一维对流-扩散试验各种边界条件及其统一形式解析解

黏土系材料广泛应用于各种污染防治工程,扩散系数是其关键参数之一,实验室一般通过拟合一维土柱对流-扩散试验数据来确定土的扩散系数。探讨了常用的零浓度边界、零浓度梯度边界和半无限边界对应的试验条件,给出了各边界条件的统一形式,通过引入变换式和辅助问题,求解得到各边界条件下统一的有限厚度土层中对流-扩散-吸附解析解,分析了各解析解之间的差异和用于数据拟合产生的误差。结果表明,每一种底边界条件都与土柱试验底部的实际情况相对应,柯西边界可看作各种边界条件的统一形式;土柱未被击穿时各边界条件解析解无差别;土柱击穿后,越靠近土柱底面,各种边界条件解析解计算结果差异越大,底面处浓度值随柯西参数 的增大而减小, 越大,代表底边界处扩散在溶质迁移中所占比例越大,同时底部浓度梯度越大;算例中对底部为半无限边界的试验数据进行拟合,若采用零浓度边界和零浓度梯度边界,计算结果分别偏大15%和偏小9%,根据土柱底部的对流-扩散比例和浓度梯度具体情况选择相应边界条件下的解析解,是保证数据拟合正确性的基本要求。     

氯离子在黏土-膨润土屏障中迁移的离心试验研究

将对流-扩散试验装置置于土工离心机中,以50g离心加速度运行12 h,研究了黏土-膨润土混合土样中Cl-的迁移扩散,使用解析解对试验结果进行拟合确定相关参数,分析了试验的相似条件,使用商用软件对离心试验原型进行模拟,与试验结果进行比较,探讨了离心机用于溶质迁移分析的比尺效应,最后通过数值分析研究了试验的黏土-膨润土屏障用于老垃圾填埋场防渗帷幕补强的效果。结果表明,土工离心机试验中,按实际出流量计算的实际孔隙水流速小于临界流速,两试样中的佩克莱数（Pe数）小于临界Pe数,机械弥散的作用可以忽略,试验满足扩散的相似定律;离心机试验所模拟的2.5 m厚衬垫原型,在水头5 m和10 m作用下3.42 a后均未被击穿;常重力下试验土样的渗透系数为8.5×10-8 cm/s,有效扩散系数为7.82×10-7 cm2/s,对试验原型进行的数值模拟表明,n倍重力加速度下,土工离心机可以 尺寸的试样实现对原型的模拟,同时将对流和扩散作用下的溶质迁移时间缩短至原型的 ;试验的黏土-膨润土屏障用于老垃圾填埋场防渗补强,可显著减缓溶质迁移,防渗补强后可满足渗滤液迁移扩散的控制要求。     

煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散性能

为验证土工合成黏土衬垫（Geosynthetic Clay Liners,GCL）作为煤矸石处置场衬垫层建设材料的可行性,采用垂直式双筒扩散装置进行室内扩散试验,研究了煤矸石淋滤液中典型污染物Zn2+、Mn2+和SO₄2-在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散性能,使用有限层法模拟软件POLLUTE V7对污染物随时间变化的曲线进行拟合,确定3种污染物在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散系数。研究结果表明,污染物在GCL中的扩散系数低于它们在传统压实黏土衬垫层中的扩散系数,从而能更有效地控制煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散迁移行为。      

混合型缓冲回填材料非饱和水分扩散试验研究

设计了专门的浸水试验装置,测定了膨润土-石英砂混合物在非膨胀条件下吸水引起的水分分布及膨胀应力变化,研究了混合型缓冲回填材料非饱和水力学性质。试验结果表明,干密度约1.70 g/cmP3、掺砂率为30%的GMZ001膨润土-砂混合物的水分扩散系数与含水率的关系呈U型变化,即随着含水率增加,汽态水分扩散系数减小,液态水分扩散系数增大。根据理论推导建立非饱和导水率估算方程。计算发现,混合物的非饱和导水率随含水率的增大而增大。其中,汽态水分非饱和导水率先增大后略有减小,液态水非饱和导水率始终增大。试验发现,试样吸水后干密度趋于均匀化,试样内部不同位置的应力发展与水分迁移过程密切相关：渗入端的应力在入渗初期增长很快,随后减慢;渗出端的应力持续稳定增长;入渗96 h后,两端应力趋于一致。估算出的水分扩散系数及非饱和导水率,可用于评价混合型缓冲回填材料阻隔核素迁移安全性。     

多孔介质中溶质有效扩散系数预测的分形模型

依据分形理论和方法,探索溶质在多孔介质中的有效扩散系数的替代预测方法。在多孔介质溶质扩散的弯曲毛细管束模型的基础上,以分形维数作为介质的基本几何特性参数,建立了多孔介质中溶质扩散的分形毛细管束模型,推导出了溶质有效扩散系数与介质孔隙度之间的幂定律关系式,幂指数是介质孔隙分维和表面分维的函数,反映了介质孔隙体积的层次分布与孔隙通道曲折程度对扩散的影响。对粘性土的分形维数测定数据和有效扩散系数试验测定数据的分析表明,利用该关系式预测多孔介质中溶质的有效扩散系数是较为准确可靠的。     

低渗透岩土有效扩散系数的室内测定与分析

低渗透岩土是水文地质及环境地质研究的重点关注对象,有效扩散系数是研究低渗透岩土的关键参数之一。文章以原状黏土和粉砂质黏土为例,以Cl-为示踪剂,利用自主研发的室内径向扩散实验装置,建立Cl-径向运移模型,模拟其扩散运移过程。以实验模型为初始条件和边界条件,利用COMSOL软件模拟溶质理论浓度随时间变化的曲线,与实验数据进行拟合,利用绝对残差平均值进行理论浓度与实测值拟合优度统计,提取试样的有效扩散系数。结果表明:试样塘沽G1孔101.2~101.5 m、苏北SY1孔147.1~147.3 m、170.48~170.68 m的有效扩散系数分别为6.0×10-10 m2/s、4.5×10-10 m2/s、3.9×10-10 m2/s 时,理论浓度的绝对残差平均值最小,且孔隙度和有效扩散系数高度相关,进一步证明了该实验方法的可行性。同时,利用Archie定律有效孔隙度与有效扩散系数的关系,取常量n=1.9,预测了试验样品的有效孔隙度,分别为0.26,0.19,0.16。     

不同砂−膨润土垂直防渗墙填筑土料的掺量研究

土?膨润土垂直防渗墙在美国已广泛应用于城市卫生填埋场中,我国的工程中则应用较少。由国产膨润土与原地层土混合在自重应力作用下固结形成的防渗墙,其渗透性、孔隙和压缩性如何受膨润土掺量的影响,针对该一问题,使用福建标准砂模拟原地层,以3种典型膨润土作为混合料,在各掺量下对砂?膨润土填筑土料开展改进柔性壁渗透试验固结试验,研究不同膨润土掺量对填筑料渗透系数k、孔隙率n与压缩系数av影响。结果表明,膨润土和砂形成防渗墙时存在一个对应最小n和av的最优掺量Copt,当膨润土掺量小于等于Copt时,随着掺量增加,填筑料k下降很快,av缓慢减小;当掺量大于Copt后,随掺量上升,k降低速度趋缓,av快速地升高。理论上,膨润土掺入较少时黏土颗粒仅填充砂粒间的孔隙而不影响砂粒堆积,掺量达到一定程度后膨润土使砂粒彼此分离,悬浮在其中,填筑料的孔隙率随掺量而增大,可能是宏观上造成最优掺量产生的主要原因。     

运移参数对GCL中污染物运移的影响研究

分析了运移参数的变化对GCL中污染物运移的影响。从衬垫底部浓度比、对流和扩散通量、污染物累积运移量等方面,对污染物在GCL中的运移进行了计算。结果表明,减小渗透系数和扩散系数可以有效减缓衬垫底部浓度比的增加速度。渗透系数对对流通量的大小、扩散通量的变化速度的影响较大;扩散系数主要影响最大扩散通量。当渗透系数较大时,可以忽略扩散累积运移量,用对流累积运移量代替总累积运移量引起的误差很小。当渗透系数较小时,忽略扩散运移量可能产生较大的误差,尤其是在扩散系数也较大的情况下误差更加明显。      

非饱和含盐土壤水扩散系数试验研究

在室内用水平土柱吸渗法对不同含盐量、不同溶液浓度和不同土类的土壤水扩散系数进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:土壤水(或盐水)扩散系数与土壤的体积含水量之间具有指数函数的关系,且随着含水量的降低而减小.当同一类土在干容重和含水量相同时,土壤水扩散系数是随土中含盐量的增多而增大,以粗粒土最为明显.不同浓度的盐水在土壤中运行时,其盐水的扩散系数是随盐水浓度的增大而减小.     

膨润土中离子扩散特征试验研究

膨润土在填埋场中有较为广泛的应用。膨润土材料作为衬垫时,扩散是污染物运移的重要方式。为深入了解不同应力状态下膨润土阻滞污染物运移的能力,对Ca2＋,Cl－和Zn2＋在不同孔隙率膨润土中的扩散进行了试验研究,得到的结果与已有文献有较好的一致性。随着孔隙率的增加,离子扩散系数增加,验证了二者之间的指数关系。讨论了在一定孔隙率范围内离子有效扩散系数的估算方法,估算结果与实测值接近     

Quantification of electrical resistance to estimate NaCl behavior in a column under controlled conditions

Accurate prediction of solute transport processes in surface water and its underlying bed is an important task not only for proper management of the surface water but also for pollution control in these water bodies. Key issue in this task is an estimation of parameters as diffusion coefficient and velocity for solute transport both in water body and in the underlying bed. This estimation would greatly help us to understand the deposition and release mechanism of solute across the water-bed interface. In this study, a column experiment was conducted in laboratory to estimate the velocity and diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water body and underlying sand layer (bed). The column used with a diameter of 30 cm and a height of 100 cm, was filled with sand at the lower half part and water at the upper half part. Total 64 stainless steel electrodes were installed on its surface around. The sodium chloride solution was injected from the top of the column, and electrical resistance between electrodes was monitored for 71 h. Then the dimensionless resistance breakthrough curve was fitted with one dimensional analytic solution for solute transport and the related diffusion coefficient and velocity parameters were estimated. The results show that the NaCl transport velocity was high in the water body but extremely low in the underlying sand layer (bed). The diffusion coefficient estimated in sand layer coincides with those reported well. This indicates that the electrical resistance based solute transport parameter estimation method is not only effective but also has an advantage of multipoints monitoring. This is useful both in mapping solute transport parameter for solute transport process analysis and in providing parameter input for solute transport numerical modeling.     

Compression behavior of reconstituted soils mixed with bentonite for a cutoff wall in a landfill site

Soil-bentonite (SB) backfill is used extensively in cutoff walls at landfill sites; the walls are used as engineered geotechnical barriers for contaminant control. With increasing bentonite content, the coefficient of consolidation and hydraulic conductivity of the SB decrease. However, when the bentonite content is increased beyond a certain percentage, the hydraulic conductivity of the SB decreases very little. One of the aims of this paper is to introduce the concept of optimal bentonite content (OBC) for SB cutoff walls, in which the hydraulic conductivity (k_h) is expected to be lower than 1?×?10^?9 m/s. Additionally, the paper introduces a new index consolidation stress ratio, c_vσ′, which is used to obtain the OBC. For this study, the initial water contents of the SB backfill material are selected to be 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 times their corresponding liquid limits. The clayey soils are amended with different bentonite contents, 0, 5, 8, and 10% (by dry weight basis) for the oedometer tests. Then, piezocone penetration test (CPTU) is applied in SB cutoff wall at a landfill site in Jingjiang city, China. The results of the laboratory and field studies show that the introduction of a new index, c_vσ′, is very useful for calculating the OBC and for evaluating the coefficient of consolidation and hydraulic conductivity of SB backfill. The advantage of SB backfill with OBC is that it can achieve the design requirement of very low hydraulic conductivity and improve the safety reserves.     

Anion exclusion effects in compacted bentonites: Towards a better understanding of anion diffusion

Diffusion of ³⁶Cl⁻ in compacted bentonite was studied using through-diffusion, out-diffusion and profile analysis techniques. Both the bulk dry density of the bentonite and the composition of the external solution were varied. Increasing the bulk dry density of the bentonite resulted in a decrease of both the effective diffusion coefficient and the Cl-accessible porosity. Increasing the ionic strength of the external solutions resulted in an increase of both the effective diffusion coefficient and the Cl-accessible porosity. This can be explained by anion exclusion effects (Donnan exclusion). At high ionic strength values (I ? 1 M NaCl) the Cl-accessible porosity approaches the interparticle porosity. This interparticle porosity is the difference between the total and interlayer porosity of the bentonite. The interlayer porosity was found to depend on the degree of compaction. Up to a bulk dry density of 1300 kg m⁻³ the interlayer is built up of 3 water layers. Between 1300 and 1800 kg m⁻³ the interlayer water is reduced from 3 to 2 layers of water. Above 1800 kg m⁻³ evidence for a further decrease to 1 layer of water was found. These findings are in agreement with X-ray data found in the literature showing a decrease of the basal spacing of montmorillonite (the main clay mineral in bentonite) with increasing degree of compaction. The relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient of Cl⁻ and the diffusion-accessible porosity can be described by an empirical relationship analogous to Archie’s law. To predict the effective diffusion coefficient of Cl⁻ in compacted bentonite, the diffusion coefficient of Cl⁻ in water, the bulk dry density and the ionic strength of the pore water have to be known.     

高庙子膨润土水化膨胀特性及其微观机理研究

膨润土具有遇水膨胀的特性,是高放核废料深地质处置库理想的缓冲回填材料。膨胀特性是其作为缓冲材料最重要的性能之一,同时受多方面因素的影响。本文以我国首选缓冲材料高庙子膨润土为研究对象,以含水率和干密度为控制变量,以恒体积法为试验方法,研究了高压实高庙子膨润土的水化膨胀特性,采用压汞试验法(MIP)对膨润土微观结构进行了研究,并以此对水化膨胀特性进行了解释。膨胀力试验结果表明,高庙子膨润土的膨胀力发展形式和最大膨胀力均受试样含水率和干密度影响,干密度较小时,水化曲线呈明显的双峰结构,干密度较大时,水化曲线形态与含水率相关,随着含水率增大,双峰结构逐渐消失。MIP试验结果表明,高庙子膨润土的孔径分布同样受含水率和干密度影响,随着含水率和干密度降低,集合体间大孔隙体积增多。膨润土的水化膨胀曲线受集合体间大孔隙影响显著。大孔隙较多时,膨润土集合体能迅速膨胀形成临时结构,当膨胀力超过临时结构的极限荷载时发生坍塌,膨胀力回落,内部结构重组后继续水化达到最大膨胀力,因此其水化膨胀曲线呈明显的双峰结构。随着大孔隙量减少,水化膨胀曲线由双峰结构演变成一条平滑曲线。     

盐溶液对膨润土膨胀性的影响

膨润土因其优良的膨胀性和低渗透性常被用作深层地质处置库的缓冲和回填材料,但其膨胀性会受到地下流体溶液浓度的影响。针对这种现象,利用单轴固结仪研究了压实商用膨润土在不同上覆荷载和不同浓度NaCl溶液作用下的膨胀变形特性。结果表明：随着NaCl溶液浓度升高,该膨润土的膨胀性显著降低,且最大膨胀应变与上覆荷载之间在双对数坐标系下存在良好的线性关系。利用有效压力的概念和计算方法,实现了用唯一一条曲线来描述不同盐溶液浓度作用下膨润土的膨胀变形行为,同时证明了有效压力理论的合理性。     

Modelling of bentonite–granite solutes transfer from an in situ full-scale experiment to simulate a deep geological repository (Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland)

The FEBEX experiment is a 1:1 simulation of a high level waste disposal facility in crystalline rock according to the Spanish radwaste disposal concept. This experiment has been performed in a gallery drilled in the underground laboratory Grimsel Test Site (Switzerland). Two boreholes parallel to the FEBEX drift were drilled 20 and 60 cm away from the granite–bentonite interface to provide data on potential bentonite–granite solutes transfer. Periodic sampling and analysis of the major ions showed: (a) the existence of solutes transfer from the bentonite porewater towards the granite groundwater, explaining the Cl⁻ and Na⁺ contents of the latter; (b) that the concentration of the natural tracers coming into the granite groundwater from the bentonite porewater increased over time. This bentonite–granite solutes transfer was modelled in order to predict the increase in the Cl⁻ and Na⁺ concentrations of the granite groundwater. The modelled results seem to confirm that the mechanism of solute migration in this scenario is that of diffusive transport. An effective diffusion coefficient of D_e = 5 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s was that which best fitted the data obtained.     

Performance evaluation of soil mixtures treated with graphite and used as barrier fill material for high-level radioactive waste repository

Buffer/backfill material is an important engineering barrier in a deep geological repository of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). Its thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) performance is very important for the safe and stable operation of the HLW repository system. Natural graphite powder mixed with sodium bentonite forms a buffer/backfill material that can dissipate heat quickly and provide strong isolation. In this paper, the THM characteristics of bentonite–sand–graphite–polypropylene fiber (BSGF) mixtures, used as a buffer/backfill material, were studied through a series of laboratory tests. The influence of graphite and polypropylene fiber contents on thermal conductivity, swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity, and strength properties of BSGF mixtures with different sand contents was analyzed. Experimental results indicated that the graphite content, the maximum graphite mesh number, and the initial dry density of bentonite–graphite mixtures influenced the thermal conductivity of bentonite–graphite mixtures. The addition of polypropylene fiber was found to enhance the shear strength and inhibit cracking without significantly affecting the expansivity, permeability, and thermal conductivity of the BSGF mixtures. This study provides a new buffer/backfill material that can improve the stability, functionality, and thermal efficiency of the HLW repository.