacement. The degradation of subgrade modulus due to soil liquefaction and effect of nonlinearity are also considered. A free headed vertical concrete elastic nonyielding pile with a floating tip subjected to vertical compressive loading, lateral load, and permanent ground displacement due to earthquake motions, in liquefiable soil underlain by nonliquefiable stratum, is considered. The input seismic motions, having varying range of ground motion parameters, considered here include 1989 Loma Gilroy, 1995 Kobe, 2001 Bhuj, and 2011 Sikkim motions. It is calculated that maximum bending moment occurred at the interface of liquefiable and nonliquefiable soil layers and when thickness of liquefiable soil layer is around 60% of total pile length. Maximum bending moment of 1210 kNm and pile head deflection of 110 cm is observed because of 1995 Kobe motion, while 2001 Bhuj and 2011 Sikkim motions amplify the pile head deflection by 14.2 and 14.4 times and bending moment approximately by 4 times, when compared to nonliquefiable soil. Further, the presence of inertial load at the pile head increases bending moment and deflection by approximately 52% when subjected to 1995 Kobe motion. Thus, it is necessary to have a proper assessment of both kinematic and inertial interactions due to free field seismic motions and vertical loads for evaluating pile response in liquefiable soil.     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil

In this paper, a method is developed for nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil. The method assumes that both the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction increase linearly with depth. By considering the force and moment equilibrium, the system equations are derived for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. An iteration scheme containing three main steps is then proposed to solve the system equations to obtain the response of the pile. To determine the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction required in the analysis, related expressions are selected by reviewing and assessing the existing methods. The degradation of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The developed method is validated by comparing its results with those of centrifugal tests and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Applications of the developed method to laboratory model and field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results.